by Jan Plamper
Grekov, Mitrofan Borisovich, 147–148, 167
Grigoriev, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, 167, 281 n. 7
Gronsky, Ivan Mikhailovich, 33, 194, 197
Groys, Boris Efimovich, 115, 149
Guided tour of exhibition, 213, 256 n. 137, see also Tretyakov Gallery
GUM (Moscow), 41, 67, 74, 80, 150, 187, 189, 234
Gurary, Samary Mikhailovich, 55
Gusak, Nikolai Afanasievich, 92
Gutman, L. I., 196, 198
Harriman, William Averell, 59
Harvesting the Grain (painting), 286 n. 95
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 188, 196, 198
Hellbeck, Jochen, 149
Hero of the Soviet Union, 12, 37, 40–41, 61, 137, 174, 176–177, 180, 213, 287 n. 109, 291 n. 20
Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 41
Hirohito, 222
Hitler, Adolf, 3, 12, 14–15, 18–19, 25, 48, 53, 55, 74, 96, 122, 164, 222, 242–243 n. 8, 273 n. 93
Hitler-Stalin Pact, 48, 96, 293 n. 45
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 18, 96
Holiday, 36, 37, 53, 63–75, 85, 145, 223, 255 n. 110; All-Union Physical Culture Day, 69–70, 75, see also parade; cycle, 48, 60, 63, 64, 75, 230, 255 n. 110; Day of Lenin’s Death (January 21), 36, 63–65, 75, 80, 81, 85, 255 n. 111; Day of Soviet Artillery, 256 n. 133; Day of Tankmen (September 8), 71, 75; Day of the Bolshevik Press (May 5), 68, 75; Day of the October Revolution (November 7), 36, 53, 54, 59, 65, 68, 71, 72–73, 75, 77, 79–80, 84–85, 97, 102, 145, 173, 254 n. 104, 262 n. 61, see also parade; Day of the Red Army (February 23), 65–66, 70, 71, 75, 255 n. 117; Day of the Soviet Air Force, 37, 71, 72, 75, 85, 256 n. 130; Day of the Soviet Navy (July 27), 70–71, 75, 85; Day of the Stalin Constitution (December 5), 34, 74–75, 81; International Women’s Day (March 8), 66, 81; May Day (International Workers’ Day, May 1), 53, 55, 65, 66–68, 69, 71, 75, 79, 80, 84, 227, 282 n. 8, see also parade; New Year, 46, 63; Victory Day (May 9), 56–57, 60, 68–69, 72, 75, 215, 256 n. 123
House of Moscow Artists, see Maslovka
Housing for artists, 20, 148, 150, 277 n. 144, 277 n. 151, 294 n. 71, see also Maslovka
Howe, Louis McHenry, 18
Hubert in Wonderland (book), 128
Hymn to October (1942, painting), 97, 210, 211
“I am certain” (poem), 35, 119–120, 134, 162
Iar-Kravchenko, Anatolii, see Yar-Kravchenko, Anatoly Nikiforovich
Ibarruri, Dolores, 78
Iconoclasm, xv, 10, 22, 148, 201, 221, 294 n. 2
Iconography, 41, 111–112, 235, 251 n. 52, 252 n. 53, 283 n. 33, 289 n. 138, 289 n. 142, see also canonical image; of Lenin, 108, 111–112, 129, 198–201, see also Leniniana; of Stalin, 103, 139, 177, 180, 198, 202, 214, 223
Image politics, see mass media
IMEL, 34, 122, 125, 126, 235, 266 n. 16, 267 n. 21
Immodest modesty, 123–124, 134–135, 157; of Stalin, 123–135, 139, 164, 224, 231, 280 n. 191
In the Classroom (painting), 191
Industrialization, see Great Break
Ingulov, Sergei Borisovich, 173
Inspiration, artistic, 30, 103, 105, 113, 143, 155–156, 180, 201, 203, 292 n. 31
Intelligentsia, 19–20, 31, 98, 124, 134, 194, 207, 237, 267 n. 23; artistic, 102, 107, 145, 153, 156, 158, 179–180, 200, 237; circle, see kruzhok
Interrogations of Communists (by Deineka and by Ioganson, painting), 136
Iofan, Boris Mikhailovich, 99–100
Ioganson, Boris Vladimirovich, 106, 136, 150, 159, 173, 210, 284 n. 44
Ionov, I., 266 n. 13
Iremashvili, Iosif, 21
Iskusstvo (journal), 127, 171, 175, 193, 194–195, 196, 197, 235, 237, 262 n. 66, 267 n. 31, 282 n. 19, 289 n. 138
Iskusstvo (publisher), 128, 131, 132, 170, 173–174, 183, 235, 262 n. 61, 269 n. 53, 282 n. 15–16, 285 n. 74
Italy, Fascist: Mussolini’s cult in, xviii, 2, 3, 12–14, 18–19, 25, 54–55, 164, 222, 237, 243 n. 244 n. 44, 245 n. 50–51, 245 n. 53, 246 n. 70
Itinerants, see Wanderers
Ivan the Great (Ivan III), 101
Izo Department, 168, 235, 282 n. 13
IZOGIZ, 102, 128, 168, 170, 174, 235, 262 n. 61, 269 n. 42, 282 n. 15
Izokombinat, see Visual art factory
Izvestia (newspaper), 31, 33, 34–35, 136, 142, 171, 173, 248 n. 1
J. V. Stalin among the People in the Kremlin (Our Wise Leader, Dear Teacher) (1952, painting), 106, Plate 5
J. V. Stalin among the Yenisei Fishermen (painting), 194
J. V. Stalin and A. M. Gorky (painting), 186
J. V. Stalin and M. I. Kalinin (painting), 186
J. V. Stalin in His Office (painting), 186
J. V. Stalin in His Youth (statue), 194
Kabakov, 268–269 n. 40
Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich, 38, 50, 56–57, 68, 71, 77, 83, 103, 123–124, 128, 134, 137, 147, 149, 156, 164, 191, 212, 224, 268–269 n. 40, 274 n. 107, 275 n. 123, 280–281 n. 192, 281 n. 193
Kahlo, Frida, xiv
Kalashnikov, A., 103
Kalashnikova, M., 77
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 29, 36, 38, 50, 56, 68, 103, 123, 151, 188, 190, 208, 210, 227
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich (Rozenfeld, L. B.), 47, 122
Kandinsky, Vasily Vasilievich, 166, 170
Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig, xvii, 230
Kapler, Aleksei Yakovlevich, 134, 180
Karachunsky, Aleksandr, 112
Kardashov, 113
Karpov, Boris Nikolaevich, 34, 53, 55
Katsman, Evgeny Aleksandrovich, 92, 95, 113, 135–136, 138, 142–146, 150, 153–155, 159, 167, 174, 178, 196, 209–210, 248 n. 1, 271 n. 75, 272 n. 77, 272–273 n. 84, 274 n. 107, 275–276 n.108, 277–278 n. 151, 278 n. 152, 279–280 n. 178, 280–281 n. 192, 282 n. 8, 291–292 n. 20
Kavtaradze, Sergei Ivanovich, xiii
Kerensky, Aleksandr Fedorovich, 10–12
Kerr, Archibald Clark, 259 n. 34
Kerzhentsev, Platon Mikhailovich, 102, 122, 127, 169, 173, 179
Khachaturian, Aram Ilich, 179
Khlevniuk, Oleg Vitalievich, 126
Khmelko, Mikhail Ivanovich, 212
Khodasevich, Mikhail F., 159
Khrapchenko, Mikhail Borisovich, 152
Khrennikov, Tikhon Nikolaevich, 179–180
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, xiv, 50, 52, 54, 77–78, 83–84, 126, 134, 146, 159, 201–202, 205, 220, 221, 275 n. 123
Khudfond, see Art Fund
Khudsovet, see Art soviet
Khvostenko, Tatiana Vasilievna, 158–159
Khvostenko, Vasily Veniaminovich, 159–160
Kim Il Sung, 24
Kim Jong Il, 24
Kinning, Neili, 75
Kinokhronika, 170, 173
Kirkorov, Viktor, 92
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 37–38, 42, 46, 63, 150, 157–158, 183–184, 252 n. 58, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153
Kleinbort, Lev Naumovich, 19, 246 n. 68
Klucis, Gustav, see Klutsis, Gustav Gustavovich
Klutsis, Gustav Gustavovich, 36, 250 n. 33
Kniga otzyvov, see comment book
Kolchak, Aleksandr Vasilievich, 136
Kolonitskii, see Kolonitsky, Boris Ivanovich
Kolonitsky, Boris Ivanovich, 12
Koltsov, Mikhail Efimovich, 127
Konchalovsky, Petr Petrovich, 196
Kondakova, Vera, 81
Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 67, 71, 126
Kontraktatsiia, 168–169, 181, 234, 235
Koplenig, Johann, 78
Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich, 10–12
Kosmin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 195–196
Kostianytsyn, Vasily Nikolaevich, 137
Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 67, 77
Kotov, Petr Ivanovich, 189
Krasin, Leonid Borisovich, 22
Kremlin (Moscow): as heart of Moscow, 73, 88, 90, 92, 101, 104, 260 n. 42, 260 n. 45; studio, 135, 159, 167, 272 n. 77, 272 n. 84, 280 n. 192; wall burial, 146, 221
Krinsky, Vladimir Fed
orovich, 161
Krupskaia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, 22, 191–192
Kruzhki, see kruzhok
Kruzhok, 2, 19–22, 25, 89, 223, 235, 247 n. 71, 247 n. 75–76, 247 n. 79
Krylov, Porfiry Nikitich, 53
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maksimilianovich, 199–200
Kugach, Yury Petrovich, 106
Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich, 160, 184
Kupriianov, Mikhail Vasilievich, 53
Kurchatov, Igor Vasilievich, 294 n. 4
Kutuzov (1944, movie), 213
Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 101, 213, 217
Kuusinen, Otto Wille, 200
Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich, 67
Lakhuti, 267 n. 20
Landscape painting: American, 108–111, 263 n. 81, 263 n. 82; Soviet, 91, 263 n. 82, 274 n. 103, 285 n. 69, 288 n. 116
Le Bon, Gustave, 12
Leader, Teacher, and Friend (J. V. Stalin in the Presidium of the Second Congress of Kolkhoz Farmer-Shock Workers in February 1935) (1936–1937, painting), 106, 262 n. 71, Plate 6
The Leader’s Childhood (book), 133, 270 n. 65
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, xix, 9–10, 12, 21–24, 29, 33, 36, 38–42, 44, 46, 50, 55–56, 59, 63–68, 72–75, 77, 80–81, 83–85, 87, 89, 92–93, 95, 97, 99–101, 107–108, 111–113, 120–126, 129–130, 136, 138, 145, 148, 155, 162–163, 166, 171, 175, 180, 183–184, 186–189, 191, 198–202, 208, 211, 217, 221, 223, 227, 246–247 n. 70, 250 n. 33, 255 n. 113, 261 n. 56, 262 n. 71
Lenin and Stalin in Gorki (painting), 185
Lenin and Stalin in the Petrograd Defense Headquarters (painting), 212
Lenin at the Smolny (1930, painting), 87, 147, 211, Plate 1
Lenin cult, xix, 12, 22–25, 125, 172, 201, 202, 211, 245 n. 49, 246 n. 69–70, 248 n. 90, 251 n. 52, 261 n. 56, see also Commission for the immortalization of Lenin’s memory; and Stalin, 24, 29, 31, 248 n. 95
Lenin in 1918 (movie), 134, 271 n. 70
Lenin in October (1937, movie), xv, 31, 214
Lenin Mausoleum (Moscow), 22, 73, 87, 101, 201, 221, 261 n. 46
Lenin Museum, Central (Moscow), 147, 176, 187, 189, 198, 200, 206, 211, 235, 248 n. 90, 276 n. 130
Lenin sculpture, 22, 23, 87, 97, 99–100, 184, 262 n. 71
Leningrad artists and patronage, 151, 161, 280 n. 187
Leningrad Institute of Proletarian Visual Art, 170
Leniniana, 22, 88, see also iconography of Lenin
Lenin’s visual representations, see also canonical image and iconography; and Stalin, 36, 39, 41–42, 55, 63–65, 67, 68, 72–74, 77, 81, 84, 85, 87–88, 95, 97, 107, 187–190, 191, 227, 255 n. 113, 262 n. 71; depiction in, 100, 111–112, 113, 129, 199, 211, 217, 223, n. 84, 264 n. 87; gaze, 65, 72, 107, 111; manner of speaking, 217; modesty, 120–121, n. 5; secondary, 39, 64–65, 73, 77, 95, 262 n. 71
Leonardo da Vinci, 145
Leopold I, 14
Lepeshinskaia, Olga Borisovna, 199–200
Levchenko, Viktor Ivanovich, 40
Lichnost’, 19, 20, 25, 37, 122, 192, 193, 213, 288 n. 119; valorization of individual personality, 10, 29, 228, 230, 244 n. 44
Lindbergh, Charles Augustus, 40
Lipgart, Ernest Karlovich, 140
Litvinov, Maksim Maksimovich (Vallakh, Meer-Genokh Moiseevich), 145
LOSSKh, 165, 235
Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich, 225
Louis XIV, 5, 14, 222
Ludwig, Emil, 121
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich, 88, 127, 159, 168, 192, 208, 261 n. 57
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 178
M. I. Kalinin Speaks with Delegates at the All-Union Congress of Female Workers and Farm Women (painting), 190, 287 n. 109
Maiorsky, N. N., 46
Maisky, Ivan, 259 n. 34
Makarov, A. I., 191
Malenkov, Georgy Maksimilianovich, 50, 56–57, 67, 69, 77–81, 83–84, 101
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich, 166–167
Malkov, I., 128
Malkov, P. V., 174
Maltsev, F. S., 198
Man with a Rifle (1938, movie), 49, 214
Mandelstam, Osip Emilievich, 47
Manizer, Matvei Genrikhovich, 129–130, 193
Manuilsky, Dmitry Zakharovich, 35
Mao Zedong, 77, 84
Maria Fedorovna, see Dagmar of Denmark
Marx, Karl Heinrich, 19, 22, 41, 121, 184, 197, 231
Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, see IMEL
Mashkov, Ilia Ivanovich, 174
Mashkovtsev, Nikolai Georgievich, 113
Masing-Delic, Irene, 134
Maslovka, 158–164, 235, 279 n. 176, 279 n. 178
Mass media, 6, 31–33, 77, 170, 215, 217, 219, 225, 293 n. 62; and image politics, xviii, 15–18, 19; and modern personality cult, xvii, xviii, 3–5, 13, 14, 18, 24, 222
Mass politics, 9–10, 18, 25, 204, 219, 225, see also First World War; and modern personality cult, xvii, 3–4, 5, 13, 18, 24, 25, 204, 222; and tsar cult, 6–9, 244 n. 33
Mass reproduction of art work, 22, 102, 103, 128–129, 130, 170, 174, 182–183, 201, 225, 269 n. 42, 280 n. 192, 283 n. 31
Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 88
McKinley, William, 15
Meeting of Stalin and Voroshilov with Gerasimov, Brodsky, and Katsman (1933), see dacha meeting
Meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council (painting), 208
Mekhlis, Lev Zakharovich, 33–34, 103, 125, 151, 270 n. 58, 270 n. 64
Melentiev, German Aleksandrovich, 176
Melnikova, Ira, 80
Merkurov, Sergei Dmitrievich, 22–23, 113, 193, 209
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 145, 231
Mikhailov, A., 192
Mikhailov, N. I., 283 n. 22
Mikhoels, Solomon Mikhailovich, 60–62
Mikoian, Anastas Ivanovich, 21, 50, 56, 67–68, 78, 83, 103, 153
Mironov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 213
Mochalsky, Dmitry Konstantinovich, 59, 114
Modorov, Fedor Aleksandrovich, 113, 128, 186, 268–269 n. 40
Molotov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich, 21, 36, 38, 42, 50, 52, 67–68, 70, 73, 77–78, 83, 101, 103, 106, 113, 123, 132, 146–147, 160, 164, 186, 191, 224, 226, 233, 276–277 n. 138
Monarchical cult, 9, 14, 59, 115, 240 n. 20, 244 n. 27, 245 n. 54, see also tsar cult; and modern personality cult, xvii-xviii, 3, 4, 5, 25, 222, 240 n. 21, 243 n. 19
Moor, Dmitry (Orlov, Dmitry Stakhievich), 102
Moravov, Aleksandr Viktorovich, 187
Morning of Our Motherland (1949, painting), 107, 109–112, 160, 211–212, 263 n. 82, Plate 8
Moscow: and Leningrad artists, 151, 161; as center of power, 59–60, 88–89, 101, 151, 161–162, 257 n. 5, 260 n. 42, 280 n. 187; general plan for the reconstruction of, 90, 98, 99, 100–101, 281 n. 193, see also Palace of Soviets
Moscow Art Institute, 170, 237
Moscow Association of Artists, see Art soviet of Painting-Sculpture Factory
Moscow Diary (novel), 98
Moscow Union of Soviet Arts, 165, 235
MOSSKh, 150, 165, 170, 177, 195, 235, 281 n. 1, 283 n. 36, 286 n. 83, see also exhibition, annual MOSSKh sculpture
Movie, xvii, 13, 22, 130, 145, 147, 164, 205, 218, 219, 233, 282 n. 18, 293 n. 61; actor starring as Stalin, xv, 47, 48, 49, 53, 203, 213–220, 225, 293 n. 44–45, 293 n. 50, 293 n. 54, Plate 19; screenplay, 122, 123, 133–134, 259 n. 36, 270 n. 67, 271 n. 68, 271 n. 70; Stalin, 30, 31, 47, 48, 49, 53, 59, 78–79, 133–134, 170, 174, 213–217, 222, 228, 234, 259 n. 32, 270 n. 67; still picture, 48, 49, 53, 78, 253 n. 78, 254 n. 105
Mukhina, Vera Ignatievna, 14, 79, 141, 151–152, 179
Münzenberg, Willi, 133
Museum of the Revolution (Baku, Moscow or Sverdlovsk), 139, 141, 152, 176, 235
Mussolini, Benito, xix, 3, 12–14, 18–19, 25, 54, 164, 222
Nalbandian, Dmitry Arkadievich, 87, 161, 181, 187, 198, 262 n. 71
Naming after Stalin, 162–163, 225, see also toponymics
Napoleon I, 3–4, 93
N
apoleon III, xvii, xix, 2–5, 9, 24–25, 222, 243 n. 19
Narkompros, 127, 168–169, 234, 235, 282 n. 12–14, 283 n. 31
Narod (people), 6, 8–9, 210, 292 n. 35
Nationality, see ethnoterritorial federation, Russianness, and Soviet patriotism
Nazism, see Germany
Neiman, Mark, 198
NEP (New Economic Policy), 91, 205, 218, 219, 235, Plate 13
Nesterov, Mikhail, 196
Nicholas I, 8, 120, 244 n. 29, 264 n. 90, 265 n. 3
Nicholas II, 6–9, 140–141
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 2, 19
Nietzschean elements, 2, 19, 139, 246 n. 69, 251 n. 52
NKVD, see secret police
Norinsky, K. M., 21
The Oath (1946, movie), 59, 254 n. 105, 287 n. 98, 293 n. 54
The Oath of the Peoples (movie), 123
obraz(y), xvii, 192–194, 236, see also canonical image
Ogarev, Nikolai Platanovich, 41
OGPU, see secret police
Oil painting, see painting
Ordzhonikidze, Eteri Grigorievna, 145
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo (Grigory Konstantinovich), 21, 34–35, 38, 113, 134, 175, 266 n. 16, 274 n. 107, 293–294 n. 62
Oreshnikov, Viktor Mikhailovich, 212
Orlova, Liubov Petrovna, 160, 213
OSt, 167, 208, 236, 272 n. 77
Osten, Maria, 127–128
Ostuzhev, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 178
Painting, see also landscape painting; spatial organization in concentric circle(s), 89, 91, 97–98, 105–107, 111, 223, 260 n. 42, 264 n. 84
Palace of Soviets (Moscow), 14, 99–102, 123, 184, 236, 281 n. 193, 291 n. 10, see also exhibition of the Iofan model of Palace of Soviets
Pallbearer, 42, 43, 252 n. 58
Papanin, Ivan Dmitrievich, 40, 180
Parade, 40, 41, 57, 59, 66, 71, 242 n. 8, 251 n. 47; All-Union Physical Culture Day, 37, 38, 45, 59, 70, 85, 256 n. 125; Day of the October Revolution, 44–46, 73, 80, 81, 85, 122; May Day, 53, 56, 66–68, 79, 80, 227
Party Congress, see congress
Party leader, see vozhd’
Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich, xiv
Patricentrism, xviii, 5, 24, 222, 224, 241 n. 23
Patronage, 12, 20, 25, 119–164, 167, 168, 175, 216, 278 n. 153, 279 n. 173, 280 n. 192, 281 n. 193, 283 n. 33; along ethnic lines, 153, 275 n. 123, 278 n. 160; and personalized power, xix, 12, 120, 137–138, 148–154, 178, 190, 198, 200, 272 n. 83, 277 n. 144; by art sector, 147, 164, 224, 280 n. 192; by Stalin, 135–136, 147, 149, 151–152, 164, 273 n. 87; by Voroshilov, xix, 24, 135, 142, 145–158, 164, 167, 175, 199, 201, 224, 272 n. 77, 272 n. 84, 275 n. 125–126, 276 n. 129, 276 n. 138, 277 n. 144–146, 277 n. 151, 278 n. 152–153, 278 n. 159, 278 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 279 n. 173–174; shefstvo, see shefstvo