The Baby Farmers
Page 31
12 R v Betts (1889), unreported.
13 Swain, ‘Toward a Social Geography’, p.158.
Chapter 21
1 BFPMJ, 25/7/1893, p.2; Beck, p.130.
2 SMH, 11/8/1893, p.4.
3 B E Mansfield, ‘Dibbs, Sir George Richard (1834–1904)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Canberra,
4 SMH, 12/8/1893, p.7. The following account is taken from this edition of the newspaper.
5 SMH, 16/8/1893, p.7.
6 SMH, 15/8/1893, p.4.
7 SMH, 11/8/1893, p.6.
8 SMH, 12/8/1893, p.7.
9 SMH, 15/8/1893, p.4.
10 SAR, 1/4/1893, p.4.
11 CRE, 18/3/1893, p.3; Mrs Collins was the last woman hanged in NSW after being convicted of murdering her husband and five-month-old baby.
12 SAR, 10/3/1893, p.5.
13 SMH, 15/8/1893, p.4.
14 BFPMJ, 17/8/1893, p.3; see also SMH, 16/8/1893, p.2.
Chapter 22
1 Norrie, p.19. The walls were based on a design by Francis Greenway, Government Architect from 1816 to 1822.
2 Beck, p.1.
3 The gaol is now the National Art School.
4 John Moroney (1988) The More Things Change—A History of Corrections in NSW, New South Wales Department of Corrections, Sydney, p.76, quoting Thomas Macquoid, the High Sheriff, in 1835.
5 For a summary of the Royal Commission of Inquiry, see J M Bennett, ‘Bigge, John Thomas (1780–1843)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Canberra,
6 Norrie, p.20.
7 Beck, p.44.
8 ibid., p.6.
9 ibid., pp.27, 95.
10 ibid., p.93.
11 ibid., p.46.
12 Norrie, pp.52, 90.
13 ibid., pp.93, 144. Norrie discusses how life for the working classes in late Victorian NSW was possibly worse than in England.
14 Beck, p.110, quoting Governor of Darlinghurst Gaol, Arthur Collis.
15 One ounce is equal to 28.4 grams, which means that 16 ounces of meat is about 454 grams (nearly half a kilogram) and 24 ounces of bread is 680 grams.
16 The title of Henry Lawson’s poem One Hundred and Three refers to his prison number.
17 Brian Matthews, ‘Lawson, Henry (1867–1922)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Canberra,
18 Norrie, p.123.
19 ibid., pp.124–5.
20 Beck, p.20.
21 Norrie, p.100.
22 ibid.
23 Beck, p.130.
24 Song of a Prison by Henry Lawson, published in 1908.
25 Beck, p.20.
26 ibid., p.48, quoting Rose Scott.
27 ibid., p.62.
28 ibid.
29 Archives Office of NSW, Prisons: Bathurst Gaol Entrance Books No.87/411 to No.94/340 (1887–1894), Year 1893, August; held at the SRO.
30 BFPMJ, 16/8/1893, p.2.
31 Behrouz et al., p.33.
32 M D Holmes, M M Brant-Zawadzki and R P Simon (1984) ‘Clinical Features of Meningovascular Syphilis’, Neurology 34, pp.553–6.
33 Behrouz et al., p.33.
34 Holmes et al., pp.553–6.
35 Herben, p.175.
36 Archives Office, ‘Prisons’. The gaol card and description for Sarah Makin is missing from the Bathurst Gaol records for prisoners who were first incarcerated in 1893.
37 Beck, p.46.
38 ibid., p.124.
39 Letter 07/4496, SRO, Register 10/11136.
40 Letter 07/4527, SRO, Register 10/11136.
41 Letter 07/3250, SRO, Register 10/11136.
42 Letter 07/4527, SRO, Register 10/11136.
43 Norrie, p.21.
44 Letter 11/347, SRO, Register 10/11136. Sarah was given permission to make this application in letter 11/3403, SRO, Register 10/11136.
45 Letter 11/6593, SRO, Register 10/11136.
46 Letter 11/8289, SRO, Register 10/11136. Section 462 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) allowed for the remission of the whole or part of a prisoner’s sentence at the discretion of the Executive Council.
47 Letter 11/4535, SRO, Register 10/11136.
48 Letter 11/8289 by George Steele, SRO, Register 10/11136.
49 J J Moss to the Comptroller General of Prisons, 1 May 1911, Memorandum 11/8289, SRO, Register 10/11136.
50 Letter 11/8853, SRO, Register 10/11136.
51 Herben, p.192.
52 SMH, 9/2/1912, p.8.
53 SMH, 9/3/1911, p.8.
54 SMH, 9/2/1912, p.7.
55 SMH, 7/2/1914, p.20s.
56 Holmes et al., pp.553–6.
Chapter 23
1 SAR, 1/4/1893, p.4.
2 William Blackstone (1770) Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book I: The Rights of Persons, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p.455, cited in T Nutt, ‘The Paradox and Problems of Illegitimate Paternity in Old Poor Laws Essex’, in Levene et al., Illegitimacy in Britain, p.102.
Chapter 24
1 SMH, 27/6/1951, p.26.
2 SMH, 2/10/1931, p.6.
3 SMH, 7/4/1900, p.1.
4
5 SMH, 11/8/1930, p.7.
6 The Advertiser, 3/12/1892, p.5. She was the only person admitted on that Friday (Register 1 – CY Reel 1817; the Admissions Register of the Benevolent Asylum); see also the Journal of Benevolent Asylum, Journal 1 – CY Reel 1977, p.20.
7 Benevolent Asylum, Register 2 – CY Reel 1817.
8 Woods, p.388.
9 Herben, pp.172–3.
10 SMH, 25/8/1893, p.6.
11 SMH, 28/6/1899, p.1.
12 See family history at
13 SRO, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828–1896, Record for Henry Bothamley, p.32.
14 Admission and discharge records of the Benevolent Asylum for March, April and May 1892; copies held by author.
15 See family histories at
16 SMH, 18/8/1893, p.1.
17 Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828–1896, Record for Patrick Mulvey, p.47.
18 According to the funeral notice in SMH, 17/8/1893, p.8.
Acknowledgements
Thanks and appreciation to Rachel Fraher, Angela Kintominas and Mabel Koo who provided highly skilled research assistance at various times during the writing of this book and to Raymond Roca for his excellent work in compiling and accessing photographs and preparing the index.
I am grateful to Helen O’Sullivan for her patient reading of the legal chapters and her insightful comments. Also my appreciation to Elaine Elliott and Jacqui Kerr who read some of the chapters in Part I of the book.
Many thanks to the patient staff at the State Records Office of New South Wales, Kingswood for helping me track down historical material about the Makins, in particular Angela and Emily Hannah.