by Mark Curtis
7 Quoted in Chomsky, Year 501, p. 36.
8 CIA, 'CIA activities in Chile'.
9 |IC, 'Chile: Economic prospects', 3 September 1971, CABJ:88/I7; JIC, 'The Chilean economy: Allende takes charge', 10 February 1971, CAB188/15.
10 R. Seconde, Record of conversation with US ambassador, 30 May 1973, FCO7/2427.
11 Conservative Research Department, Foreign Affairs background brief, 'Chile –- A reason why', 19 November 1973, FCO7/2416.
12 R. Seconde to FCO, 'Chile: First impressions', 3 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
13 JIC, "The Chilean economy: Allende takes charge', 10 February 1971, CAB188/15.
14 R. Seconde to FCO, 'Chile: First impressions', 3 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
15 R. Seconde to FCO, 14 September 1973, FCO7/2411; R. Seconde to A. Douglas-Home, 1 October 1973, FCO7/2414.
16 CONSERVATIVE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT.
17 R. Seconde to FCO, 14 September 1973, FCO7/2411; R. Seconde to H. Hankey, 14 September 1973, FCO7/2413.
18 A. Douglas-Home to Various embassies, 13 September 1973, FCO7/2411.
19 R. Seconde to FCO, 18 September 1973, FCO7/2412; R. Seconde to H. Carless, 23 November 1973, FCO7/2416.
20 R. Seconde to H. Hankey, 19 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
21 FCO to Certain missions, 21 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
22 R, Seconde to FCO, 21 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
23 R. Seconde to FCO, 22 September 1973, FCO7/2414.
24 Ibid.
25 A. Douglas-Home to R. Seconde, 4 October 1973, FCO7/2414.
26 FCO brief to Secretary of State, 19 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
27 Cabinet meeting, 13 September 1973, CM(73) 40th, CAB128/53.
28 R. Seconde to A.Douglas-Home, 1 October 1973, FCO7/2414.
29 C. Crabbie to A. Walter, 14 December T973, FCO7/2416; H. Hankey to R. Seconde. 28 September 1973, FCO7/2413.
30 J. Hunter to H. Hankey, 12 October 1973, FCO7/2415.
31 R. Seconde to H. Hankey, 14 September 1973, FCO7/2413.
32 P. Fulleiton to R. Seconde, 2 November 1973, FCO7/2415.
33 H. Carless to R. Seconde, 28 December 1973, FCO7/2416.
34 R. Seconde to A. Douglas-Home, 1 October 1973, FCO7/2414; A. Douglas-Home to Certain missions, 21 September 1973, FCO7/2412.
35 Beckett, Pinochet in Piccadilly, pp. 139–40.
36 Mark Phythian, The Politics of British Arms Sales Since ICJS^, Manchester University Press, 2000, p. no.
37 Caroline Moorehead, 'Amnesty and unions deplore lifting of Chile arms embargo', The Times, 25 July 1980; Phythian, p. 116 [Ridly quote].
38 Phythian, p. 116.
39 Phythian, p. 118.
40 Phythian, p. 117.
41 Barnes, 'Birds of a feather', in LAB, The Thatcher Years: Britain and Latin America, LAB, London, 1988, p. 57.
42 Alejandro Foxley, 'The neo-conservative economic experiment in Chile', in Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela, Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and opposition, Johns Hopkins University Press, London, 1986, p. 44.
43 Cited in Barnes, 'Birds of a feather'.
15 Guyanans: A constitutional coup
1 Web of Deceit, Chapter 17.
2 D. Sandys to PM, 11 January 1962, PREM11/366; B. Trend to PM, 26 March 1963, CAB21/5523.
3 US Special National Intelligence Estimate, 'The situation and prospects in British Guiana', 11 April 1962, FRUS, 1961–1963, Vol. XII, USGPO, Washington, 1996, Document 274.
4 JIC, 'The outlook for British Guiana', 3 September 1964.
5 Special National Intelligence Estimate, 'Prospects for British Guiana', 21 March 1961, FRUS, ibid, Document 242.
6 Hilsman to Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), 17 October 1961, FRUS, ibid, Document 258; Special National Intelligence Estimate, 'The situation and Prospects for British Guiana', 11 April 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 274.
7 A. Schlesinger to D. Bruce, 27 February 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 267; 'Brief for the Prime Minister's talks with President Kennedy: British Guiana', June 1963, CO1031/4402.
8 State Department, 'Possible course of action in British Guiana', 15 March 1962, FRUS ibid, Document 272.
9 Special National Intelligence Estimate, 'Prospects for British Guiana', 21 March 1961, FRUS, ibid, Document 242.
10 Record of a meeting, 6 April 1961, PREM11/366; A. Douglas-Home to D. Rusk, 18 August 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 246.
11 A. Schlesinger to President Kennedy, 30 August 1961, FRUS, ibid, Document 249; R. Hilsman to Johnson, 17 October 1961, FRUS, ibid, Document 258.
12 US State Department to Embassy in UK, 19 February 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 264.
13 PM to A. Douglas-Home, 21 February 1962, PREMn/366; A. Douglas-Home to D. Rusk, 26 February 1962, ibid.
14 Hugh Fraser to Secretary of State, 20 March 1962, ibid; Special National Intelligence Estimate, 'The situation and prospects for British Guiana', 11 April 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 274.
15 PM to N. Brook, 3 May 1962, PREMn/366.
16 M. Bundy to President Kennedy, 13 July 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 281; A. Schlesinger to President Kennedy, 5 September 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 288.
17 William Blum, The CIA: A forgotten history, Zed, London, 1986, p. 120.
18 E. Melby to State Department, 14 March 1963, FRUS, ibid, Document 290.
19 'Brief for the Prime Minister's talks with President Kennedy: British Guiana'.
20 Memorandum of conversation, 30 June T963, FRUS, ibid, Document 295.
21 President Kennedy to PM, 10 September 1963, CAB21/5523.
22 PM to President Kennedy, 27 September 1963, CO1031/4402.
23 FO to Various embassies, 1 November 1963, FO371/167689; C. Jagan to PM, 7 November 1963, ibid; 'Record of a conversation at HM embassy, Washington', 26 November 1963. F037i/i67690.
24 Blum, CIA, p. 122.
25 A. Schlesinger to D. Bruce, 27 February 1962, FRUS, ibid, Document 267.
26'Brief for the Prime Minister's talks with President Kennedy: British Guiana'.
16 Arabians: Dirty wars
1 Clive Jones, Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965, Sussex, Academic Press, 2004.
2 C. Gandy to FO, 6 October 1962, PREMn/3877; A. Douglas-Home to PM, 22 January 1963, paraphrasing Gandy's views, 22 January 1963, PREM11/4357.
3 C. Gandy to FO, 6 October 1962, PREMn/3877; C. Gandy to FO, 31 October 1962, PREM11/3878.
4 O. Wright to PM, 18 July 1964, PREM11/4929; Minutes of a meeting, 5 February 1963, CAB130/189; A. Douglas-Home to PM, 25 October 1962, PREMn/3877.
5 A. Douglas-Home to Embassy, Washington, 14 October 1962, PREMn/3877; Brief for PM, January 1963, DEFE13/398; Minutes of a meeting, 31 October 1962, CAB130/189.
6 K. Trevaskis to D. Sandys, 14 October 1963, PREMri/4928; Minutes of a meeting, 2 December 1963, CAB130/189.
7 K. Trevaskis to D. Sandys, 14 October 1963, PREMn/4928.
8 Minutes of a meeting, 5 February 1963, CAB130/189; 'Record of a conversation between President Kennedy and the PM', 15 November 1962, PREM11/3878; Note to PM, 22 November 1963, PREMn/4928; P. de Zulueta to PM, 26 October 1962, PREMn/3877.
9 Stephen Dorril. M16: Fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, pp. 679–80.
10 R. Crawford to A. Douglas-Home, 12 October 1962, PREMn/3877; PM, Minute, 6 October 1962, PREM11/3877; R. Butler to PM, 20 April 1964, DEFE13/569.
11 C. Johnston to Colonial Secretary, 26 October 1962, PREM11/3878; Dorril, MI6, pp. 680–1; FO, 'The Yemen', 19 November 1963, CO1055/2.
12 Dorril, MI6, p. 682; C. Johnstone to Colonial Secretary, 17 December 1962, DEFE13/398.
13 H. Beeley to FO, 6 January 1963, PREMn/3878; Dorril, M16, p. 683.
14 Dorril, MI6, pp. 383–4.
15 C. Johnstone to Colonial Secretary, 6 March 1963, PREM11/4928; Dorril, MI6, p. 684.
16 Dorril, MI6, pp. 684–6.
17 Ibid, pp. 688, 690; Note to PM, 18 December 1963, PREMn/4928.
18 R. Butler to PM,
20 March 1964, PREM11/4678.
19 P. Thorneycroft to PM, 22 April 1964, DEFE13/569; Enclosure to R. Butler to PM, 21 April 1964, 'Yemen: Range of possible courses of action open to us', DEFE13/569; N. Fisher to D. Sandys, 14 July 1964, DEFE13/570; 'Yemen: Memorandum for consideration by Ministers', July 1964, ibid; MoD, 'Aid to the Royalists', 19 July 1964, ibid.
20 Enclosure to R. Butler to PM, 21 April 1964, 'Yemen: Range of possible courses of action open to us', DEFE13/569.
21 R. Butler to PM, 21 April 1964, DEFE13/569; House of Commons. Hansard, 14 May 1964, Col. 605.
22 P. Thorneycroft, 'Maintaining our position in South Arabia'. 13 July 1964, DEFE13/570; N. Fisher to D. Sandys, 14 July 1964; MoD, 'Aid to the Royalists'; C. Crow to FO, 29 July 1964, DEFE13/570.
23 Dorril. MI6, pp. 689. 691.
24 M. Webb to J. Amery, 20 August 1964, DEFE13/570; R. Butler to PM, 11 September 1964, ibid; Dorril, MI6, p. 693.
25 Dorril, MI6, p. 694; FO to M. Palliser, 12 May 1967, PREM13/1923.
26 Dorril, MI6, p. 697; D. Greenhill to B. Trend, 31 March 1967, DEFE13/571; M. Palliser to B. Trend, 23 March 1967, ibid; 'South Arabia: Paper by Lord Shackleton', June 1967, DEFE13/572.
27 Dorril, MI6, pp. 698–9.
28 K. Trevaskis to Colonial Secretary, 15 March 1964, PREM11/4678; C. Harington to Earl Mountbatten, 11 June 1964, DEFE13/570.
29 D. Sandys to PM, 21 April 1964, DEFE13/569; K. Trevaskis to Colonial Secretary, 11 May 1964, ibid.
30 MoD to CINC Mideast, 15 May 1964, DEFE13/569; MoD to CINC Mideast, 20 May 1964, ibid; Defence Secretary to Acting Chief of the Defence Staff, 21 May 1964, ibid.
31 Report by the Commander in Chief, Radfan, April-July 1964, 27 November 1964, DEFE13/710; D. Sandys to PM, 21 April 1964, DEFE13/569; K. Trevaskis to Colonial Secretary, 15 March 1964, PREMrt/4678; Colonial Secretary to High Commissioner, Aden, 24 July 1964, DEFE13/570.
32 FO to Embassy, Washington, 22 July 1957, PREM11/1944.
33 B. Burrows to S. Lloyd, 29 January 1957, ibid; B. Burrows to FO, 23 March 1958, PREM11/2402; B. Burrows to FO, 21 July 1958, ibid.
34 G. Middleton to D. Riches, 29 December 1958, PREMn/4360; J. Amery, Minute, 19 January 1959, ibid.
35 FO to Various embassies, .19 July 1957, PREM11/1944; FO to Washington, 21 July J957, ibid; C. Cault to FO, 21 July T957, ibid.
36 C. Gault to FO, 21 July 1957. PREM11/1944.
37 B. Burrows to FO, 23 March 1958, PREM11/2402; B. Burrows to FO, 11 April 1958, PR EM11/2402.
38 Note to PM, 28 April 1958, and PM's approval PREM11/2402; FO to Bahrain, 4 August 1957, PREM11/1944; Unsigned brief, 'Oman', 4 August 1957, ibid.
39 FO, Minute, 29 October 1957. FO 371/126890/ EA 1015/440; British Forces Arabian Peninsula, Commander's report on operations in Oman, October 1957–February 1959, DEFE11/402.
40 G. Middleton to FO, r8 November 1958, PREMn/4360.
41 British. Forces Arabian Peninsula, Commander's report.
42 FO, Oman Working Party, 'Future of Muscat and Oman', 31 July 1959, DEFE11/401.
43 FO brief, June 1971, PREM15/1761.
44 D. Carden to S. Crawford, 8 October 1966, FO1016/766.
45 S. Crawford to M. Stewart, 7 July 1969, FO1016/790; J. Godber to P. Jenkin, 17 August 1972, PREM15/T.761.
Table: Britain and global deaths
1 See Chapter 1.
2 Figures vary widely. The Guardian estimated 10,000–20,000 civilian deaths as an indirect result of the bombing. Estimates of the military deaths are usually in the 3,000–6,000 range. Web of Deceit, p. 49.
3 Human Rights Watch estimates 500 civilian deaths ('Civilian deaths in the NATO air campaign', February 2000, www.hrw.org). Some estimates, which include military deaths, are often over 1,000. 20th Century Atlas: Alphabetical list of war, massacre, tyranny and genocide, www.users.erols.com.
4 20th Century Atlas.
5 Figures vary very widely; see zoth Century Atlas. Immediately after the war the US government estimated 100,000 deaths. Other indepen- dent estimates are much lower, others much higher.
6 Figures vary very widely, from hundreds of thousands to 4 million. Most deaths were those of Vietnamese, with figures usually ranging from 1–3 million. Hundreds of thousands were also killed in Cambodia and Laos.
7 Some estimates are as low as 300,000 but most credible figures are much higher and some estimate over a million.
8 See Web of Deceit, Chapter 20.
9 Estimated number of deaths due principally to the brutal 'resettlement' operations. Estimates of number of Mau Mau killed in actual fighting vary from 10,000–13,000.
10 See Web of Deceit, Chapter 15.
11 See Web of Deceit, Chapter r6.
12 Figures unknown.
13 zoth Century Atlas.
14 Prados, p. 43.
15 See Dorril, MI6, chapter 16.
16 See Web of Deceit, Chapter 14.
17 Figures vary very widely. This is approxi mate figure for North Korean and Chinese deaths.
18 This is approximate figure for deaths on the rebels (i.e. EAM/ELASj side,
19 Figures vary extremely widely. See 20th Century Atlas.
20 Figure from September 2000 (beginning of second intifada) to March 2004; Palestinian Red Crescent Society, www.palestinercs.org.
21 Nigerian police and army are complicit in many of these killings; see Chapter 10.
22 Russia provided an official nurnbei of 15,000 Chechen deaths by August 2003 (AFP, 'Russia underplays Chechnya deaths', 8 August 2003). This is likely to be a severe underestimate, especially in light of the ferocious attack on Grozny in 1999/2000.
23 Number of deaths by government forces from 1996–2002: Web of Deceit, p. 81.
24 Figures vary. 35,000–40,000 is a commonly cited figure since 1990: some current estimates, however, state 15,000 in the past TO years.
25 The UN estimated half a million deaths of children under five as a result of the 1991 war and sanctions. Former UN Coordinator for Iraq, Denis Halliday, has given a figure, including adults, of over a million. Web of Deceit, p. 29.
26 See Web of Deceit. Chapter 21.
27 The Turkish government in 2001 gave a figure of 23.000 Kurds killed; www.harpers.org/warc.rime.html: independent estimates are usually higher.
28 See Web of Deceit, Chapter 1.
29 See Web of Deceit, p. 111; Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival p. 206.