by Jan Plamper
Patterson, Jim, 160
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 41
Peace conference, see Second World War
Peace pipes (caricature), 96
Peasants: and the tsar cult, 6, 8–9; premodern mentality of, 2, 222, 241 n. 3
Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich, 259 n. 35
Peonies (painting), 147
People’s Commissar for Defense of the USSR, see People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
People’s Commissar for Education, 159
People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, 88, 146, 157, 178
People’s Commissar(iat) of Enlightenment, see Narkompros
People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 236
People’s tribune: Stalin’s image as, 193, 194
Peredvizhniki, see Wanderers
Perelman, Viktor Nikolaevich, 113, 150, 153, 279–280 n. 178
Personality cult: after February Revolution 1917, 10–12, 245 n. 47, 245 n. 49
Personality cult (modern), see also entangled modern personality cults, France, Germany, and Italy; and Bolshevik-style Marxism, 19–22, 124, 135, 223–224, 246 n. 68, see also collectivism, and tsarist carryover; characteristics of, xvii–xviii, 5, 24, 222, 244 n. 27, see also closed society, mass media, mass politics, patricentrism, and secularism; definition of, xv–xvi; succession principle of, 24, 188, see also Stalin as Lenin’s successor
Peter I, 8, 244 n. 33
Petrov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 135
Petrovsky, Grigory Ivanovich, 199
Photographic template, 30, 31, 36, 75, 77, 102, 103, 139, 144, 170, 173, 174, 187, 201, 224, 249 n. 12
Photography, xv, 15, 31, 202; versus painting, 7, 102, 103, 140, 144, 194–199, 285 n. 77, 288 n. 130
Photomontage, 36, 37, 47, 71, 255 n. 111, 255 n. 113
Physical imperfections, 18–19, 138–139, 252 n. 58, 255 n. 112, 273 n. 93
Pilsudski, Joseph, 15
Pimenov, Yury Ivanovich, 150, 159
Planned economy, 148–149, 156, 165, 182, see also Stakhanovism
Planning of art production, 103, 156, 165, 182, 201, 208, 224, 283 n. 33
Plastov, Arkady Aleksandrovich, 159, 187–188, 191
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich, 19, 25
Pogodin, Rady Petrovich, 179
Pokarzhevsky, Petr Dmitrievich, 187
Politburo, 22, 113, 122, 123, 125, 126, 150, 186, 202, 227, 236, 248 n. 2, 249 n. 10, 253 n. 81, 266 n. 15, 267 n. 31, 268 n. 40, 272 n. 80, 272 n. 83, 285 n. 64
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (painting), 128, 268 n. 40
Political religion, xvi, 2, 6, 9, 13, 22, 24, 240 n. 18, 240 n. 20, 245 n. 53, 248 n. 90
Polotsky, Simeon, 93, 258 n. 18
Popov, Georgy Mikhailovich, 57, 67
Popular sovereignty, xvii–xviii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 24, 25, 140, 222, 240 n. 21, 241 n. 3
Portrait of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1900, painting), 140–141, Plate 10
Portrait of J. V. Stalin (1945, painting), 87, Plate 2
Portrait of J. V. Stalin by Isaak Brodsky (1937, painting), Plate 12
Portrait of J. V. Stalin by Pavel Filonov (1936, painting), Plate 11
Portrait of Louis XIV (1701, painting), 5
Portrait of S. M. Kirov (painting), 179
Portrait of V. I. Lenin by Denisov (painting), 198–201, 202
Posing for artists, 102, 103, 137–145, 170, 177, 178–179, 224, 272 nn. 83–84, 274 n. 102, 274 n. 105–108, 276 n. 138
Poskryobyshev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 33–34, 50, 121, 125, 128–132, 135, 173, 266 n. 16, 269 n. 42, 269–270 n. 54, 270 n. 58
Pospelov, Petr Nikolaevich, 200, 219, 270 n. 65
Pravda (newspaper), xiv, xix, 29, 35–86, 92–94, 100, 103, 107, 112, 119, 128, 179, 202, 219, 223, 227–233, 234, 249 n. 3–6, 249 n. 6, 251 n. 37, 251 n. 40, 251 n. 52, 252 n. 58–59, 254 n. 108, 256 n. 123, 270 n. 64, 279 n. 166, 283 n. 31, 290 n. 154, 293 n. 62, 294 n. 65; importance of, 30–33, 79, 171; in visual representations, 24, 55, 68, 77, 78; Stalin’s control of, 31–35
Private Aleksandr Matrosov (1947, movie), 213, 293 n. 44
The Proclamation of the German Empire (1877, painting), 89–90
Progress (1853, painting), 110
Proletary (publisher), 124
Proletkult, 167, 236
Protopopov, A. V., 193
Purge, xiv, 42, 46, 47–48, 62, 86, 134, 136, 139, 148, 160, 175, 176, 224, 226, 230, 272 n. 77, 276 n. 135, 281 n. 193, 281 n. 7, 289 n. 143
Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 41, 100–101
Pushkin Fine Arts Museum (Moscow), 100, 172, 175, 176, 236, 281 n. 5, 291 n. 10
RABIS, 153, 236, 261 n. 57, 278 n. 162–163, 282 n. 14
Radimov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, 135, 159–160, 167, 272 n. 77, 279 n. 166, 279–280 n. 178, 281 n. 7
Radio, 14, 18, 25, 40, 59–60, 86, 114, 207, 214–215, 223, 229, 233, 255 n. 116, 260 n. 37, 293 n. 44
Rákosi, Mátyás, 78, 81
Ram, Harsha, 20
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino), 145
Rasputin, Grigory Efimovich, 6
Razumovskaia, S., 197
Reagan, Ronald Wilson, xviii, 222
Realist art, see socialist realist art, and Wanderers (prerevolutionary)
Reception of the Georgian Delegation at the Kremlin (painting), 212
Red Army, embodiment of, 66, 98, 103, 145, 149, 153, 158, 175, 276 n. 129
Red Army Soldiers Bathing (painting), 136
Red corner, xvi, 182
Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn, 171, 197
Repentance (1986, movie), 221
Repin, Ilya Yefimovich, 6, 145, 148, 167
Repin Institute (Leningrad), 170, 236
Rerberg, Ivan, 183
Reshetnikov, Fedor Pavlovich, 132, 160
Retouched: paintings, 179, 183, 186, 224, 225, 269 n. 42, 285 n. 76, 286 n. 95, 289 n. 143; photographs, 34, 36, 37, 38, 53, 70, 77, 96, 183, 224, 250 n. 16, 255 n. 112, 258 n. 17; woodcuts, 129
Revenge of Muscovy, 8, 244 n. 41, see also tsarist carryover
Revolution: as linear movement, 91, 223; Lenin as embodiment of, 72, 111, 112, 211, 223
Riangina, Serafima Vasilievna, 159
Riazhsky, Georgy Georgievich, 173
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 5
River in the Catskills (1843, painting), 109–110
Robespierre, Maximilien, 22
Rodchenko, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 166
Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich, 126
Romakov, Yury A., 201
Romanova, Maria Fedorovna, 141
Romm, Mikhail Ilich, xv, 160, 180
Romov, Sergei Matveevich, 197
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xviii, 14–15, 18–19, 55, 222
Roosevelt, Theodore, 15
Rovinsky, Lev Yakovlevich, 33
Rozin, Peisakh Itskovich, 107
Rukhliadev, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 161
Rumiantsev, A. M., 198
Russian Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 129–130
Russian Orthodox (Church), xvi–xvii, 1, 6, 20, 22, 98, 210, 217, 235, 236
Russian Revolution: 1905, 6–7, 9; February Revolution 1917, 8, 10–11; October Revolution 1917, 12, 31, 39, 42, 145, 166, 193, 196, 205, 218, 223, 236, 280 n. 192; visual representations of, see revolution
Russianness: and the tsar, 6, 8, 244 n. 33; shift to, 45, 47, 48, 70, 80, 81, 214
Russocentric nationalism, see Soviet patriotism
Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich, 122–123, 139
Ryndziunskaia, Marina Davydovna, 139–141, 144, 176, 274 n. 101
Ryzhkov, Semyon, 146
Sacral aura, see sacrality
Sacrality, xvi-xviii, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12–13, 18–19, 24, 88–89, 126, 211, 219, 240 n. 13–16, 240 n. 20, 241 n. 3, 244 n. 29, 245 n. 53, 257 n. 5; and art, 89–90, 115–116, 210, 212; and Stalin, 35, 40, 41, 59, 83, 98, 142, 212, 232, 245 n. 52, 260 n. 42, 262 n. 73, see also Stalin as society’s center
Sadoven, Vladimir Vladimirovich,
87, 104, 262 n. 67
Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich, 294 n. 4
The Schoolgirl (painting), 185
Scott, Joan Wallach, 95
Sculpture, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin sculpture
Second World War, 121, 146, 249 n. 4, 275 n. 123, 282 n. 18; Peace conference, 55, 59, 96; Stalin’s cult during, xiv, 53, 55–58, 62, 66, 70, 77, 86, 223, 228–229, 230, 232; visual representations of Stalin during, 47, 52–56, 57, 86, 216, 223, 262 n. 67
Secret police, 33, 60, 150, 166, 171, 236, 249 n. 10, 270 n. 61, 283 n. 22
Secretariat, see Stalin’s Secretariat
Secularism, xvii, 5, 13, 24, 222, 240 n. 14, 240 n. 20–21, 241 n. 3
Selvinsky, Ilya Lvovich, 156
Serebriany, Iosif Aleksandrovich, 106
Sergeev, Artyom Fedorovich, xiii
The Seven Wives of Ivan the Terrible (play), Plate 13
Shabanov, Aleksei Grigorievich, 215–216
Shabelnikov, Vladilen, 141
Shadr, Ivan Dmitrievich, 23, 277 n. 144
Sharapov, Dmitry Filippovich, 141
Shaumian, Stepan Georgievich, 152
Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 57
Shchors (screenplay), 271 n. 68
Shchukin, Dmitry Ivanovich, 159, 178, 217
Shchusev, Aleksei Viktorovich, 161
She Saw Stalin (1950, painting), 114
Shefstvo, 153, 155, 278 n. 162
Shegal, Grigory M., 106, 113, 159, 262 n. 71
Shelepin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 154
Shelgunov, Vasily Andreevich, 21
Shepilov, Dmitry Mikhailovich, 129, 131
Shevchenko, Taras Grigorievich, 41
Shils, Erward Albert, xvi
Shkiriatov, Matvei Fedorovich, 50, 67
Shmidt, Otto, 38, 40
The Shooting of the 26 Baku Commissars (painting), 150
Show trial, 47–48
Shtange, Galina, 260 n. 37
Shterenberg, David Petrovich, 159, 272 n. 77
Shtiglits Art College (Leningrad), 170, 236
Shurpin, Fedor Savvich, 107–109, 111, 160, 187, 191, 211–212, 263–264 n. 82
Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 50, 56–57, 67–68, 78
Simonov, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 126
Sinkó, Ervin, 121
Široký, Viliam, 78
Slonim, Ilia Lvovich, 145
Smirnova, Vera, 123, 267 n. 21
Socialism: Stalin as symbol of builder of, 38, 44, 46, 72, 87, 105, 188, 189, 191, 196, 197, 223
Socialist realist art, xvii, 37, 47, 91, 107–108, 114–115, 137–138, 147, 148, 154–155, 159, 161, 170, 172, 202, 223, 242 n. 7, 256 n. 143, 264 n. 96, 271 n. 75, 283 n. 31, 283 n. 33, 285 n. 77, 287 n. 99, 288 n. 116, 288 n. 129; and mimetic representation, 140, 144–145, 188–189, 194–198, 202, 280 n. 185, 287 n. 100, 289 n. 135; Stalin’s concept of, 142–143; versus avant-garde, 91, 142, 148, 166, 168, 170, 218
Socialist realist novel, 44, 145, 156; hero in, xv, 239 n. 11, 259 n. 35, 264 n. 92
Society of Easel Painters, see OSt
Sokolov, Mikhail Georgievich, 190
Sokolov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 53
Sokolov-Skalia, Pavel Petrovich, 59, 114, 159, 186–187, 191
Soloviev, Aleksandr Konstantinovich, 227
Southern Knot (play), 293 n. 44
Sovetskaia Kul’tura (newspaper), 200, 219, 279 n. 166, 282 n. 18
Sovetskoe Iskusstvo (newspaper), 107, 153, 158–159, 160–161, 171, 172–173, 184, 195–196, 207, 219, 236, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 18
Soviet Army, see Red Army
Soviet patriotism, 47, 70, 256 n. 127
Soviet time, see holiday cycle
Soviet-Finnish Winter War, 146, 148, 224
Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact, see Hitler-Stalin Pact
Sovnarkom, 169, 199, 237, 275 n. 125, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 12
Spandarian, Suren Spandarovich, 38
Spatial arrangement, see Moscow, painting, and St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg: spatial arrangement, 90–91
Stakhanov, Aleksei Grigorievich, 41
Stakhanovism, 66, 75, 174, 180, 182, 237
Stakhanovite, 41, 86, 113–114, 137, 176, 178, 273 n. 88
Stalin: and Hero of Socialist Labor (medal), 50, 57, 68, 77, 256 n. 124; and Hero of the Soviet Union (title), 57; as embodiment of history, xv, xvii, 39, 65, 72, 73, 91, 100, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 140, 188, 191, 197, 203, 223; as General Secretary, 29, 138, 236, 270 n. 58; as Lenin’s successor (the Lenin of today), 24, 33, 39, 40, 59, 64, 68, 72–73, 85, 93, 100, 120, 122, 140, 145, 163, 188, 254 n. 105, 261 n. 46, 262 n. 71, 287 n. 98; as society’s center, 88–89, 96–97, 100, 101, 239 n. 11, 260 n. 42, 262 n. 71, 262 n. 73, see also sacrality; death, xiv, xx, 12, 81–85, 88, 125, 141, 162, 192, 201–202, 219, 221–222, 223, 226, 238 n. 3, n. 24, 294 n. 1; dedication to, 121–122, n. 25, 263 n. 78, 267 n. 20; designation as vozhd’, 35, 105, 121, 132, 193; sculpture, 37, 52–53, 61, 79, 92–93, 97, 107, 114, 121, 139–141, 144–145, 151–152, 170, 176, 177, 183–185, 193–194, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 257 n. 152, 274 n. 101, 274 n. 103, 286 n. 83; Georgian accent of Stalin and his actors, 46, 47, 214, 217, 259 n. 35; Georgianness, 46–47, 48, 75; manner of speaking, 96, 112, 222, 260 n. 37
Stalin, Vasily Iosifovich, xiii
Stalin among the Cadets (1932, painting), 195, 289 n. 132
Stalin among the Female Delegates (painting), 127, 267 n. 31
Stalin and Gorky with Lenin (painting), 191
Stalin and Lenin in Gorky (photograph), 36, 63, 81, 84, 255 n. 112
Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin (1938, painting), xix, 88, 95, 97–108, 178, 201, 223, 260 n. 43–44, 261 n. 47, 261 n. 58, 261 n. 59, 262 n. 60, 262 n. 66–67, Plate 3
Stalin at the Sixteenth Party Congress (painting), 261 n. 58
Stalin Constitution, 46, 47, 74–75, 212; in arts, 99, 100–101, 176, 177
Stalin cult: and cults of Party magnates, 37, 38, 42, 52, 86, 123, 132, 134, 148, 224, 227, 237, 270 n. 57; and Soviet hero (cults), 37, 41, 61, 86, 174; and writer cults, 41, 149, 251 n. 52–53
The Stalin Harvest (painting), 187
Stalin portrait: as icon, xiii–xiv, xvi-xvii, 85, 143, 193, 210, 292 n. 25, see also canonical image, iconography, obraz(y), and sacrality
Stalin portrait by Nikolai Andreev (drawing), 138–139, 273 n. 92, Plate 9
Stalin portrait competition, see competition
Stalin Prize, 69, 85, 169, 214, 215, 216, 262 n. 66, 263 n. 78, 293 n. 50
Stalin Reading Letters from Children (1951, painting), 160
Stalin Visits the Sick Voroshilov (painting), 266 n. 16
Stalin with a Child (sculpture), 286 n. 83
Stalin with Lenin in Gorki (painting), 179
Stalin’s absence from public, xiv, 36–37, 42, 48, 53, 55–56, 59, 86, 229, 253 n. 77
Stalin’s control of his own cult, xix–xx, 29, 31–35, 123–137, 138–139, 163–164, 223–224, 225, 266 n. 16, 267 n. 21, 268 n. 35, 270 n. 58, 270 n. 63
Stalin’s name, see also naming after Stalin, and toponymics; adjectivized, 37, 63, 74, 75; in caption, 39–40, 42–44, 53, 65, 67, 68–69, 77–78, 233, 251 n. 40; visual representations of, 37, 68, 71, 72, 83, 93, 229, 250 n. 30, 255 n. 121
Stalin’s Oath (sculpture), 114
Stalin’s opposition to his cult, xviii, xix, 119–123, 125, 126, 144, 163, 164, 224, 267 n. 21, 267 n. 31
Stalin’s Secretariat, 33–35, 124–125, 127–133, 135, 151, 171, 173, 225, 236, 250 n. 13, 270 n. 58
Stalin’s succession, 57, 69–70, 81–85, 256 n. 126
Stalin’s verbal representations, 35, 37, 40, 50–51, 63, 74–75, 229, 250 n. 28; slogans, 52, 57, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77; metaphor of, 35, 44, 59, 79, 86, 91–95, 107, 254 n. 105, 256 n. 132, 258 n. 24, 259 n. 29, 260 n. 42, 263 n. 74
Stalin’s visual representations, 139, see also birthday of Stalin, canonical image, iconography, obraz(y), and physical imperfections; 1930 until mid-1933, 36–37, 38, 40, 86, 227, 230, 232; age of,
36, 48, 53, 54, 55, 57, 68, 72, 74, 79, 81, 83, 86, 107, 202, 253 n. 79; and Lenin, see Lenin’s visual representations and Stalin; and linear movement, 91, 107, 139, see also revolution; as father of peoples, xiii, 44, 47, 49, 93–94, 108, 121, 149, 158, 177, 193, 233, 236; as generalissimo, 48, 54, 57, 59, 65–66, 68, 71, 72, 86, 107, 108, 126, 193, 221, 230, 232, 236, 254 n. 104, 255 n. 111; as vozhd’, 35, 44, 63, 83, 88, 91, 121, 126, 150, 193, 230, 232; as wartime commander, xv, 54, 108, 193–194, 223; calmness of Stalin, 25, 39, 88, 95, 112, 113, 138, 139, 191, 193, 216, 222, 259 n. 36; children in, 44, 45, 49, 59, 68, 70, 78, 80, 81, 86, 114, 128; Churchill versus Stalin, 14–16, 25, 55, 96; cigarette, 25, 96, 255 n. 112; clothing of, 36, 38, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57–59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74–75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 98, 107, 129; distinction of Stalin from other functionaries, xix, 38, 39, 56, 59, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 80, 81, 86, 95, 98, 191, 223, 250 n. 33; eyes, 15, 47, 113–114, 132, 142, 193; gaze, xvii, 15, 36, 38–39, 50, 52, 53, 54, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 83, 88, 91, 99, 100–101, 105, 107–108, 109–112, 114, 132, 139, 157, 189, 193, 254 n. 105; gray(ing) hair, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 68, 72, 74, 79, 83, 86, 107; hair style, 36, 48, 50, 68, 81; Hitler versus Stalin, 15, 25, 55, 74, 96, 222; immobility of Stalin’s body, 25, 39, 74, 95, 98, 107, 112, 139, 214, 259 n. 32; mid-1933 until late 1930s, 37–48, 62, 86, 223, 228–229, 232, 239 n. 6; modesty, 19, 120–123, 124, 139, 144–145, 164, 249 n. 3, 260 n. 37, 265 n. 11; moustache, 48, 52, 54, 57, 68, 72, 75, 79, 86, 121; Napoleonic hand gesture, 36, 55, 56, 60, 61, 84; pipe, 14–15, 25, 39, 57, 78, 95–96, 113, 130, 142, 259 n. 34, 259 n. 35, 294 n. 4; placement in Pravda, 38, 40, 50, 55, 57, 64, 65, 67, 68, 77, 81, 233, 252 n. 59, 254 n. 104; postwar, 55–75, 107, 111, 228, 229, 230, 232, 254 n. 99, 255 n. 111; Roosevelt versus Hitler, 15, 17; Roosevelt versus Stalin, 55; secondary, 38, 44, 52–55, 56–57, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 93, 97, 106, 191, 227, 228–231, 233, 253 n. 70, 254 n. 91, 255 n. 111, 257 n. 151; smiling, 44, 50, 52, 55, 80, 86, 252 n. 63; Stalin’s presence in absence, 59–60, 86, 114, 223, 228–229; touching of face, 38, 81, 251 n. 37; with foreign dignitaries, 53, 55, 59, 63, 77, 83, 232; wrinkles in Stalin’s face, 48, 52, 53, 107, 112, 113
Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeevich, 107
Stankevich, Nikolai, 247 n. 75
Stary Bolshevik (publisher), 121, 266 n. 13
Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich, 135, 145, 272 n. 77