Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule From the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence
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5 Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, p. 193
6 Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. I, p. 322
7 Mazower, Salonica, p. 28
8 Mazower, Salonica, pp. 48–51
9 Bernard Randolph in Molly Mackenzie, Turkish Athens, Reading, 1992, p. 37; de la Guilletière in Andrews, p. 80
10 George Wheler, in Andrews, p. 100
11 Andrews, p. 79 (de la Guilletière), p. 91 (Nointel), p. 101 (George Wheler)
Chapter 10: The Greek Church (pp. 107–18)
Of the mass of material on the Greek Orthodox Church, the main sources for this chapter are Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity; Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church; and T.H. Papadopoullos, The Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination. See also Apostolos Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, and Istoría tou Ellinikoú Éthnous (IEE) (History of the Greek Nation), vols X and XI.
Chronological lists of the patriarchs are in IEE, vol. X, p. 102 for 1453–1671 and vol. XI, p. 129 for 1671–1821.
1 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 131
2 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 148
Runciman, The Great Church, p. 60
4 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 59
5 Hasiótis, Metaxí, p. 87
6 Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, pp. 152, 113, 111
7 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 209
8 Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, pp. 181–2
9 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 79–80
10 Kapodhístrias, Observations sur les Moyens d'Améliorer les Grecs in G. Waddington, A Visit to Greece in 1823 and 1824, London, 1825, p. xxxix
11 Papadopoullos, p. 126
12 Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, p. 57
13 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 223
14 N. Michael Vaporis, in ed. Costantelos, Orthodox Theology and Diakonia, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1981, p. 149
15 John Chryssavgis in Encyclopedia of Greece, Chicago and London, 2000, p. 1085
16 Runciman, The Great Church, p. 345
17 Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vol. I, pp. 79–80
18 Panayiotákis, Kríti, vol. II, p. 448
Chapter 11: Venetian Crete (pp. 119–27)
The main sources for this chapter are Molly Greene, A Shared World; Chrísas Maltézos, I Kríti sti Dhiárkia tis Períodhou tis Venetokratías(Crete During the Period of Venetian Rule); Theocharis Detorakis, History of Crete; and N.M. Panayiotákis, ed., Kríti: Istoría kai Politismós (Crete: History and Culture), vol. II, referred to as Kríti below. For El Greco see Xavier Bray, El Greco.
1 Maltézos, p. 46
2 The painting is in London’s National Gallery, no. 6260, and a larger version is in Madrid’s Escorial.
3 Roger Fry, quoted in Bray, p. 7
4 Bray, p. 42
5 Bray, p. 42
6 Kríti, vol. II, p. 168
7 Kríti, vol. II, p. 169
8 Kríti, vol. II, pp. 179–80
9 Detorakis, p. 196
10 Greene, p. 119
11 Greene, p. 63
12 Quoted in Robert Pashley, Travels in Crete, London, 1837, vol. II, pp. 297–8
13 Greene, p. 58
Chapter 12: 1669 – The Turks Take Crete (pp. 128–35)
The sources for this chapter are as for Chapter 11, plus S.J. and E.K. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe; and John Stoye, Europe Unfolding. John Julius Norwich tells the story from the Venetian viewpoint in A History of Venice, chapters 42–4. The account of the surrender negotiations is in Harry Chionídhis, Anglikón Ipómnima perí tis Poliorkías kai tis Ptóseos tou Chándakos (English Account of the Siege and Fall of Iráklion).
1 Quoted in Greene, p. 17, n. 18
2 Norwich, p. 555
3 Chionídhis, p. 452
4 Chionídhis, pp. 455–6
5 Chionídhis, p. 483
6 Chionídhis, p. 496
7 D.O. Dapper, quoted in Michael Llewellyn Smith, The Great Island, p. 72
8 Greene, p. 81
9 J.P. de Tournefort, Voyage d’un Botaniste, vol. I, p. 54
Chapter 13: Turkish Rule in Cyprus and Crete (pp. 136–46)
For Cyprus see Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy, section VIII; George Hill, A History of Cyprus, vol. IV; and Stavros Pantelis, The History of Modern Cyprus. For Crete the main sources are as for Chapter 11, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Voyage d’un Botaniste.
1 Hill, vol. IV, pp. 1–2
2 Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy, section VIII, p. 7
3 Hill, vol. IV, p. 25
4 Hill, vol. IV, p. 34
5 Greene, p. 26, n. 48
6 Jane Hathaway, quoted in Greene, p. 20, n. 28
7 Detorakis, pp. 271–2
8 Richard Pococke, quoted in Greene, p. 91
9 Greene, p. 61
10 Tournefort, vol. I, p. 52
11 Tournefort, vol. I, p. 107
12 Tournefort, vol. I, p. 108
13 Tournefort, vol. I, p. 130
14 Quoted in, for example, Anthony Flew, An Introduction to Western Philosophy, London, 1971, p. 219, where the flaws in Pascal’s argument are discussed.
15 Panayiotákis, vol. II, p. 440
16 Greene, p. 186
17 Herzfeld, A Place in History, p. 64
18 Clark, Twice a Stranger, pp. 185, 186
Chapter 14: The Changing Ottoman Empire (pp. 147–56)
All books on the Ottoman Empire, and many on the Mediterranean world in general, have something to say about perceived Ottoman decline. There are particularly illuminating insights in Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe; Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and The World Around It; and Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean. For the Ottoman economy see Inalcik and Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire.
1 Goffman, p. 123
2 Braudel, vol. II, p. 1195
3 Imber, The Ottoman Empire, p. 110
4 Goffman, p. 117
5 Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy, section XIII, pp.344–6
6 Faroqhi, p.44
7 Grosrichard, The Sultan’s Court, Introduction, p. xxi
8 Grosrichard, The Sultan’s Court, pp. 65–6
9 Grosrichard, The Sultan’s Court, pp. 137–8
10 Inalcik and Quataert, Economic and Social History, vol. II, pp. 541–2
11 Braudel, vol. II, p. 840
12 McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe, p. 65
13 Gibb and Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, vol. I, p. 258
Chapter 15: Hunger and Disease (pp. 157–66)
For food crises see Kóstas Kostís, Aphoría, Akrívia kai Pína (Crop Failure, Cost of Living and Famine). The three outstanding studies of Greek rural life are Richard and Eva Blum, Health and Healing in Rural Greece and The Dangerous Hour; and John Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage. For malaria see W.H.S. Jones, Malaria and Greek History.
1 Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki, p. 106, n. 1
2 Mazower, Salonika, p.117
3 Jones, p. 115
4 Jones, p. 117
5 Jones, pp. 118–19
6 Papadopoulos, The Greek Merchant Marine, p. 340
7 Stoneman, ed., A Literary Companion to Travel in Greece, London, 1984, p. 243
8 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 353
9 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 48
10 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 129
11 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 157
12 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 168
13 Campbell, p. 322
14 Campbell, p. 347
15 Campbell, p. 331
16 Blum and Blum, Dangerous Hour, p. 378
Chapter 16: Travellers to Greece (pp. 167–83)
Two excellent surveys of the travellers to Greece are David Constantine, Early Greek Trave
llers and the Hellenic Ideal; and Olga Augustinos, French Odysseys. Also invaluable is Terence Spencer, Fair Greece Sad Relic. References to Lithgow are to Rare Adventures and Painefull Peregrinations, a version of his Totall Discourse edited and abridged by B.I. Lawrence, and for a biography of Lithgow see C.E. Bosworth, An Intrepid Scot. Richard Chandler’s account is in the two volumes, published together in 1817 as Travels in Asia Minor and Greece, and Chandler references are to these two volumes unless specified as Chandler, ed. Clay.
1 Augustinos, pp. 54, 55
2 Augustinos, pp. 68, 69, 76
3 Lithgow, p. 17
4 Lithgow, p. 134
5 Lithgow, p. 197
6 Lithgow, p. 101
7 Lithgow, p. 75
8 Titus, i, 12, Corinthians I, vi, 9–10
9 Spencer, p. 12
10 Spencer, p. 10
11 Busbecq, Turkish Letters, 4th letter, p. 161
12 Busbecq, Turkish Letters, 3rd letter, p. 77
13 Spencer, p. 106
14 Constantine, p. 24
15 Spencer, p. 133, n. 2
16 Augustinos, p. 64
17 Constantine, p. 29
18 Constantine, p. 31
19 Spencer, p. 132
20 Constantine, p. 32
21 Augustinos, p. 108, Spencer, p. 136
22 Spencer, p. 135
23 Constantine, p. 222, n. 8
24 Spencer, pp. 78–9
25 Augustinos, p. 89
26 Augustinos, p. 121
27 Constantine, p. 188
28 Chandler, ed. Clay, Travels in Asia Minor, p. x
29 Chandler, ed. Clay, Travels in Asia Minor, p. 6
30 Chandler, Asia Minor, p. 59
31 Chandler, Asia Minor, p. 56
32 Chandler, Asia Minor, p. 149
33 Chandler, Asia Minor, p. 149
34 Chandler, Asia Minor, p. 328
35 Chandler, Greece, p. 8
36 Chandler, Greece, p. 11
37 Chandler, Greece, pp. 29–30
38 Chandler, Greece, p. 142
39 Chandler, Greece, p. 133
40 Chandler, Greece, p. 135
41 Chandler, Greece, p. 235
42 Chandler, Greece, p. 316
43 Chandler, Greece, p. 199
44 Chandler, Greece, p. 163
45 Chandler, Greece, p. 225
46 Chandler, Greece, p. 223
47 Chandler, Greece, p. 277
48 Chandler, Greece, p. 230
49 Chandler, Greece, p. 167
50 Chandler, Greece, p. 251
51 Chandler, Greece, p. 305
52 Chandler, Greece, p. 158
53 Chandler, Greece, p. 275
Chapter 17: 1770 – The Orlov Revolt (pp. 184–95)
A detailed account of the Orlov revolt is in Gritsópoulos, Ta Orlophiká (The Orlov Revolt). For the background see Finkel, Osman’s Dream; and Shaw and Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. I. For travellers to Greece see Constantine, Augustinos and Spencer as for Chapter 16.
1 Gritsópoulos, pp. 41–2
2 Gritsópoulos, p. 58
3 Gritsópoulos, p. 52
4 Gritsópoulos, pp. 72, 81
5 Gritsópoulos, p. 99
6 Gritsópoulos, p. 117
7 Gritsópoulos, p. 122
8 Hasiótis, Metaxí, pp. 220–1
9 Gritsópoulos, p. 132
10 Gritsópoulos, p. 140
11 Gritsópoulos, p. 157
12 Gritsópoulos, p. 169
13 Spencer, p. 183
14 Constantine, p. 172
15 Spencer, p. 186
16 Constantine, p. 174
17 Aeneid, bk IV, l. 625
18 Augustinos, pp. 152, 153
19 Augustinos, p. 149
20 Augustinos, p. 156
Chapter 18: Greeks Abroad (pp. 196–208)
The main sources are Jonathan Harris, Greek Emigrés in the West; Chrístos Zaphíris, Valkánios Pramatevtís (Balkan Trader); and ed. Stelios A. Papadopoulos, The Greek Merchant Marine.
1 ‘Whatever subsidy their conscience dictated’, Harris, p. 191
2 Harris, p. 167
3 Zaphíris, p. 281
4 Zaphíris, p. 249
5 Zaphíris, p. 255
6 Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, p. 268
7 Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, p. 268
8 Papadopoulos, p. 60
9 Papadopoulos, p. 57
10 Papadopoulos, p. 56
11 Ogg, Europe of the Ancien Regime, London, 1965, p. 147
12 Papadopoulos, p. 99
13 Howe, An Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, p. 64
14 Papadopoulos, p. 389
Chapter 19: Greeks and the Enlightenment (pp. 209–24)
This chapter as a whole is much indebted to George P. Henderson, The Revival of Greek Thought. See also the books by K.T. Dhimarás and by Paschális M. Kitromilídhis, both entitled Neoellinikós Dhiaphotismós (Greek Enlightenment); and L. Theocharides, The Greek National Revival and the French Enlightenment. Other works on Rígas and Koraḯs are C. Perrevós, Síntomos Viographía tou Aïdhímou Ríga Pheréou (Short Biography of Rígas Pheréos of Blessed Memory); C.M. Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinlis; and K. Notarás, O Patriotikós Agónas tou Koraḯ (The Patriotic Struggle of Koraḯs). For extracts from the writings of both Rígas and Koraḯs see R. Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence.
1 Quoted in Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton, 1951, p. 251
2 Henderson, p. 52, n. 26
3 Henderson, p. 48
4 Henderson, p. 54
5 Henderson, p. 71
6 Theocharides, p. 41; Henderson, p. 96
7 Henderson, p. 92
8 Theocharides, p. 48
9 Henderson, p. 107
10 Henderson, p. 111
11 Henderson, pp. 102–3
12 Perrevós, p. 30; Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinilis, p. 16
13 Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinilis, p. 33
14 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 149–50
15 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 157
16 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 155
17 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 157
18 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 160
19 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 162
20 Perrevós, pp. 13–15
21 Perrevós, pp. 16–17
22 Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinlis, p. 110
23 Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinlis, pp. 137–8
24 Perrevós, p. 28
25 Hobhouse, quoted in Marchand, Byron: A Portrait, London, 1971, p. 75
26 Dhimarás, p. 334
27 Kitromilídhis, pp. 253, 257–60
28 Kitromilídhis, p. 270
29 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 127
30 Kitromilídhis, p. 268
31 Notarás, pp. 26–7
32 Notarás, pp. 13–14
33 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 129–30
34 Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence, p. 130
35 Woodhouse, Capodistria, pp. 502–3
Chapter 20: The Enlightenment Attacked (pp. 225–34)
References to Voltaire’s Dictionnaire Philosophique are to the translation by Theodore Besterman entitled Philosophical Dictionary – referred to below as Dictionary. Other references are as for Chapter 19.
1 Dictionary, p. 11
2 Dictionary, ‘Religion’, pp. 356–7
3 Dictionary, ‘Théiste’, p. 386
4 Dictionary, ‘Morality’, p. 322
5 Dictionary, ‘Tyranny’, p. 398
6 Dictionary, ‘Laws’, pp. 284–5
7 Dictionary, ‘Tolerance’, p. 387
8 Dictionary, ‘Torture’, p. 396
9 Augustinos, p. 136
10 Augustinos, p. 139
11 Augustinos, p. 140
12 Augustinos, p. 145
13 Augu
stinos, p. 60; Dhimarás, p. 150; Henderson, p. 74
14 Dhimarás, p. 157
15 Dhimarás, p. 162; Theocharides, pp. 229, 242
16 IEE, vol. XI, p. 132
17 Henderson, pp. 183–4
18 Dhimarás, p. 156
19 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 56–64
20 Notarás, p. 16
21 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 87–8
22 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, pp. 204–5
23 Romans, xiii, 1–2
24 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, p. 207
25 Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, London, 1892, p. 127
Chapter 21: Prelude to Revolution (pp. 235–45)
For the situation in Greece in the years before the revolution see H. Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, The Eve of the Greek Revival; and R. Clogg, The Movement for Greek Independence. The expulsion of the klephts in 1806 is covered in John Alexander, Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, and the Philikí Etería in the contributions by George Frangos to R. Clogg, The Struggle for Greek Independence, and to IEE, vol. XI, pp. 424–32
1 Biddle, Nicholas Biddle in Greece, p. 161
2 Biddle, Nicholas Biddle in Greece, p. 232
3 Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, p. 150
4 Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, pp. 168–9
5 Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, p. 168
6 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, p. 183
7 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, p. 188
8 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, p. 192
9 Kolokotrones, p. 126
10 Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. I, p. 260
11 Photákos, Víos tou Pápa Phléssa (Life of Papaphléssas), Athens, 1868, p. 26
12 G. Yermanós, Apomnimonévmata (Memoirs), vol. III of Apomnimonévmata ton Agonistón tou ’21, p. 81
13 Clogg, Movement for Greek Independence, p. 197
14 Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, vol. VI, p. 141
15 Makriyánnis, p. 14
Chapter 22: 1821 – The War of Independence (pp. 246–55)