Tamerlane

by Justin Marozzi

  Browne, Edward G., A Literary History of Persia (4 vols), Cambridge University Press, 1928

  Burnes, Alexander, Cabool: Being a Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in that City, in the Years 1836, 7, and 8, London, John Murray, 1842

  Bushev, Aleksandr, ‘Tamerlane v Marx’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 50:48, 1994

  Byron, Robert, The Road to Oxiana, London, Macmillan, 1937

  The Cambridge History of Central Asia, Cambridge University Press, 1990

  The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1968

  The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press, 1970

  Cartelli, Thomas, Marlowe, Shakespeare and the Economy of Theatrical Experience, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991

  Chambers, James, The Devil’s Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe, London, Phoenix, 2001

  Chew, Samuel, The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England During the Renaissance, New York, Oxford University Press, 1937

  Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403–1406, trans. from the Spanish by Guy Le Strange, London, Routledge, 1928

  Creasy, Sir Edward S., History of the Ottoman Turks: From the Beginning of their Empire to the Present Day, London, Richard Bentley & Son, 1878

  Dani, Ahmad Hasan, Timur Legacy, Islamabad, Pakistan Academy of Letters, 1996

  Dawood, N.J. (trans.), The Koran, London, Penguin, 1999

  de Molina, Goncalo Argote, Historia del Gran Tamorlan e Itinerario y Enarración del Viaje, y relación de la Embaxada que Ruy Goncalez de Clavijo le hizo, por mandado del muy poderoso Señor Rey Don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla, Seville, 1582

  Dodwell, H.H. (ed.), The Cambridge Shorter History of India, Cambridge University Press, 1934

  d’Ohsson, Mouradja, Histoire des Mongols, depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu’à Timour Bey ou Tamerlan (4 vols), La Haye and Amsterdam, 1834–35

  Dunbar, Sir George, A History of India from the Earliest Times to 1939, London, Nicholson & Watson, 1949

  Dupree, Nancy Hatch, An Historical Guide to Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977

  Dupuy, R. Ernest and Dupuy, Trevor N., The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History, London, HarperCollins, 1993

  Elliot, Sir Henry Miers, The History of India as Told by its own Historians, Volume IV, London, Trübner & Co., posthumously published, 1872

  Elliot, Jason, An Unexpected Light: Travels in Afghanistan, London, Picador, 1999

  Ellis, Sir Henry, Original Letters Illustrative of English History, Third Series, London, Richard Bentley, 1846

  Elphinstone, Mountstuart, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India Comprising a View of the Afghan Nation and A History of the Dooraunee Monarchy, London, Frank Cass & Co., 1815

  Encyclopaedia of Islam, London, Luzac & Co., 1971

  Encyclopedia of Asian History, London, Collier Macmillan, 1988

  Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612, trans. John Briggs, London, Longman, 1829

  Fischel, Walter J. (trans.), Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401, from Ibn Khaldun’s Autobiography, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1952

  Flecker, James Elroy, Hassan: The Story of Hassan of Bagdad and how he Came to Make the Golden Journey to Samarkand, London, William Heinemann, 1922

  Fletcher, Joseph, ‘China and Central Asia 1368–1884’, in The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations, ed. J.K. Fairbank, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1968

  Forbes Manz, Beatrice, ‘Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty’, in Iranian Studies, XXI, Nos 1–2, New Haven, Connecticut, 1988

  Forbes Manz, Beatrice, ‘The Duel of Temur and Tokhtamish Over the Restitution of the Mongol Empire’, in Materials of the International Scientific Conference: ‘Amir Temur and his Place in World History’, Tashkent, 23–26 October 1996

  Forbes Manz, Beatrice, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge, Canto, 1999

  Forbes Manz, Beatrice, ‘Temur and the Problem of a Conqueror’s Legacy’, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, Part I

  Francklin, Colonel (trans.), ‘Account of the Grand Festival Held by the Amir Timur’, in Miscellaneous Translations from Oriental Languages, Vol. I, London, Dunn & Co., 1831

  Ghiyath ad-din Ali, Diary of Temur’s Campaign in India, privately trans. for the author, Tashkent, 2002

  Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, Penguin, 1937

  Gibbons, Herbert Adams, The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis up to the Death of Bayezid I, 1300–1403, London, Frank Cass & Co., 1968

  Golombek, Lisa, The Timurid Shrine at Gazur Gah, Royal Ontario Museum of Art and Archaeology, Occasional Paper 15, 1969

  Golombek, Lisa, ‘From Tamerlane to the Taj Mahal’, in Essays in Islamic Art and Architecture, ed. Abbas Daneshvari, Malibu, Undena, 1981

  Golombek, Lisa and Wilber, Donald, The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan (2 vols), Princeton University Press, 1988

  Golombek, Lisa and Subtelny, Maria (eds), Timurid Art and Culture: Iran and Central Asia in the Fifteenth Century, Leiden, Brill, 1992

  Grabar, Oleg, Review of A.A. Semenov’s Inscriptions on the Tombs of Temur and Descendants in the Gur e Amir, in Ars Orientalis, 2, 1957

  Grantley, Darryll and Roberts, Peter (eds), Christopher Marlowe and English Renaissance Culture, Aldershot, Scolar Press, 1996

  Grousset, René, L’empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan, Paris, Payot, 1976

  Hall, Peter, Diaries: The Story of a Dramatic Battle, London, Oberon Books, 2000

  Hartog, Leo de, Russia and the Mongol Yoke: The History of the Russian Principalities and the Golden Horde, 1221–1502, London, British Academic Press, 1996

  Heath, Ian, Armies of the Middle Ages, Vol 2: The Ottoman Empire, Eastern Europe and the Near East, 1300–1500, Goring-by-Sea, Wargames Research Group, 1984

  Hegarty, Stephen, ‘The Rehabilitation of Temur: Reconstructing National History in Contemporary Uzbekistan’, in Central Asia Monitor, No. 1, 1995

  Hitti, Philip K., History of Syria, London, Macmillan, 1951

  Holden, Edward S., ‘Tamerlane the Great (1336–1405)’, in Overland Monthly, October 1893

  Holmes, George, The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Oxford University Press, 2001

  Hookham, Hilda, Tamburlaine the Conqueror, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1962

  Howorth, Henry H., History of the Mongols: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (4 vols), London, Longman, 1876, 1928

  Humphreys, R. Stephen, ‘Towards a History of Aleppo and Damascus in the Early Middle Ages, 635–1260 C.E.’, lecture at the University of Kyoto, 29 October 1997

  Jamaluddin, Syed, The State Under Temur: A Study in Empire Building, New Delhi, Har-Anand Publications, 1995

  Juvayni, Ata-Malik, The History of the World Conqueror (1252–1260), trans. John Andrew Boyle (2 vols), Manchester University Press, 1958

  Keen, Maurice, A History of Medieval Europe, London, Penguin, 1991

  Khwandamir, A Literal Translation of Habeeb-us-Siyar, Life of Tamerlane, Parts V & VI and Parts VII & VIII, Bombay, Imperial Press, 1900

  Krader, Lawrence, Peoples of Central Asia, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1963

  Krist, Gustav, Alone Through the Forbidden Land: Journeys in Disguise Through Soviet Central Asia, trans. E. O. Lorimer, London, Faber & Faber, 1938

  Lamb, Christina, The Sewing Circles of Herat: My Afghan Years, London, HarperCollins, 2002

  Lamb, Harold, Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men, London, Thornton Butterworth, 1928

  Lamb, Harold, Tamerlane the Earth Shaker, London, Thornton Butterworth, 1929

  Lamb, Harold, Babur the Tiger: First of the Great Moguls, London, Robert Hale, 1962

  Le Gay Brereton, J., Marlowe’s
Dramatic Art Studied in his Tamburlaine, Sydney, H.T. Dunn & Co., 1925

  Lentz, Thomas W. and Lowry, Glenn D., Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1989

  Le Strange, Guy, Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1900

  Le Strange, Guy, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur, Cambridge, 1905

  Levin, Richard, ‘The Contemporary Perception of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine’, in Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, ed. J. Leeds Barroll III, New York, AMS Press, 1984

  Lewis, Bernard, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, London, Phoenix, 2000

  Louis Frederic, Encyclopedia of Asian Civilisations, Villecresnes, Louis Frederic, 1977

  McEwen, E., ‘Nomadic Archery: Some Observations on Composite Bow Design and Construction’, in Arts of the Eurasian Steppelands, ed. Philip Denwood, London, Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, 1978

  Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, Travels with a Tangerine: A Journey in the Footnotes of Ibn Battutah, London, John Murray, 2001

  Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (ed.), The Travels of Ibn Battutah, London, Picador, 2002

  Macleod, Calum and Mayhew, Bradley, Uzbekistan: The Golden Road to Samarkand, Hong Kong, Odyssey, 1996

  MacLure, Millar (ed.), Christopher Marlowe: The Critical Heritage, London, Routledge, 1995

  Maalouf, Amin, Samarkand, London, Abacus, 1994

  Malcolm, Sir John, History of Persia, London, John Murray, 1829

  Malleson, G.B., Herat: The Granary and Garden of Central Asia, London, W.H. Allen, 1880

  Man, John, Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, London, Bantam Press, 2004

  Manucci, Niccolao, The General History of the Mogol Empire: The History of Tamerlane the Great, Emperor of the Mogols and Tartars, and his Successors; Concluding with the Life of the Late Emperor Orangzeb, London, 1722

  Marlowe, Christopher, The Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998

  Mitchell, George (ed.), Architecture of the Islamic World, London, Thames & Hudson, 1978

  Moranville, H., Mémoire sur Tamerlan et sa cour par un Dominicain en 1403, Paris, Bibliothèque de l’école de Chartres, Vol. 55, 1894

  Morgan, David O., The Mongols, Oxford, Blackwell, 1986

  Morgan, David O., ‘The “Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan” and Mongol Law in the Ilkhanate’, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, London, 1986

  Morgan, David O., Medieval Persia: 1040–1797, London, Longman, 1992

  Mukaddasi, Description of Syria and Palestine (trans.), in The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1897

  Nelson, Richard, ‘Temur as Military Strategist and Geopolitician: A Modern Interpretation’, in Materials of the International Scientific Conference: ‘Amir Temur and his Place in World History’, Tashkent, 23–26 October 1996

  Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülegü, Tamerlane, Poole, Firebird, 1990

  Nicolle, David, Nicopolis 1396, Oxford, Osprey, 1999

  Nicolle, David, The Age of Tamerlane: Warfare in the Middle East c.1350–1500, London, Osprey, 2001

  Nizam ad-din, Shami, Histoire des conquêtes de Tamerlan intitulée Zafarnama, par Nizamuddin Sami (2 vols), ed. F. Tauer, Prague, 1937, 1956

  O’Kane, Bernard, Timurid Architecture in Khorasan, Costa Mesa, California, Mazdâ Publishers, 1987

  Oman, C.W.C., The Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378–1515, Oxford, Blackwell, 1885, revised Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1953

  Parker, E.H., A Thousand Years of the Tartars, London, Kegan Paul, 2002

  Partington, James Riddick, A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, Heffer, 1960

  Polyakova, E.A., ‘Timur as Described by the Fifteenth-Century Court Historiographers’, in Iranian Studies, XXI, Nos 1–2, 1988

  Popper, William (trans.), History of Egypt, from Arabic Annals of Abul Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi (1382–1469), Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1954

  Price, Major David, Chronological Retrospect or Memoirs of the Principal Events of Mahommedan History, from the Death of the Arabian Legislator, to the Accession of the Emperor Akbar, and the Establishment of the Moghul Empire in Hindustaun, London, 1811–21

  Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002

  Rashid, Ahmed, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia, London, I.B. Tauris, 2000

  Roemer, H.R., ‘Timur in Iran’, in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6, Cambridge, 1986

  Rushbrook-Williams, L.F., An Empire Builder of the Sixteenth Century: A Summary Account of the Political Career of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, Surnamed Babur, London, Longmans, 1918

  Sacy, Silvestre de, Mémoire sur une correspondance inedite de Tamerlan avec Charles VI – Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Tome Sixième, Paris, 1822

  Said, Edward, Orientalism: Western Concepts of the Orient, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991

  Sales, Roger, Christopher Marlowe, London, Macmillan, 1991

  Saliev, Khabibullo, The Adventure of Mushaf of Othman, Tashkent, 1994

  Sattiev, Ismoil Makhdum, The History of Mushaf of Othman, Tashkent, 1971

  Saunders, John Joseph, The History of the Mongol Conquests, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971

  Schiltberger, Johann, The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, a Native of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia, and Africa 1396–1427, London, Hakluyt Society, 1879

  Segal, Ronald, Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora, New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001

  Sharaf al-din, Ali Yazdi, The History of Timur-Bec, Known by the Name of Tamerlain the Great, Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars: Being an Historical Journal of his Conquests in Asia and Europe. Written in Persian by Chereddin Ali, Native of Yezd, his Contemporary. Translated into French by the late Monsieur Petis de la Croix … now faithfully render’d into English [by John Darby], London, 1723

  Shterenshis, Michael V., ‘Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation’, in Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 2, 2000

  Soucek, Svatopluk, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2000

  Sykes, Lieut. Col. P.M., A History of Persia, London, Macmillan & Co., 1915

  Temur [?], The Mulfuzat Timury or Autobiographical Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Timur …, trans. Major Charles Stewart, London, 1830

  Temur [?], Institutes Political and Military, trans. Joseph White, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1783

  Toynbee, Arnold, A Study of History, London, 1948

  Tsui Chi, A Short History of Chinese Civilisation, London, Victor Gollancz, 1942

  UNESCO, The Citadel and Minarets of Herat, Afghanistan, 1976

  Vambery, Arminius, History of Bokhara, London, Henry S. King & Co., 1873

  Vernadsky, George, A History of Russia, Vol III: The Mongols in Russia, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1953

  Wann, Louis, ‘The Oriental in Elizabethan Drama’, in Modern Philology, XII, January 1915

  Wellard, James, Samarkand and Beyond: A History of Desert Caravans, London, Constable, 1977

  Whitlock, Monica, Beyond the Oxus: The Central Asians, London, John Murray, 2002

  Wilber, Donald, Architecture of Islamic Iran, New York, Princeton University Press, 1955

  Wilson, Richard, Christopher Marlowe, London, Longman, 1999

  Wood, Captain John, A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus with an Essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Col. Henry Yule, London, John Murray, 1872

  Woods, John E., ‘Timur’s Genealogy’, in Intellectual Studies on Islam, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1990

  Zunder, William, Elizabethan Marlowe: Writing and Culture in the English Renaissance, Hull, Unity Press, 1994

  Index

&nbs
p; The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader’s search tools.

  Abbas, Shah 137

  al Abidin, Zayn 151

  Abu Hanifa, Imam 316n

  Abubakr (caliph) 174–5

  Abubakr (Tamerlane’s grandson) 3, 4, 294, 362

  Aga Khan Trust for Culture 262n

  Ahmed of Baghdad, Sultan 131, 138, 143–4, 146, 192, 279, 281, 284, 312, 319, 341

  Ain Jalut, battle of (1260) 15, 111, 290

  Ak Sarai (White Palace) (Shakhrisabz) 32–5

  Alamut 110

  Alanjiq 282

  Albania 73

  Aleppo 111; conquest of by Tamerlane and massacres (1400) 2, 101, 292–7, 316

  Alexander the Great 45n, 238

  Alexander II, Tsar 176

  Alfonso XI of Castile 51

  Aljai Turkhan-agha 30, 41

  Aljigidey, General 113

  Allahdad 355, 357

  Amu Darya (river) 10, 80

  An Chi tao, ambassador 351, 355, 356

  Anatolia 287

  Angelina (daughter of Count John of Hungary) 340

  Ankara 329; battle of (1402) 1–7, 70, 98, 331–3

  Antioch 2, 105, 290

  Arabshah, Ahmed ibn 3, 44, 69, 102, 139, 157, 200, 390–1, 392–3

  and Chinese campaign 397, 399–400

  and destruction of Damascus 308, 309

  Gibbon on 32n

  hostility towards Tamerlane 8–9, 29, 85–6, 335

  portrait of Tamerlane 29, 85, 86–8, 89–90

  recording of Tamerlane’s last hours 403

  and Tamerlane’s burial 409–10

  Aral Sea 80–1

  archery 102

  Arigh Boke 348

  Armenia 15, 286

  army, Tamerlane’s 99–101, 326–7

  consolidation of by Tamerlane and gaining of loyalty 41, 42, 64–5, 66–7, 97, 98–9, 117, 138, 205, 242, 406

  equipment and weapons 100–1, 183

  organisation of 17, 99–100

  rewards and promotions 99–100

  tactics and techniques used in battle 101–2

  Tamerlane’s review of troops 183–4, 327