Jutland_The Unfinished Battle

by Nicholas Jellicoe

  28 Temple Patterson, Jellicoe, pp236–7.

  29 For many years I tried (unsuccessfully) to get hold of one in the library at the University of Irvine in California, which must have been Arthur Marder’s copy. However, an annotated edition is to be published for the first time in 2016, with a commentary and notes by William Schleihauf (Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley).

  30 Ranft, TBP, vol 2, p425, BTY/22/9

  31 Ranft, TBP, p425. Footnotes ‘and that two sets were sent to the secretary’s office which had not been subsequently found’.

  32 Beatty’s dislike of Corbett was a shame, given that the latter was a far-sighted strategist. In 1911 (Some Principles of Maritime Strategy) he had quite clearly seen the Allied blockade’s importance: ‘Anything, therefore, which we are able to achieve towards crippling our enemy’s finance is a direct step to his overthrow, and the most effective means we can employ to this end against a maritime State is to deny him the resources of sea-borne trade’.

  33 Prof Paul Halpern, ‘The Naval War in Print: A Survey of Official Histories, Memoirs and Other Publications’, paper delivered at the Wilhelmshaven Naval History Conference, Oct 2014.

  34 Dewar, The Navy Within, p268.

  35 Roskill, Letter to The Times Literary Supplement, 17 June 1960, quoted Temple Patterson, Jellicoe, p241.

  36 Bacon, Scandal, p144.

  37 Ibid, pp144–5.

  38 Ibid, p145.

  39 Ibid, p144.

  40 Ibid, p145.

  41 Ibid, p145.

  42 ‘It is, therefore, grossly unfair to hint that Admiral Jellicoe should have drawn an inference which was not apparent to the two Admirals four miles nearer to the fighting’ (Bacon, Scandal, p147).

  43 The Argus, Melbourne, 25 March 1925.

  44 Temple Patterson, Jellicoe, p494.

  45 Lambert, p374; also see Roskill, p349.

  46 ‘The main reason why the battle-cruisers were originated was to provide the Commander-in-Chief with a cruiser force which could push home a reconnaissance and supply him with accurate information, but Admiral Beatty failed to keep touch with the enemy and was, therefore, unable to report to his Commander-in-Chief’ (Bacon, Scandal, p108).

  47 Bacon, Scandal, p164.

  48 Halpern, The Naval War in Print.

  49 Churchill, The World Crisis, p112.

  50 ‘Jellicoe, threatened by the torpedo stream, turned away according to his long resolved policy, The Fleet fell rapidly apart, the Germans faded into a bank of mist, and Scheer found himself alone again’ (Churchill, p152).

  51 ‘The points made are frequently telling … Lord Sydenham’s treatment of Churchill as a historian, Sir Reginald Bacon’s reconsideration of Jutland, and a long general article by Sir Frederick Maurice are among the best things in the book.’ (From a note on the book in the April 1928 issue of the New York magazine, Foreign Affairs, commenting on A collection of criticisms of Churchill’s third volume by Lord Sydenham of Combe and others).

  52 Bacon, Scandal, p179.

  53 Halpern, The Naval War in Print.

  54 Gringell ‘doubled’ as a correspondent for The Times on Church of England/ecclesiastical and Admiralty issues (see Gough Historical Dreadnoughts, p264).

  55 Gough, Historical Dreadnoughts, p265.

  56 Marder, FTDTSF, vol 3, p187.

  57 Bennett, Naval Battles, p225.

  58 ‘George Jellicoe, with the author’s warmest thanks for your help in the sincere hope that the result does justice to your distinguished father’.

  59 Ranft, TBP, vol 2, p470, ‘Jellicoe’s Defence of his Conduct at Jutland’, undated. Add 49041; also Bennett, p235.

  60 Winton, p203.

  61 Bennett, p237.

  62 Hough, Great War at Sea, p268

  63 Ibid, p269.

  64 Hough, Great War at Sea, p272.

  65 Yates, p275, quoting the Sunday Times review headlined ‘Something wrong with our bloody ships?’, 22 September 1966.

  66 Yates, p275.

  67 Yates, p271.

  68 Herwig, p190.

  69 Massie, pp420-l.

  70 Beatty was referring to the battles of Heligoland, the Dogger Bank and Jutland (quoted Yates, p237).

  71 Beatty went further: ‘(Jellicoe) loves sycophants and toadies’ (Roskill, p221).

  72 Charles Beatty, pp84–5, quoted from Cecil Roberts, The Years of Promise, Hodder, 1968.

  73 Gordon, p523.

  74 Quoted by Commander Andy Jordan RN, former CO of Iron Duke, see Sources.

  75 Yates, p229, quoting Correlli Barnett, The Swordbearers.

  76 I am thinking here of the closing comments in the first of the two-part 2015 BBC Scotland series Scotland’s War at Sea (2015).

  77 Chalmers, p266

  78 Daily Dispatch, Manchester, 21 November 1935.

  79 Daily Record and Mail, Glasgow, 21 November 1935.

  80 Observer, London, 24 November 1935.

  81 St Petersburg Times, 11 March 1936.

  82 Warner, p184.

  83 On 20 July 1920 Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher, Baron Kilverstone, had died of cancer. He was seventy-nine and alone. He too was given a state funeral in Westminster Abbey. He had cast a striking figure in his time. It seems an extraordinary historical wrong for the man who was the creator of the modern British Navy for there to be no monument to him. Instead, his ashes lie beside those of his wife, who had died two year earlier, under a chestnut tree on his family estate, Kilverstone.

  Alfred Tirpitz died in March 1930. His grave site is a simple but handsome slab on stone under trees in the Munich town cemetery, the Waldfriedhof. His personal motto, ‘Ziel erkannt, Kraft gespannt’ (recognise the goal, pursue it with zeal) is not written there: just his dates and his title – but not his rank. At Mürwik, the German Naval Academy, there is one notably absent bust. That of Alfred Tirpitz. Neither of the two fleet builders were honoured with such public or private memorials.

  Sources

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  What follows is a guide to the written source material both in English and German many of which, but not all, have been referred to for Jutland: The Unfinished Battle. It is there for anyone wishing to delve deeper into broader aspects of the battle, such as the submarine war, and the ships and technology used.

  1. Books in English

  Unless otherwise stated, all books published in London.

  Allison, R S, HMS Caroline: A Brief Account of Some Warships Bearing the Name, and in Particular of HMS Caroline (1914–1974), and of Her Partin the Development of the Ulster Division, RNVR, and Later RNR, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1974

  Altham, Captain Edward, Jellicoe, Blackie and Son, 1938

  Applin, Arthur, Admiral Jellicoe, C Arthur Pearson, 1915 (facsimile)

  Arthur, Max, Lost Voices of the Royal Navy, Hodder and Stoughton, 2005 (first published 1996)

  Bachrach, Harriet (ed), Jutland Letters: June–October 1916, Wessex Books, 2006

  Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald, KCB, KCVO, SO, The Jutland Scandal, Hutchinson and Co, 1925 (Straits Times review on http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19250212.2.3.aspx)

  —, The Life of Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, Admiral of the Fleet, vols I and II, Hodder and Stoughton, 1929

  —, The Concise Story of the Dover Patrol, Hutchinson, 1932

  —, The Life of John Rushworth Earl Jellicoe, Cassell, 1936

  Ballantyne, Iain, Warspite: From Jutland Hero to Cold War Warrior, Pen and Sword, Barnsley, 2010

  Barnett, Correlli, The Swordbearers: Supreme Command in the First World War, William Morrow, New York, 1964

  Beatty, Charles, Our Admiral: A Biography of Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty, W H Allen, 1980

  Beesly, Patrick, Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914–1918, HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, New York, 1982

  Bell, Christopher M, Churchill and Sea Power, Oxford University Press, 2013

  Bellairs, Carlyon, The Battle of Jutland: The Sowing and the Reaping, Hodder & Stoughton, c1920

&nb
sp; Bennett, Geoffrey, Naval Battles of the First World War, Pan Books, London and Sydney, 1983

  —, The Battle of Jutland, Wordsworth Editions, 1999

  Bingham VC, Hon Barry, Falklands, Jutland and the Bight, John Murray, 1919

  Black, Nicholas, The British Naval Staff in the First World War, Boydell Press, 2009

  Blyth, Robert J, Lambert, Andrew and Rüger, Jan (eds), The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, Ashgate, Farnham, for the National Maritime Museum, 2011

  Bönker, Dirk, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I, Cornell University Press, 2012

  Bonney, George, The Battle of Jutland 1916, Sutton, Stroud, 2002

  Booth, Tony, Cox’s Navy: Salvaging the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow 1924–1931, Pen and Sword, Barnsley, 2005

  Bradford, Sarah, George VI, Penguin Books, 1989

  Brodie, Bernard, A Layman’s Guide to Naval Strategy, Princeton University Press, 1943

  Brooks, John, Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control, Routledge, 2005

  Brown, David K, The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922, Seaforth, Barnsley, 2010

  Brown, Malcolm and Meehan, Patricia, Scapa Flow: The Reminiscences of Men and Women who Served in Scapa Flow in the Two World Wars, Allen Lane, 1968

  Brownrigg, Rear Admiral Sir Douglas, Indiscretions of a Naval Censor, Cassell, 1920

  Buchan, John, The Battle of Jutland, Thomas Nelson, 1938

  Burrows, C W, Scapa and the Camera, Periscope Publications, 1931 (reprinted in 2007)

  Burt, R A, British Battleships of World War One, Seaforth, Barnsley, 2012

  Butler, Daniel Allen, Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War, Praeger Security International, Westport, Connecticut, 2006

  Campbell, John, Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting, Conway Maritime Press, 1987

  Carradice, Phil, 1914: The First World War at Sea in Photographs: Grand Fleet v German Navy, Amberley, 2014

  Chalmers, Rear Admiral W S, The Life and Letters of David, Earl Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet, Hodder and Stoughton, 1951

  Chatfield, Lord, The Navy and Defence, vol II, Heinemann, 1947

  Churchill, Winston S, The World Crisis 1916–1918, vol III part i, Thornton Butterworth, 1927

  Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers. How Europe went to War in 1914, Allen Lane, 2012

  Cock, Randolph and Rodger, NAM, A Guide to the Naval Records in the National Archives of the UK, University of London, School of Advanced Study, Institute of Historical Research, 2008

  Colledge, J J, Ships and the Royal Navy: An Historical Index, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1969

  Colvin, Ian, The Life of Lord Carson, vol III, Gollancz, 1936

  Corbett, Sir Julian, History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Naval Operations, vol III – Jutland, Text and Maps, Longmans Green, 1923

  Cruttwell, CRMf, A History of the Great War 1914–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1934

  Delage, Edmond, Le Drame du Jutland, Grasset, Paris, 1929

  Dittmar, Frederick J and Colledge, J J, British Warships 1914–1919, Ian Allan, 1972

  Downing, Taylor, Secret Warriors: Key Scientists, Code Breakers and Propagandists of the Great War, Little, Brown, 2014

  Dreyer, Admiral Frederic, The Sea Heritage: A Study of Maritime Warfare, Museum Press, 1955

  Encyclopedia Britannica: These Eventful Years – The Twentieth Century in the Making, includes chapters by von Tirpitz, Jellicoe and Scheer (undated)

  Epkenhans, Michael, Tirpitz: Architect of the German High Seas Fleet, Potomac Books, Washington DC, 2008

  Farquharson-Roberts, Mike, A History of the Royal Navy in World War 1, IB Tauris Books, 2014

  Fawcett, Harold William and Hooper, GWW (eds), The Fighting at Jutland: The Personal Experiences of 60 Officers and Men of the British Fleet, Chatham Publishing, 2001 (first published by MacLure, Macdonald and Company, Glasgow, 1921)

  Filson Young, Alexander, With the Battle-Cruisers, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1986 (1st edn, Cassell, 1922)

  Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, Lord, Memories, Hodder and Stoughton, 1919

  Fitzsimmons, Bernard (ed), Warships and Sea Battles of World War I, Phoebus, 1973

  Freeman, Richard, Unsinkable: Churchill and the First World War, History Press, Stroud, 2013

  Freiwald, Ludwig, The Last Days of the German Fleet, Constable, 1932

  Friedman, Norman, Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era, Seaforth, Barnsley, 2008

  Frost, Commander Holloway H, The Battle of Jutland, US Naval Institute, Annapolis, 1964 (first published in 1936) (The author died suddenly, aged 45, just before completing his Jutland book; Edwin Falk – author of Togo and the Rise of Japanese Sea Power – finished it for him.)

  Frothingham, Thomas Goddard, Captain (USN), A True Account of the Battle of Jutland: May 31, 1916, Military History Society of Massachusetts, Bacon and Brown, 1920

  Fullerton, Alexander, The Blooding of the Guns, Walker, 1976

  Gannon, Paul, Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War One, Ian Allan, 2010

  Geddes, Sir Auckland, The Forging of a Family: A Family Story Studied in Its Genetical, Cultural, and Spiritual Aspects, and a testament of Personal Belief Founded Thereon, Faber & Faber, 1952

  George, S C, From Jutland to Junkyard, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 1999

  Gibson, Langhorne and Harper, Vice Admiral J E T, The Riddle of Jutland: An Authentic History, Cassell, 1934

  Gibson, R H and Prendergast, Maurice, The German Submarine War 1914–1918, Constable, 1931

  Gill, Charles Clifford, What Happened at Jutland: The Tactics of the Battle, George E Doran, New York, 1921

  Golding, Brad, Grand Fleet Battle Orders vol III: Jutland, AAD Services, 1997 (facsimile copy)

  Goldrick AO, CSC, RANR, Rear Admiral James, The King’s Ships Were at Sea: The War in the North Sea, August 1914-February 1915, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1984; revised and republished in 2015 entitled Before Jutland (publisher’s proof version used)

  Gordon, Professor Andrew, The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command, John Murray, 1996

  Gough, Barry, Historical Dreadnoughts: Arthur Marder, Stephen Roskill and Battles of Naval History, Seaforth, Barnsley, 2010

  Grabler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm, The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1940

  Grainger, John D, The Maritime Blockade of Germany in the Great War: The Northern Patrol, 1914–1918, Ashgate, Farnham, 2003

  Grigg, John, Lloyd George: War Leader, Allen Lane, 2002

  Gröner, Erich, Mickel, Peter and Mrva, Franz, German Warships 1815–1945 – Volume One: Major Surface Vessels, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1983

  Grove, Professor Eric, Big Fleet Actions: Tsushima, Jutland, Philippine Sea, Brockhampton Press, 1961 (also published as Big Fleet Encounters)

  Hale, John Richard, Famous Sea Fights: Armada to Jutland, Mellifont Library (undated)

  Harper, Vice Admiral JET, The Truth about Jutland, John Murray, 1927 (third reprint)

  Hase, Commander Georg von, La Bataille du Jutland vue du Derfflinger (translated by Edmond Delage), Payot, Paris, 1920 (also published as Kiel and Jutland in a translation by Arthur Chambers and F A Holt, Skeffington and Son, 1921; NB: in this book times are two hours ahead of GMT)

  Hawkins, Nigel, The Starvation Blockades: Naval Blockades of WWI, Pen and Sword, Barnsley, 2002

  Hayward, Victor, HMS Tiger at Bay: A Sailor’s Memoir 1914–1918, William Kimber, 1977

  Heathcote, T O, British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995: A Biographical Dictionary, Pen and Sword, Barnsley, 2003

  Herman, Arthur, To Rule the Waves: How the British shaped the Modern World, Harper, New York, 2004

  Herwig, Holger H, Luxury Fleet, Humanity Books, New Yo
rk, 1980 (republished 1987)

  Hoerling, A A, The Great War at Sea: A History of Naval Action 1914–1918, Thomas Y Crowell, New York, 1965

  Horn, Daniel (ed), War, Mutiny and Revolution in the German Navy: The World War I Diary of Seaman Richard Stumpf, Rutgers University Press, 1967

  —, The German Naval Mutinies of World War 1, Rutgers University Press, 1969

  Hough, Richard, Admirals in Collision, Hamish Hamilton, 1959

  —, The Great Dreadnought, Harper and Row, New York, 1966

  —, First Sea Lord, George Allen and Unwin, 1969

  —, Mountbatten. Hero of our Time, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1980

  —, The Great War at Sea, Oxford University Press, 1983

  —, Former Naval Person: Churchill and the Wars at Sea, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1985

  Howarth, David, The Dreadnoughts, Time Life Books, Amsterdam, 1979

  Hughes, Terry and Costello, John, Jutland 1916, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976

  Hughes, Wayne P, Fleet Tactics: Theory and Practice, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1986

  Hurd, Archibald, The British Fleet in the Great War, Constable, 1918

  Hyde, H Montgomery, Carson, The life of Sir Edward Carson, Lord Carson of Duncairn, Heinemann, 1953

  Irving, John, The Smoke Screen of Jutland, William Kimber, 1966

  James, Admiral Sir William, Admiral Sir William Fisher, Macmillan, 1943

  —, The Eyes of the Navy: A Biographical Study of Admiral Sir Reginald Hall, Methuen, 1955

  Jameson, William, The Fleet that Jack Built: Nine Men Who Made a Navy, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962

  —, The Most Formidable Thing: The Story of the Submarine from Its Earliest Days to the End of World War I, Rupert Hart Davis, 1965

  Jellicoe, George, 2nd Earl, The Boxer Rebellion, Fifth Wellington Lecture, 1993

  Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John, The Grand Fleet 1914–1918: Its Creation, Development and Work, Cassell, 1919

  —, The Crisis of Naval War, Cassell, 1920

  —, The Record of the Battle of Jutland, HMSO, 1927. (Reproduction of the proof that was printed in March 1920, published in its original form ‘without correction or amendment’)