by Jan Plamper
Abuladze, Tengiz Evgenievich, 221
Abundant Harvest (painting), 179
Academy of Arts of St. Petersburg, 166
Afinogenov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 121
After the Demonstration (They Saw Stalin) (1949, painting), 59, 114, 115
After Work (painting), 209 Agitprop Department of the Central Committee, 127, 129–132, 152, 234, 269 n. 51, 269 n. 54, 270 n. 55
Akhmatova, Anna Andreevna, 20, 62, 124, 134–135, 226
AKhR, 135, 154, 155, 158–159, 160, 167, 168, 208, 234, 236, 267 n. 31, 279 n. 166, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 11, 282 n. 21, 292 n. 21, see also exhibition: Tenth AKhR exhibition
AKhRR, see AKhR
al-Asad, Bashar, 24
al-Asad, Hafiz, 24
Aleksandr Parkhomenko (1942, movie), 293 n. 45
Aleksandrov, Georgy Fedorovich, 57, 132, 152
Aleksandrov, Grigory Vasilievich, 160
Aleshin, Sergei Semenovich, 136
Alexander I, 8
Alexander II, 2, 5, 8, 12, 141, 264 n. 90
Alexander III, 5–6, 8, 140–141, 244 n. 29
Alliluev, Vladimir Fedorovich, 121
Allilueva, Nadezhda Sergeevna, 139–141
Allilueva, Svetlana Iosifovna, 121, 128
All-Russian Academy of Fine Arts, 132, 209
All-Russian Leningrad Academy of Arts, 170, 236
All-Union Committee for Arts Affairs, see Committee for Arts Affairs
Andreev, Nikolai A., 87, 138, 171
Andreev, S. (Andreev, Andrei Andreevich), 50, 52, 57, 68
Anti-Semitism, 7, 60–62, 153, 242 n. 8
The Apple Trees are Blossoming (painting), 147
Aravidze, Varlam, 221
Archive, xviii–xix, 101, 103, 121, 123, 124–127, 202, 203, 204, 235, 236, 249 n. 2, 265 n. 11, 266 n. 16, 268 n. 35, 281 n. 193, 294 n. 71
Arctic explorer, 38, 40, 86, 178, 180
The Arrival of Comrade Stalin at the First Cavalry in 1919 (1933, painting), 37
Art critic(ism), xvi, 30, 107, 108, 115, 128, 160, 165, 171, 172, 187–202, 212–213, 224, 288 n. 115, 288 n. 130, 289 n. 138
Art Fund, 169, 181, 182, 234, 235, 285 n. 67, 286 n. 83, 288 n. 122, 290 n. 149
Art production: and institutional actor, 166–172, 282 n. 11–14, 282 n. 18; institutional practice of, 165, 172–202, 283 n. 31, 283 n. 33–34, 284 n. 62, 285 n. 67, 286 n. 91, 286 n. 93, 288 n. 122
Art soviet, 161, 224, 235, 280 n. 186, 286 n. 83; of Painting-Sculpture Factory, 184–192, 198–199, 286 n. 87, 286 n. 91, 286 n. 93–95, 287 n. 98, 287 n. 109
Arzhilovsky, Andrei, 226
At the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDRP (April-May 1907) (1947, painting), 106–107, Plate 7
At the Sculptor’s Studio (painting), 187
Attlee, Clement Richard, 59
Audience: as target, 8, 9, 13, 33, 171, 205, 217–218; communication with, 213, 214, 216; participation, 217, 225, 261 n. 58; reaction, 59, 225, 233, Plate 13; reaction research, 205, 206, 218, 291 n. 9, 293 n. 61
Avangard, see Vanguard
Avant-garde art, 91, 142, 148, 159, 166, 167, 168, 264 n. 96, 271 n. 75
Aviator, 40, 71, 86, 92, 103, 174, 250 n. 28
Avilov, Mikhail Ivanovich, 37, 136
Azarkh, Raisa Moiseevna, 156–158
Babel, Isaac Emmanuilovich, 121
Babeuf, Gracchus, 22
Baidukov, Georgy Filippovich, 40
Barbusse, Henri, 91, 96, 133, 197, 289 n. 138
Barkhash, Lev Lvovich, 92
Barklai, Eduard Maksimovich, 145
The Battle of Stalingrad (1949, movie), 135, 214, 215–216
Becker, Jean-Jacques, 204
Bedny, Demian (Pridvorov, Efim Alekseevich), 35, 119–120, 134, 149, 162
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 231
Begicheva, Ganna, 101–102, 261 n. 56
Beletsky, Evgeny Andianovich, 92
Benjamin, Walter, 23, 98
Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich, xiii, 21, 37, 50, 56–57, 67–68, 77–78, 83, 101, 132–133, 146, 175, 184, 212, 278 n. 152
Beskin, Osip Martynovich, 30, 128–129, 171, 196–198
Bezymensky, Aleksandr Ilich, 94
Bibineishvili, Baron, 121–122, 266 n. 13
Bierut, Boleslaw, 81
Biography of Stalin, 122, 125, 126, 133, 197, 248 n. 88, 266 n. 16, 270 n. 65, 270 n. 67, 289 n. 138
Birthday of Stalin, 85, 253 n. 80–81, 267 n. 31; 50th (1929), xiv, 29, 33, 35, 50–52, 86, 119–120, 136, 142, 227, 232, 249 n. 12, 250 n. 21, 268 n. 31; 60th (1939), xiv, 48–52, 86, 93, 120, 133, 144, 171, 175, 179, 181, 223, 227, 229, 230, 232, 256 n. 124, 273 n. 94, 285 n. 62; 70th (1949), xiv, 52, 75–78, 94–95, 180, 181, 206, 228, 230–231, 232, 233, 260 n. 40; celebration in GDR, 230–231, 233
Bismarck, Otto von, 89–90
Blokhin, Mikhail N., 162–163
Bobrovskaia, I. S., 199
Bocharovaia, Yevgenia Ivanovna, 215
Bogorodsky, Fedor Semenovich, 113, 154, 159
Boime, Albert, 108, 110
Bolshevik, 14, 31–33, 135, see also collectivism, intelligentsia, kruzhok, tsarist carryover, vanguard, and vozhd’; patron, xiv, 275 n. 123, see also patronage; personality cult, 2, 19–22, 25, 124, 134, 223, 227, 245 n. 49, 247 n. 73, 265 n. 11; virtues, 19, 124, 135, 137–138, 164, 178, 181, 211, 219, 265 n. 11, 267 n. 23
Bolshoi Theater (Moscow), 38, 59, 60, 64, 77, 80, 97, 142, 274 n. 108
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Napoleon III
Bourdieu, Pierre, 218
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, 54
Brodskaia, Lidia Isaakovna, 160
Brodsky, Isaak Izrailevich, 36, 87, 92, 102, 113, 136, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–155, 160, 167, 169–170, 173–174, 196, 207–208, 211–212, 272 n. 83, 274 n. 102, 276 n. 129, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153, 289 n. 143, 292 n. 21
Brodsky, Joseph, 225
Brubaker, Rogers, 46–47
Bryan, William Jennings, 15
Bubnov, Aleksandr Pavlovich, 187, 189
Bubnov, Andrei Sergeevich, 159
Buchanan, George, 10
Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich, 36, 56–57, 67, 142
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 33, 122, 159
Bukovsky, Vladimir Konstantinovich, xiv
Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 66, 69–71, 77, 79–81, 83
Bust, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin Sculpture
Calvino, Italo, 54
Canonical image, 12, 18, 53, 190, 236, 246 n. 62, see also communism, and Stalin’s visual representations; of Lenin, 22, 34, 36, 55, 198–202; of Stalin, xiv, xv, xix, 31, 34, 36, 37–39, 41, 63, 71, 77, 81, 86, 107, 108, 111, 131, 132, 139, 148, 170, 172, 180, 181, 191, 193, 201–202, 214, 228, 229, 235, 236, 287 n. 98, 288 n. 122
Caricature, 36, 37, 53, 96, 151, 172, 253 n. 87
Cassirer, Ernst, 226
Cathedral of Christ the Redeemer (Moscow), 99, 100, 236
Catherine the Great, 120
Ceauşescu, Elena, 222
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 222
Celebrity evening: notes at, 203–204, 213–218, 225, Plate 20–Plate 21
Censorship, xiv, xix–xx, 4, 6, 18, 19, 131, 166, 218, 225, 269 n. 54, 270 n. 65, 273 n. 93; by Glavlit, 127, 128, 130, 171, 173, 183, 234, 249 n. 12; by Glavrepertkom, 130–131, 269 n. 49
Center and periphery, 92, 177, 260 n. 42, 261 n. 48, 280 n. 187, 284 n. 44–45, see also Moscow as center of power
Central Committee, 22, 34, 37, 50, 84, 103, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133, 134, 139, 140, 152, 168, 194, 198–200, 219, 236, 237, 239 n. 6, 249 n. 10, 267 n. 31, 274 n. 106, 281 n. 1, 289 n. 143, 290 n. 149, 294 n. 71
Central Committee Special Sector, 125–126, 130, 269 n. 48, 269 n. 51, 269 n. 54
Central House of Art Workers (Moscow), see TsDRI
Centrality, xvi, 88–89, 91, 100, 187, 240 n. 13, 261 n. 48, see also sacrality
Centralization in Soviet Union, 89, 165, 283 n. 33
Centralization of Stalin Cult production, 29, 33, 127, 158–164, 165, 168, 282 n. 11
> Chervenkov, Valko, 78
Chiaureli, Mikhail Edisherovich, 59, 78, 123, 254 n. 105, 272 n. 78
Chkalov, Valery Pavlovich, 40
Chukovsky, Kornei Ivanovich, 160
Churchill, Winston, 15, 25, 55, 57, 59, 96, 222
Cinema, see movie
Cinematic template, 103, 144, 170, 173, 201, 224
Circus (1936, movie), 160
Civil War, 12, 22, 47, 148, 156, 159, 167, 168, 202, 225, 235, 245 n. 49, 259 n. 36, 276 n. 135; battle of Tsaritsyn, 42, 53, 145
Clark, Katerina, 44, 88
Closed society and personality cult, xvii, 5, 24, 222
Cole, Thomas, 109–110, 263–264 n. 82
Collectivism, xviii–xix, 1, 19, 20, 25, 121, 123, 134, 135, 164, 223, 224
Collectivization of agriculture, see Great Break
Comintern, 35, 46, 122, 234, 267 n. 31
Comment book, xx, 100, 115, 136, 179, 203–213, 218–220, 225, 235, 291 n. 10–11, 291 n. 20, 292 n. 31, 292 n. 35, 294 n. 71, Plates 14–17
Commissar of war, 12, 66, 145
Commissariat for Heavy Industry, 175
Commission for the immortalization of Lenin’s memory, xix, 22, 24, 148, 276 n. 136–137
Committee for Arts Affairs, 130, 152, 169, 173, 175–180, 209, 234, 235, 282 n. 14
Communism, Stalin as symbol of, xvii, 1, 14, 16, 25, 38, 41, 72, 91, 100, 140, 193, 221, 222, 261 n. 53
Competition, Stalin Portrait, 30, 102–103, 128, 165, 171, 172–181, 184, 197, 224, 230, 262 n. 61, 262 n. 63, 283 n. 34, 283 n. 36, 286 n. 91 Comrade Stalin and V. Ketskhoveli (painting), 179
Comrade Stalin and Voroshilov on the Volga Steamship (painting), 147
Comrade Stalin at the Meeting of the Constitutional Commission (painting), 176
Comrade Stalin Gives His Report to the Seventeenth Party Congress . . . (1934, painting), 37
“Comrade Stalin in Photography” (photo album), 183
Comrade Stalin in the Metro (painting), 185
Comrade Stalin with Pioneers (sculpture), 176
Comrade Voroshilov at the Cavalry Parade (painting), 269 n. 42
Congress, xiv, 48, 59, 106, 190, 249 n. 10, 273 n. 88, 274 n. 108; of Soviets, 32, 74, 103, 274 n. 107, 285 n. 73; Party, 34, 36, 37, 38, 59, 63, 81, 83, 221, 261 n. 58, 273 n. 88, 294 n. 4
Council of Ministers, 146, 282 n. 12
Council of People’s Commissars, 282 n.12
Court portrait, 89–90, 115–116, 140, 251 n. 38
Creativity, artistic, see inspiration
Cult of the tsar, see tsar cult
Cult products: definition, xiv, xix, 234; mass dissemination, xvii, 4–5, 22, 24, 217–218, 225
Dacha meeting of 1933, 92, 95, 113, 138, 142–143, 272 n. 82, 275 n. 109, 275 n. 121
Dagmar of Denmark, 141
The Defense of Tsaritsyn (1942, movie), 53
Deineka, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 136, 150, 159, 167
Deni, Viktor Nikolaevich, 36–37, 96, 151, 277 n. 146
Denisov, Konstantin Afanasievich, 198–202
Denisovsky, Nikolai Fedorovich, 196
Desacralization, 2, 4, 7, 9, 22, 240 n. 20
De-Stalinization, xiv–xv, 84–85, 126, 146, 162, 201, 202, 205, 219–220, 221, 223, 239 n. 7, 247 n. 73, 258 n. 14, 270 n. 67, 272 n. 77, 278 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 294 n. 4
Devdariani, Gayoz, 21
Dikii, see Diky, Aleksei Denisovich Diky, Aleksei Denisovich, 47, 213–217, 225, 292 n. 42, 292–293 n. 43, 293 n. 44, 293 n. 50, 293 n. 54
Dimitrov, Georgy Mikhailovich, 46, 52, 122
Dissertation, art-historical, 193–194, 288 n. 123
Dixon, Mary, 160
Dobrynin, M., 130
Documentary, 7, 94, 207, 279 n. 176, 282 n. 15, see also kinokhronika
Dubrovin, Vasily, 152
Dugladze, Vakhtang Valerianovich, 182
Durand, Asher Brown, 110
Durkheim, David Émile, xvi
Dvinsky, Boris Aleksandrovich, 52, 270 n. 58
Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich, 22, 171, 187–188
Dzhabaev, Dzhambul, 88, 93, 178
Dzhaparidze, Alyosha, 152
Dzhaparidze, Ucha, 179
Dzhugashvili, Ekaterina Georgievna, 101
Early, Stephen, 18
Eisenhower, Dwight David, 59
Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, 37
Elchaninov, Andrei, 7
Ellinskaia, Anna, 202
Embroidery, 107–108, 177, 263 n. 77–78
Engels, Friedrich, 19, 22, 41, 184, 197
Enlightenment, 2, 24, 115, 120, 240 n. 20
Ennker, Benno, 248–249 n. 2
Entangled modern personality cults, 14–19, xix, 25, 55, 74, 96, 222
Epshtein, M. M., 211
Ermler, Fridrikh Markovich (Breslav, Vladimir Markovich), 122, 180
Erzia, Stepan Dmitrievich, 220
Ethnicity, see ethnoterritorial federation, Russianness, and Soviet patriotism
Ethnoterritorial federation, Stalin as representation of, 46–47, 79, 86, 180, 193, 217, 221, 252 n. 66, 252 n. 69–70
Exhibition, xx, 136, 143, 150, 152, 160, 166, 167, 168, 172–181, 193, 200, 201, 203–213, 219, 220, 224, 225, 235, 236, 261 n. 58, 279 n. 166, 284 n. 40, 284 n. 62, 285 n. 67, 288 n. 130, 291 n. 10, 292 n. 35; “Achievements of Soviet Realist Art,”, 284 n. 44; “All-Union Agricultural Exhibition,” 52, 175; “Art of the Georgian SSR” (1937–1938), 175, 179, 182, 206, 212, 284 n. 59, 289 n. 138, Plate 17; “Artists of the RSFSR over the Past Fifteen Years” (1933), 31, 172–173, 181, 291 n. 13, 291 n. 19, Plates 14–16; “Famous People of the Country,” 176–177; “Fifteen Years of the Red Army” (1933), 113, 136–137, 142, 207, 272 n. 80, 272 n. 84; “Five Years of the Red Army” (1923), 207, 291 n. 20; “Industry of Socialism” (1939), 175, 176, 283 n. 33, 285 n. 64, 291 n. 10; “J. V. Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land in the Fine Arts” (1939), 137, 138–139, 175–180, 274 n. 101, 283 n. 36, 283 n. 38, 284 n. 43; “Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in the Visual Arts” (1949), 180, 212; “Lenin and Stalin in the Visual Folk Arts,” 175; “Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land” (1939), 210–211; “Stalin and the Stalin Epoch in the Works of Soviet Graphic Artists,” 284 n. 62; “Stalin and the Stalin Era in Works of Art” (1949), 284 n. 62; “Ten Years of the Red Army” (1928), 136, 208; “The Image of Stalin in the Arts” (1949), 211–212; “Twenty Years of the Red Army” (1938), 175, 261 n. 59; “Twenty-five Years of the Red Army” (1943), 37; “V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin in Sculpture” (1939), 175; “Young Artists” (1934), 209; annual MOSSKh sculpture, 204, 209; of Stalin’s 70th birthday (1949), 138, 144, 206, 286 n. 91; of Stalin’s 70th birthday gifts (1949), 75–76, 256 n. 136–137; of the Iofan model of Palace of Soviets, 100, 291 n. 10; Tenth AKhR exhibition, 192, 208, 272 n. 80
Exhibition comment book, see comment book
Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 178–179
Fakelore, 94, 258 n. 20
Falaleev, Fedor Yakovlevich, 56
Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, 231
The Fall of Berlin (1949–1950, movie), 79, 217, 272 n. 78, Plate 19
Fedorov, Nikolai, 22
Fedoseev, Nikolai E., 21, 89
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 121
Field, Daniel, 9
Fifth Army (novel), 156, 157
Film, see movie
First Cavalry (movie), 133–134
First Cavalry (painting), 143, 190
First World War: and mass politics, xviii, 9–10, 204, 244 n. 43; and modern personality cult, xviii, xix, 12–14, 15, 16, 25, 222
Fiveisky, Sergei Pavlovich, 202
Five-Year Plan: First, 33, 37, 44, 111, 168, 193, 208, 218, 223, 262 n. 67, 268 n. 40, 282 n. 11, 292 n. 25, see also Great Break; Second, 37, 41, 137, 180; Third, 137
Flower Bouquet (painting), 32
Folklore, 47, 64, 75–77, 88, 91, 93–94, 107–108, 158, 177, 178, 229, 258 n. 20, 259 n. 25, 263 n. 77–78
France, cult of Napoleon III in, xvii, 2–5, 9, 24, 25, 222, 243 n. 12, 243 n. 19
, 243 n. 24
Freedberg, David, 95
Freidin, Gregory, 20
French Revolution, xvii–xviii, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 24, 240 n. 20
Friedrich, Caspar David, 108
Frunze, Timur Mikhailovich, 147
Gabitashvili, David Dimitrievich, 106
Gaidaryov, A., 215
Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin Simonovich, 133
Gaulle, Charles de, xviii, 222
Gaze, 69–70, 73, 81, 105, 114, 188, 264 n. 90
Geertz, Clifford, xiv
Gelovani, Mikhail Georgievich, 47, 53, 78, 214, 216–217
Generation “P” (novel), 259 n. 35
Gerasimov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, xix, 37, 88, 92, 96–98, 101–105, 111–113, 128–130, 135–138, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–154, 161–162, 165, 169, 172–174, 177–179, 181, 183, 186, 190, 192–194, 196, 198–199, 201, 209–211, 219–220, 223, 252 n. 59, 260 n. 40, 260 n. 43, 260 n. 44, 261 n. 58, 262 n. 66, 262 n. 67, 263 n. 78, 276–277 n. 138, 277 n. 146, 278 n. 153, 278–279 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 282 n. 8, 282 n. 16, 289 n. 143
Gerasimov, Sergei Vasilievich, 150, 159, 195, 285 n. 73
Gerasimova, Galina Aleksandrovna, 154
Gerasimova, Lidia, 154
Germany: Hitler’s cult in, xviii, 2, 3, 12, 14–15, 17, 18–19, 25, 48, 96, 164, 222, 237, 242 n. 8, 243 n. 11, 246 n. 57, 246 n. 70, 273 n. 93, 281 n. 2
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 78
A Gift for Comrade Stalin (painting), 76
Girl with a Jug (painting), 284 n. 44
GlavIskusstvo, 127, 168, 208, 234, 235, 237, 282 n. 13
Glavlit, see censorship
“Glory to the Great Stalin!” (1950, painting), 106, Plate 4
Glazunov, Ilia Sergeevich, 220
Goebbels, Joseph, 18–19
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 231
Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 41
Gogol bust, 41
Goldshtab, Semyon Lvovich, 214, 293 n. 45
Golikov, Filipp Ivanovich, 57
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 54
Göring, Hermann Wilhelm, 96
Gorkin, Aleksandr Fedorovich, 57
Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich), 35, 121–122, 134–135, 149, 160, 191, 262 n. 73
Grabar, Igor Emmanuilovich, 147, 150, 160, 173, 179, 195–196
Great Art soviet for painting, see Art soviet of Painting-Sculpture Factory
Great Break, xiv, xv, 15, 29, 33, 37, 38, 88, 107, 151, 169, 170, 222, 225, 234, 235, see also Five Year Plan, First
The Great Citizen (1937, movie), 122
Great Terror, see purge
Great War, see First World War