The Stalin Cult

by Jan Plamper

  Abuladze, Tengiz Evgenievich, 221

  Abundant Harvest (painting), 179

  Academy of Arts of St. Petersburg, 166

  Afinogenov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 121

  After the Demonstration (They Saw Stalin) (1949, painting), 59, 114, 115

  After Work (painting), 209 Agitprop Department of the Central Committee, 127, 129–132, 152, 234, 269 n. 51, 269 n. 54, 270 n. 55

  Akhmatova, Anna Andreevna, 20, 62, 124, 134–135, 226

  AKhR, 135, 154, 155, 158–159, 160, 167, 168, 208, 234, 236, 267 n. 31, 279 n. 166, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 11, 282 n. 21, 292 n. 21, see also exhibition: Tenth AKhR exhibition

  AKhRR, see AKhR

  al-Asad, Bashar, 24

  al-Asad, Hafiz, 24

  Aleksandr Parkhomenko (1942, movie), 293 n. 45

  Aleksandrov, Georgy Fedorovich, 57, 132, 152

  Aleksandrov, Grigory Vasilievich, 160

  Aleshin, Sergei Semenovich, 136

  Alexander I, 8

  Alexander II, 2, 5, 8, 12, 141, 264 n. 90

  Alexander III, 5–6, 8, 140–141, 244 n. 29

  Alliluev, Vladimir Fedorovich, 121

  Allilueva, Nadezhda Sergeevna, 139–141

  Allilueva, Svetlana Iosifovna, 121, 128

  All-Russian Academy of Fine Arts, 132, 209

  All-Russian Leningrad Academy of Arts, 170, 236

  All-Union Committee for Arts Affairs, see Committee for Arts Affairs

  Andreev, Nikolai A., 87, 138, 171

  Andreev, S. (Andreev, Andrei Andreevich), 50, 52, 57, 68

  Anti-Semitism, 7, 60–62, 153, 242 n. 8

  The Apple Trees are Blossoming (painting), 147

  Aravidze, Varlam, 221

  Archive, xviii–xix, 101, 103, 121, 123, 124–127, 202, 203, 204, 235, 236, 249 n. 2, 265 n. 11, 266 n. 16, 268 n. 35, 281 n. 193, 294 n. 71

  Arctic explorer, 38, 40, 86, 178, 180

  The Arrival of Comrade Stalin at the First Cavalry in 1919 (1933, painting), 37

  Art critic(ism), xvi, 30, 107, 108, 115, 128, 160, 165, 171, 172, 187–202, 212–213, 224, 288 n. 115, 288 n. 130, 289 n. 138

  Art Fund, 169, 181, 182, 234, 235, 285 n. 67, 286 n. 83, 288 n. 122, 290 n. 149

  Art production: and institutional actor, 166–172, 282 n. 11–14, 282 n. 18; institutional practice of, 165, 172–202, 283 n. 31, 283 n. 33–34, 284 n. 62, 285 n. 67, 286 n. 91, 286 n. 93, 288 n. 122

  Art soviet, 161, 224, 235, 280 n. 186, 286 n. 83; of Painting-Sculpture Factory, 184–192, 198–199, 286 n. 87, 286 n. 91, 286 n. 93–95, 287 n. 98, 287 n. 109

  Arzhilovsky, Andrei, 226

  At the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDRP (April-May 1907) (1947, painting), 106–107, Plate 7

  At the Sculptor’s Studio (painting), 187

  Attlee, Clement Richard, 59

  Audience: as target, 8, 9, 13, 33, 171, 205, 217–218; communication with, 213, 214, 216; participation, 217, 225, 261 n. 58; reaction, 59, 225, 233, Plate 13; reaction research, 205, 206, 218, 291 n. 9, 293 n. 61

  Avangard, see Vanguard

  Avant-garde art, 91, 142, 148, 159, 166, 167, 168, 264 n. 96, 271 n. 75

  Aviator, 40, 71, 86, 92, 103, 174, 250 n. 28

  Avilov, Mikhail Ivanovich, 37, 136

  Azarkh, Raisa Moiseevna, 156–158

  Babel, Isaac Emmanuilovich, 121

  Babeuf, Gracchus, 22

  Baidukov, Georgy Filippovich, 40

  Barbusse, Henri, 91, 96, 133, 197, 289 n. 138

  Barkhash, Lev Lvovich, 92

  Barklai, Eduard Maksimovich, 145

  The Battle of Stalingrad (1949, movie), 135, 214, 215–216

  Becker, Jean-Jacques, 204

  Bedny, Demian (Pridvorov, Efim Alekseevich), 35, 119–120, 134, 149, 162

  Beethoven, Ludwig van, 231

  Begicheva, Ganna, 101–102, 261 n. 56

  Beletsky, Evgeny Andianovich, 92

  Benjamin, Walter, 23, 98

  Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich, xiii, 21, 37, 50, 56–57, 67–68, 77–78, 83, 101, 132–133, 146, 175, 184, 212, 278 n. 152

  Beskin, Osip Martynovich, 30, 128–129, 171, 196–198

  Bezymensky, Aleksandr Ilich, 94

  Bibineishvili, Baron, 121–122, 266 n. 13

  Bierut, Boleslaw, 81

  Biography of Stalin, 122, 125, 126, 133, 197, 248 n. 88, 266 n. 16, 270 n. 65, 270 n. 67, 289 n. 138

  Birthday of Stalin, 85, 253 n. 80–81, 267 n. 31; 50th (1929), xiv, 29, 33, 35, 50–52, 86, 119–120, 136, 142, 227, 232, 249 n. 12, 250 n. 21, 268 n. 31; 60th (1939), xiv, 48–52, 86, 93, 120, 133, 144, 171, 175, 179, 181, 223, 227, 229, 230, 232, 256 n. 124, 273 n. 94, 285 n. 62; 70th (1949), xiv, 52, 75–78, 94–95, 180, 181, 206, 228, 230–231, 232, 233, 260 n. 40; celebration in GDR, 230–231, 233

  Bismarck, Otto von, 89–90

  Blokhin, Mikhail N., 162–163

  Bobrovskaia, I. S., 199

  Bocharovaia, Yevgenia Ivanovna, 215

  Bogorodsky, Fedor Semenovich, 113, 154, 159

  Boime, Albert, 108, 110

  Bolshevik, 14, 31–33, 135, see also collectivism, intelligentsia, kruzhok, tsarist carryover, vanguard, and vozhd’; patron, xiv, 275 n. 123, see also patronage; personality cult, 2, 19–22, 25, 124, 134, 223, 227, 245 n. 49, 247 n. 73, 265 n. 11; virtues, 19, 124, 135, 137–138, 164, 178, 181, 211, 219, 265 n. 11, 267 n. 23

  Bolshoi Theater (Moscow), 38, 59, 60, 64, 77, 80, 97, 142, 274 n. 108

  Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Napoleon III

  Bourdieu, Pierre, 218

  Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, 54

  Brodskaia, Lidia Isaakovna, 160

  Brodsky, Isaak Izrailevich, 36, 87, 92, 102, 113, 136, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–155, 160, 167, 169–170, 173–174, 196, 207–208, 211–212, 272 n. 83, 274 n. 102, 276 n. 129, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153, 289 n. 143, 292 n. 21

  Brodsky, Joseph, 225

  Brubaker, Rogers, 46–47

  Bryan, William Jennings, 15

  Bubnov, Aleksandr Pavlovich, 187, 189

  Bubnov, Andrei Sergeevich, 159

  Buchanan, George, 10

  Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich, 36, 56–57, 67, 142

  Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 33, 122, 159

  Bukovsky, Vladimir Konstantinovich, xiv

  Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 66, 69–71, 77, 79–81, 83

  Bust, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin Sculpture

  Calvino, Italo, 54

  Canonical image, 12, 18, 53, 190, 236, 246 n. 62, see also communism, and Stalin’s visual representations; of Lenin, 22, 34, 36, 55, 198–202; of Stalin, xiv, xv, xix, 31, 34, 36, 37–39, 41, 63, 71, 77, 81, 86, 107, 108, 111, 131, 132, 139, 148, 170, 172, 180, 181, 191, 193, 201–202, 214, 228, 229, 235, 236, 287 n. 98, 288 n. 122

  Caricature, 36, 37, 53, 96, 151, 172, 253 n. 87

  Cassirer, Ernst, 226

  Cathedral of Christ the Redeemer (Moscow), 99, 100, 236

  Catherine the Great, 120

  Ceauşescu, Elena, 222

  Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 222

  Celebrity evening: notes at, 203–204, 213–218, 225, Plate 20–Plate 21

  Censorship, xiv, xix–xx, 4, 6, 18, 19, 131, 166, 218, 225, 269 n. 54, 270 n. 65, 273 n. 93; by Glavlit, 127, 128, 130, 171, 173, 183, 234, 249 n. 12; by Glavrepertkom, 130–131, 269 n. 49

  Center and periphery, 92, 177, 260 n. 42, 261 n. 48, 280 n. 187, 284 n. 44–45, see also Moscow as center of power

  Central Committee, 22, 34, 37, 50, 84, 103, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133, 134, 139, 140, 152, 168, 194, 198–200, 219, 236, 237, 239 n. 6, 249 n. 10, 267 n. 31, 274 n. 106, 281 n. 1, 289 n. 143, 290 n. 149, 294 n. 71

  Central Committee Special Sector, 125–126, 130, 269 n. 48, 269 n. 51, 269 n. 54

  Central House of Art Workers (Moscow), see TsDRI

  Centrality, xvi, 88–89, 91, 100, 187, 240 n. 13, 261 n. 48, see also sacrality

  Centralization in Soviet Union, 89, 165, 283 n. 33

  Centralization of Stalin Cult production, 29, 33, 127, 158–164, 165, 168, 282 n. 11

>   Chervenkov, Valko, 78

  Chiaureli, Mikhail Edisherovich, 59, 78, 123, 254 n. 105, 272 n. 78

  Chkalov, Valery Pavlovich, 40

  Chukovsky, Kornei Ivanovich, 160

  Churchill, Winston, 15, 25, 55, 57, 59, 96, 222

  Cinema, see movie

  Cinematic template, 103, 144, 170, 173, 201, 224

  Circus (1936, movie), 160

  Civil War, 12, 22, 47, 148, 156, 159, 167, 168, 202, 225, 235, 245 n. 49, 259 n. 36, 276 n. 135; battle of Tsaritsyn, 42, 53, 145

  Clark, Katerina, 44, 88

  Closed society and personality cult, xvii, 5, 24, 222

  Cole, Thomas, 109–110, 263–264 n. 82

  Collectivism, xviii–xix, 1, 19, 20, 25, 121, 123, 134, 135, 164, 223, 224

  Collectivization of agriculture, see Great Break

  Comintern, 35, 46, 122, 234, 267 n. 31

  Comment book, xx, 100, 115, 136, 179, 203–213, 218–220, 225, 235, 291 n. 10–11, 291 n. 20, 292 n. 31, 292 n. 35, 294 n. 71, Plates 14–17

  Commissar of war, 12, 66, 145

  Commissariat for Heavy Industry, 175

  Commission for the immortalization of Lenin’s memory, xix, 22, 24, 148, 276 n. 136–137

  Committee for Arts Affairs, 130, 152, 169, 173, 175–180, 209, 234, 235, 282 n. 14

  Communism, Stalin as symbol of, xvii, 1, 14, 16, 25, 38, 41, 72, 91, 100, 140, 193, 221, 222, 261 n. 53

  Competition, Stalin Portrait, 30, 102–103, 128, 165, 171, 172–181, 184, 197, 224, 230, 262 n. 61, 262 n. 63, 283 n. 34, 283 n. 36, 286 n. 91 Comrade Stalin and V. Ketskhoveli (painting), 179

  Comrade Stalin and Voroshilov on the Volga Steamship (painting), 147

  Comrade Stalin at the Meeting of the Constitutional Commission (painting), 176

  Comrade Stalin Gives His Report to the Seventeenth Party Congress . . . (1934, painting), 37

  “Comrade Stalin in Photography” (photo album), 183

  Comrade Stalin in the Metro (painting), 185

  Comrade Stalin with Pioneers (sculpture), 176

  Comrade Voroshilov at the Cavalry Parade (painting), 269 n. 42

  Congress, xiv, 48, 59, 106, 190, 249 n. 10, 273 n. 88, 274 n. 108; of Soviets, 32, 74, 103, 274 n. 107, 285 n. 73; Party, 34, 36, 37, 38, 59, 63, 81, 83, 221, 261 n. 58, 273 n. 88, 294 n. 4

  Council of Ministers, 146, 282 n. 12

  Council of People’s Commissars, 282 n.12

  Court portrait, 89–90, 115–116, 140, 251 n. 38

  Creativity, artistic, see inspiration

  Cult of the tsar, see tsar cult

  Cult products: definition, xiv, xix, 234; mass dissemination, xvii, 4–5, 22, 24, 217–218, 225

  Dacha meeting of 1933, 92, 95, 113, 138, 142–143, 272 n. 82, 275 n. 109, 275 n. 121

  Dagmar of Denmark, 141

  The Defense of Tsaritsyn (1942, movie), 53

  Deineka, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 136, 150, 159, 167

  Deni, Viktor Nikolaevich, 36–37, 96, 151, 277 n. 146

  Denisov, Konstantin Afanasievich, 198–202

  Denisovsky, Nikolai Fedorovich, 196

  Desacralization, 2, 4, 7, 9, 22, 240 n. 20

  De-Stalinization, xiv–xv, 84–85, 126, 146, 162, 201, 202, 205, 219–220, 221, 223, 239 n. 7, 247 n. 73, 258 n. 14, 270 n. 67, 272 n. 77, 278 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 294 n. 4

  Devdariani, Gayoz, 21

  Dikii, see Diky, Aleksei Denisovich Diky, Aleksei Denisovich, 47, 213–217, 225, 292 n. 42, 292–293 n. 43, 293 n. 44, 293 n. 50, 293 n. 54

  Dimitrov, Georgy Mikhailovich, 46, 52, 122

  Dissertation, art-historical, 193–194, 288 n. 123

  Dixon, Mary, 160

  Dobrynin, M., 130

  Documentary, 7, 94, 207, 279 n. 176, 282 n. 15, see also kinokhronika

  Dubrovin, Vasily, 152

  Dugladze, Vakhtang Valerianovich, 182

  Durand, Asher Brown, 110

  Durkheim, David Émile, xvi

  Dvinsky, Boris Aleksandrovich, 52, 270 n. 58

  Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich, 22, 171, 187–188

  Dzhabaev, Dzhambul, 88, 93, 178

  Dzhaparidze, Alyosha, 152

  Dzhaparidze, Ucha, 179

  Dzhugashvili, Ekaterina Georgievna, 101

  Early, Stephen, 18

  Eisenhower, Dwight David, 59

  Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, 37

  Elchaninov, Andrei, 7

  Ellinskaia, Anna, 202

  Embroidery, 107–108, 177, 263 n. 77–78

  Engels, Friedrich, 19, 22, 41, 184, 197

  Enlightenment, 2, 24, 115, 120, 240 n. 20

  Ennker, Benno, 248–249 n. 2

  Entangled modern personality cults, 14–19, xix, 25, 55, 74, 96, 222

  Epshtein, M. M., 211

  Ermler, Fridrikh Markovich (Breslav, Vladimir Markovich), 122, 180

  Erzia, Stepan Dmitrievich, 220

  Ethnicity, see ethnoterritorial federation, Russianness, and Soviet patriotism

  Ethnoterritorial federation, Stalin as representation of, 46–47, 79, 86, 180, 193, 217, 221, 252 n. 66, 252 n. 69–70

  Exhibition, xx, 136, 143, 150, 152, 160, 166, 167, 168, 172–181, 193, 200, 201, 203–213, 219, 220, 224, 225, 235, 236, 261 n. 58, 279 n. 166, 284 n. 40, 284 n. 62, 285 n. 67, 288 n. 130, 291 n. 10, 292 n. 35; “Achievements of Soviet Realist Art,”, 284 n. 44; “All-Union Agricultural Exhibition,” 52, 175; “Art of the Georgian SSR” (1937–1938), 175, 179, 182, 206, 212, 284 n. 59, 289 n. 138, Plate 17; “Artists of the RSFSR over the Past Fifteen Years” (1933), 31, 172–173, 181, 291 n. 13, 291 n. 19, Plates 14–16; “Famous People of the Country,” 176–177; “Fifteen Years of the Red Army” (1933), 113, 136–137, 142, 207, 272 n. 80, 272 n. 84; “Five Years of the Red Army” (1923), 207, 291 n. 20; “Industry of Socialism” (1939), 175, 176, 283 n. 33, 285 n. 64, 291 n. 10; “J. V. Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land in the Fine Arts” (1939), 137, 138–139, 175–180, 274 n. 101, 283 n. 36, 283 n. 38, 284 n. 43; “Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in the Visual Arts” (1949), 180, 212; “Lenin and Stalin in the Visual Folk Arts,” 175; “Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land” (1939), 210–211; “Stalin and the Stalin Epoch in the Works of Soviet Graphic Artists,” 284 n. 62; “Stalin and the Stalin Era in Works of Art” (1949), 284 n. 62; “Ten Years of the Red Army” (1928), 136, 208; “The Image of Stalin in the Arts” (1949), 211–212; “Twenty Years of the Red Army” (1938), 175, 261 n. 59; “Twenty-five Years of the Red Army” (1943), 37; “V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin in Sculpture” (1939), 175; “Young Artists” (1934), 209; annual MOSSKh sculpture, 204, 209; of Stalin’s 70th birthday (1949), 138, 144, 206, 286 n. 91; of Stalin’s 70th birthday gifts (1949), 75–76, 256 n. 136–137; of the Iofan model of Palace of Soviets, 100, 291 n. 10; Tenth AKhR exhibition, 192, 208, 272 n. 80

  Exhibition comment book, see comment book

  Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 178–179

  Fakelore, 94, 258 n. 20

  Falaleev, Fedor Yakovlevich, 56

  Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, 231

  The Fall of Berlin (1949–1950, movie), 79, 217, 272 n. 78, Plate 19

  Fedorov, Nikolai, 22

  Fedoseev, Nikolai E., 21, 89

  Feuchtwanger, Lion, 121

  Field, Daniel, 9

  Fifth Army (novel), 156, 157

  Film, see movie

  First Cavalry (movie), 133–134

  First Cavalry (painting), 143, 190

  First World War: and mass politics, xviii, 9–10, 204, 244 n. 43; and modern personality cult, xviii, xix, 12–14, 15, 16, 25, 222

  Fiveisky, Sergei Pavlovich, 202

  Five-Year Plan: First, 33, 37, 44, 111, 168, 193, 208, 218, 223, 262 n. 67, 268 n. 40, 282 n. 11, 292 n. 25, see also Great Break; Second, 37, 41, 137, 180; Third, 137

  Flower Bouquet (painting), 32

  Folklore, 47, 64, 75–77, 88, 91, 93–94, 107–108, 158, 177, 178, 229, 258 n. 20, 259 n. 25, 263 n. 77–78

  France, cult of Napoleon III in, xvii, 2–5, 9, 24, 25, 222, 243 n. 12, 243 n. 19
, 243 n. 24

  Freedberg, David, 95

  Freidin, Gregory, 20

  French Revolution, xvii–xviii, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 24, 240 n. 20

  Friedrich, Caspar David, 108

  Frunze, Timur Mikhailovich, 147

  Gabitashvili, David Dimitrievich, 106

  Gaidaryov, A., 215

  Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin Simonovich, 133

  Gaulle, Charles de, xviii, 222

  Gaze, 69–70, 73, 81, 105, 114, 188, 264 n. 90

  Geertz, Clifford, xiv

  Gelovani, Mikhail Georgievich, 47, 53, 78, 214, 216–217

  Generation “P” (novel), 259 n. 35

  Gerasimov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, xix, 37, 88, 92, 96–98, 101–105, 111–113, 128–130, 135–138, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–154, 161–162, 165, 169, 172–174, 177–179, 181, 183, 186, 190, 192–194, 196, 198–199, 201, 209–211, 219–220, 223, 252 n. 59, 260 n. 40, 260 n. 43, 260 n. 44, 261 n. 58, 262 n. 66, 262 n. 67, 263 n. 78, 276–277 n. 138, 277 n. 146, 278 n. 153, 278–279 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 282 n. 8, 282 n. 16, 289 n. 143

  Gerasimov, Sergei Vasilievich, 150, 159, 195, 285 n. 73

  Gerasimova, Galina Aleksandrovna, 154

  Gerasimova, Lidia, 154

  Germany: Hitler’s cult in, xviii, 2, 3, 12, 14–15, 17, 18–19, 25, 48, 96, 164, 222, 237, 242 n. 8, 243 n. 11, 246 n. 57, 246 n. 70, 273 n. 93, 281 n. 2

  Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 78

  A Gift for Comrade Stalin (painting), 76

  Girl with a Jug (painting), 284 n. 44

  GlavIskusstvo, 127, 168, 208, 234, 235, 237, 282 n. 13

  Glavlit, see censorship

  “Glory to the Great Stalin!” (1950, painting), 106, Plate 4

  Glazunov, Ilia Sergeevich, 220

  Goebbels, Joseph, 18–19

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 231

  Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 41

  Gogol bust, 41

  Goldshtab, Semyon Lvovich, 214, 293 n. 45

  Golikov, Filipp Ivanovich, 57

  Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 54

  Göring, Hermann Wilhelm, 96

  Gorkin, Aleksandr Fedorovich, 57

  Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich), 35, 121–122, 134–135, 149, 160, 191, 262 n. 73

  Grabar, Igor Emmanuilovich, 147, 150, 160, 173, 179, 195–196

  Great Art soviet for painting, see Art soviet of Painting-Sculpture Factory

  Great Break, xiv, xv, 15, 29, 33, 37, 38, 88, 107, 151, 169, 170, 222, 225, 234, 235, see also Five Year Plan, First

  The Great Citizen (1937, movie), 122

  Great Terror, see purge

  Great War, see First World War