Eyes on the Prize
Page 39
Eckford, Elizabeth, 101–102, 113, 117, 122
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 33, 38, 102–103, 106, 112, 119, 135, 140, 147
Ellington, Buford, 135
Elliott, J. Robert, 173, 175
Ellwanger, Joseph, 268–269
English, Horace B., 24
Ethridge, Tom, 44
Evers, Charlie, 208, 225
Evers, Darrell, 225
Evers, Medgar, 46–47, 52, 208, 221–225, 241; and James Meredith, 218; as NAACP organizer, 207–208, 210, 212–213, 221, 222; Mississippi campaign against segregation, 218–221
Evers, Myrlie, 46, 210, 220, 221, 222–224
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 197
Farmer, James, 144–146, 147, 148, 158
Faubus, Orville, 93–94, 96–98, 100, 102–106, 112–113, 118, 286
FBI, 179
Federal Communications Commission, 219
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 122, 123, 125, 127
Fifteenth Amendment, 252
Fine, Benjamin, 102
Fletcher, Arthur, 21
Florida, 2
Forman, James, 167, 201, 230, 245, 253, 278
Fourteenth Amendment, 9, 11, 23, 323
Frankfurter, Felix, 4
Freedom Democratic Party, 229, 232–233, 235, 241–244, 246, 248
Freedom Rides and Riders, 125, 145–147, 170; in Albany, 167; in Birmingham, 179, 181; federal interference in, 155–156; to New Orleans from Washington, D.C., 148, 149, 151–160; trial of, 171
Freedom Schools, 229–230
Freedom Singers, 176–177
Freedom Summer, 229–249
Freedom Vote, 228, 229, 233
Friend, Ed, 65
Gaines, Lloyd Lionel, 14–15
Gaines case, 14–15, 25
Gandhi, Mahatma, 79
Gandhi, Mohandas, 78, 122, 123, 144, 169
Garland Fund, 9
Gaston, A. G., 183, 190
Gayles, W. A., 62, 81, 84
Gebhart v. Belton, 31
Georgia, 2. See also Albany GA/Albany Movement
Givhan, Walter C., 38
Goldwater, Barry, 235, 248, 254
Goodman, Andrew, 230–232, 234–236, 238, 241
Graham, Henry, 195
Grant, Rufus, 173
Gray, Fred, 67, 70, 77, 85, 87
Gray, James, 170
Gray, Victoria, 235, 244
Green, Ernest, 106, 117–118, 122
Greenberg, Jack, 24
Griffin, Marvin, 65, 97, 172
Guihard, Paul, 217
Gunter, Ray, 217
Guthridge, Amis, 94
Guyot, Lawrence, 241, 242
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 229, 234, 235, 241–242, 243–247, 249
Hamilton, E. D., 165
Hare, James, 254, 258
Harris, James C., 175
Hardy, John, 212
Harlem riots, 287
Hartsfield, William B., 143
Harvard University Law School, 4–5
Hawkins, Edwin, 115
Hayden, Casey, 171
Hayden, Tom, 136, 171
Hayes, Curtis, 213
Herman, Susan, 151
Henry, Aaron, 211, 228, 235, 243, 244
Heschel, Abraham, 279
Hicks, James, 45, 48, 50, 52, 105
Highlander Folk School, 64–66
Hill, Oliver W., 9, 18
Hodges, Luther, 112
Hodgkin, Henry, 125
Hood, James, 195
Hoover, J. Edgar, 179, 230
Horton, Myles, 64–65
Houston, Charles, 1, 2–9, 16–19, 25, 31, 35; directs NAACP legal campaign, 10–17
Houston, Mary Hamilton, 2–3
Houston, William, 1–4, 5
Howard University, 2–3, 5; law school, 4–5, 7, 9, 10, 31
Huckaby, Elizabeth, 113
Hughes, Langston, 24
Huie, William Bradford, 42, 43
Humphrey, Hubert, 234, 235, 242, 248, 257
Hurley, Ruby, 165, 209
Huxman, Walker, 24
Indritz, Phineas, 18
intermarriage, 18–19
Interstate Commerce Commission, 160, 165
Jackson, Jimmy Lee, 265,267,271,275
Javits, Jacob, 261
Jemison, T. J., 60–61, 78, 89
Jenkins, W. A., Jr., 184
Jet magazine, 48, 49
Jim Crow concept, 10, 12–13
Johns, Barbara Rose, 25–27, 63
Johns, Vernon, 27, 62, 72
Johnson, Andrew, 8
Johnson, Bernice, 164, 165, 176–177, 178
Johnson, Frank M., 273, 275, 279
Johnson, George Marion, 18
Johnson, James, 93, 94, 100
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 226, 231, 232, 233, 235, 242, 244, 248, 257, 277; on Ku Klux Klan, 284; and the march to Montgomery, 275, 278; and voting rights, 253–254, 258, 262, 264, 267, 274, 278, 285; war on poverty, 287
Johnson, Mordecai, 7
Johnson, Paul, 234
Jones, Charles, 167
Jones, Curtis, 39, 41–42, 43, 45
Jordan, Vernon, 165
Karam, James, 105
Kasen, Allen, 154
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 217, 253, 257
Kelley, Asa, 168, 172, 175
Kennedy, John F., 135, 142, 225, 226; and Albany Movement, 172, 173, 179; and Birmingham confrontation, 188, 191, 194; and civil rights, 142, 143, 147, 160, 183, 195, 198, 226; and Freedom Rides, 148–149, 151, 158, 181; and James Meredith, 216, 219; and the march on Washington, DC, 198; and school desegregation, 140
Kennedy, Robert, 143, 145, 146; and Albany Movement, 172; and Birmingham confrontation, 190, 194; and Freedom Rides, 148–149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159–160; and James Meredith, 215–216
Kilpatrick, James Jackson, 28
King, A. D., 184, 194
King, C. B., 175
King, Coretta Scott, 72, 85, 142, 171, 186, 262
King, Edwin, 228, 235
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 27, 57, 89, 244, 270; and Albany Movement, 168–169, 170–173, 175, 178; and Birmingham confrontation, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187–189, 193–194; and civil rights bill, 195; and Freedom Rides, 145–146; “I Have a Dream” speech, 203–205; and the march to Montgomery, 269, 273–274, 275, 279, 283; and the march on Washington, 201; and the Montgomery bus boycott, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 85, 87; nonviolence philosophy, 79, 87, 89, 122, 123, 125, 157, 158, 160, 168, 174, 187; plot to assassinate, 282; and SCLC, 89, 140; and sit-in movement, 136, 140; and voting rights in Alabama, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261–264, 265, 285
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 89, 140, 143
King, Slater, 167, 168, 177
Kluger, Richard, 33
Ku Klux Klan, 38–39, 77, 79, 81, 142, 182, 194, 284
Lafayette, Bernard, 154
Laprad, Paul, 133
Larson, Cloyte Murdock, 48
Laursen, Per, 171
Lawson, James, 79, 122, 137
Lee, Bernard, 189
Lee, Cager, 265
Lee, George, 209, 211
Lee, George W., 39
Lee, Herbert, 212
Leonard, Frederick, 153, 159
Lewis, John, 65, 122, 126, 136, 139, 148, 151, 153, 200–201, 229, 267–269, 282, 283
Lewis, Rufus, 73
Lillard, Leo, 121
literacy tests for voting eligibility, 252, 268
Little Rock, AR, 92–93, 104, 119; Phase Program, 93, 94, 95
Little Rock Nine, 97, 100, 103–107, 112, 114–118
Little Rock Private School Corporation, 118
Liuzzo, Viola, 284
Lomax, Louis, 136, 169, 179
Long Shadow of Little Rock, The, 115
Looby, Z. Alexander, 133, 138
Lorch, Grace, 102
Lovett, Edward P., 7, 18
Lowenstein, Allard, 228
Lowery, Joseph E., 284
Lucy, Autherine, 147
lynchings, 38–39, 44
McCain, Franklin,
127
McDew, Chuck, 213
McLaurin, John/McLaurin case, 17, 32, 217
McNair, Denise, 202
McNeil, Joseph, 127
Malcolm X, 262, 287
Malone, Vivian, 195
Mann, Floyd, 152–153, 155
Mann, Woodrow, 106
march on Washington, 195, 198–202
March on Washington Committee, 198
march to Montgomery, 267–269, 273–274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 287
Margold, Nathan Ross/Margold Report, 9, 10
Marshall, Burke, 149, 157, 171, 173, 179, 182, 191, 193, 255, 258, 275
Marshall, Thurgood, 7–8, 11, 14, 18, 21, 23; and Brown v. Board of Education, 29–34; and doll test, 20; graduate school desegregation campaign, 16–17; and James Meredith, 213–214; and Little Rock crisis, 99, 103, 105; in NAACP, 15, 95
Martin, Louis, 142, 143, 198
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, 122
Men of Montgomery, 87
Meredith, 183, 213–218, 241
Meyers, James, 110
Mickum, George, 33
Milam, J. W., 42–43, 44–45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54
Miller, Francis, 106
Miller, John E., 95
Miller, Orloff, 274, 276–277
Ministerial Alliance, 167
Mississippi, 2, 49, 54, 207; Freedom Summer in, 178; Ku Klux Klan activities in, 38–39; NAACP activities in, 209, 211–212, 214–219, 221, 226; segregation in, 41, 44; Sovereignty Commission, 211; voter registration in, 39; civil rights efforts in, 214
Mississippi Democratic Party, 233–234, 241, 242–243, 247, 248
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. See Freedom Democratic Party
Mitchell, Clarence, 172, 253, 254, 257
Mitchell, Oscar, 143
Mondale, Walter, 242, 243
Montgomery, AL: bus boycott, 57, 61, 62, 70–89, 122, 157, 283; martial law in, 155, 158
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), 73, 76, 77, 78–79, 81, 85
Moody, Anne, 37, 56
Moore, Angie, 46, 211
Morgan, Irene/Morgan case, 145
Morgan, Juliette, 79
Moses, Robert Parris, 209, 210, 211, 228, 229, 233, 243, 244, 245
Mothers’ League of Little Rock Central High, 97, 113
Motley, Constance Baker, 213, 218
Moton, Leroy, 282, 284
Moton High School strike, 25–27
Murray, Donald Gaines, 11
Nabrit, James, 5, 17–18, 31
Nash, Diane, 65, 122, 123, 129, 132, 133, 136, 138, 149; and SNCC, 146
Nashville Student Movement, 126
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 2, 24, 33, 136, 160, 179; and bus boycotts, 63, 74, 79; and civil rights bill, 195; founding of, 46–47; legal campaign, 9, 10–17; Legal Defense Fund, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27, 35, 95, 232; Legal Redress Committee, 94; and Little Rock crisis, 94–95, 96, 97, 108; in Mississippi, 209, 211–212, 214–218, 219, 221, 226; racial attack fund, 44; school desegregation campaign, 18–19, 38; and sit-ins, 132; and SNCC, 165, 167; study of education in the South, 9; voter registration efforts, 212–213, 225–226, 228, 253; Youth Council chapters, 122, 164, 165
National Conference of Christians and Jews, 125
National Guard: Alabama, 279; Arkansas (Little Rock), 102, 103, 106, 112, 113; Mississippi, 216
National States Rights Party, 230
Negro Voters League, 167
Nixon, Edgar Daniel, 62, 63, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 79, 81, 85
Nixon, Richard, 135, 140, 142, 143
Nonviolent High School, 213
nonviolent resistance, 79, 85, 89, 122, 123, 142, 212, 287. See also pacifism
O’Boyle, Patrick, 201
Olsen, Clark, 275, 276–277
Owens, Webb, 212
pacifism, 79, 122. See also nonviolent resistance
Page Marion, 169, 170, 179
Parks, Frank, 77, 85
Parks, Rosa, 63, 64, 66–67, 70, 76, 88, 283, 285
Patterson, John, 140, 148, 151–152, 155, 157
Patton, Alan, 35
Peck, James, 148, 149
Phipps, Mamie, 23
Plessy v. Ferguson, 2, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 32. See also “separate but equal” doctrine
poll taxes, 285
Pound, Roscoe, 4
Powell, Adam Clayton, 132
President’s Council on Fair Employment Practices, 15
Price, Cecil, 231, 235
Pritchett, Laurie, 167, 168, 170–172, 174, 175, 178, 179
Project “C” (confrontation). See Birmingham, AL, confrontation in
Project Head Start, 248
Quarterman, Ola Mae, 171
Quinn, Chuck, 270
Rainey, L. A., 231
Rains, Craig, 113, 117
Randolph, A. Philip, 197–198, 200, 201, 283
Rauh, Joe, 193, 233, 235, 241, 243, 244, 257
Ray, Gloria, 115, 116
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 163
Reagon, Cordell, 165, 178
Rebel Club, 89
Reeb, James, 274, 276–277
Reed, Murray O., 97, 99
Reed, Stanley, 33
Reed, Willie, 48
Reedy, George, 264
Reese, Frederick, 260
Reston, James, 34
Reuther, Walter, 235
Rice, Thomas “Daddy,” 10
Richmond, David, 127
Robertson, Carole, 202
Robinson, Bernice, 65
Robinson, Jackie, 140
Robinson, Jo Ann, 61–62, 63, 66, 69, 70–71, 78, 88
Robinson, Reginald, 212, 245
Robinson, Spottswood, 14–15, 25, 27
Rockefeller, Winthrop, 96, 100
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 115
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 197
Russell, Richard, 138, 172
Rustin, Bayard, 123, 125, 198–199, 201–202, 233
Sadler, Lew, 54–55
Salter, John, 218
Samples, Sue, 173
Schurz, Carl, 8
Schweid, Bernie, 132, 135, 139
Schwerner, Michael, 230–232, 234–236, 238, 241
Schwerner, Rita, 230–231, 242
segregation: bus, 63; defined, 20; effect of, on children, 20–21; elementary school, 19–20; graduate school, 18–20, 24–25; lunch counter, 126; psychological consequences of, 21, 23, 32; public facilities, 11, 15, 174, 179; school, 11, 13–17. See also Little Rock Nine; Meredith, James
Seigenthaler, John, 151–152, 154
Sellers, Clyde, 77, 79, 85
Selma to Montgomery march. See march to Montgomery
“separate but equal” doctrine, 9, 12, 15, 16, 21, 32; in Brown v. Board of Education, 24–25, 33–34; constitutionality of, 18–19
Shackne, Robert, 149
Sharpe, C. Melvin, 18
Shaw, J. W., 52
Shelton, Robert, 194
Sherrod, Charles, 165, 167, 171, 173, 174
Shriver, Sargent, 142
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 127, 158, 179, 181, 182, 183, 191
Siegmund-Schultze, Friedrich, 125
Simmons, William, 211, 226, 233
Simpkins, George, 127
Sit-in movement, 136, 138, 140, 211, 220: at bus stations, 133; at department stores, 135; at lunch counters, 126–129, 132–133, 213
Smiley, Glenn, 79, 123, 125
Smith, Frank, 215
Smith, Kelly Miller, 126
Smith, Lamar, 39
Smitherman, Joseph, 255, 260, 265, 272, 273, 278, 286
Smolin, Martin, 129
Smyer, Sidney, 181
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 89, 122, 137, 164, 182, 183; in Birmingham, 184, 190, 194; and civil rights bill, 195; and the march to Montgomery, 269, 273; and sit-in movement, 136–137; voter registration efforts, 228, 260, 261, 268
Southern Manifesto, 87
Southern Regional Council, 198
Speer,
Hugh W., 24
Steptoe, E. W., 212
Stevenson, Adlai, 143
Stokes, Carl B., 286
Storey, Moorfield, 47
Stride Toward Freedom, 89
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 137, 139, 160, 176, 232; and Albany Movement, 164–165, 169, 171, 174–175, 178; and civil rights bill, 195, 201; and the march to Montgomery, 269, 274; in Mississippi, 211, 212–213; and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 232–233; and NAACP, 165, 167; and sit-in movement, 137, 220; voter registration efforts, 226, 228, 252–255, 258, 268
Supreme Court decisions: on bus and bus station desegregation, 88, 147, 165; on school desegregation, 61, 92, 118. See also Brown v. Board of Education
Sweatt, Herman/Sweatt case, 16, 32
Talmadge, Herman, 34
Tate, U. Simpson, 94, 95
Texas, 92, 285
Thomas, Jefferson, 116
Thetford, William, 87
Thomason, Mrs. Clyde A., 97
Thompson, Allen C., 219, 229
Thurmond, Strom, 286
Till, Emmett, 37, 39, 41–43, 47, 48, 51–52, 56, 61, 122, 209
Townsend, Vincent, 182
Travis, Brenda, 213
Truman, Harry S., 15
Turner, Albert, 267
Tuttle, Elbert P., 173
Valeriani, Richard, 265, 270–271
Vance, Cyrus, 217
Vann, David, 184, 190, 191, 193
Villet, Grey, 106
Vinson, Fred M., 32, 33
Virginia, 285
Vivian, C. T., 264–265, 268, 278
Voter Education Project, 160, 226
Voting Rights Act, 282, 283, 285, 287
Waddy, Joseph, 18
Walker, Edwin A., 110, 114–115
Walker, Wyatt, 168, 169–170, 181, 182, 186, 188
Wallace, George, 183, 191, 194–195, 267, 273, 274, 275, 284–286; and voter registration in Alabama, 278, 279, 283
Wallace, Mike, 112
Waring, J. Waties, 21, 35
Warren, Earl, 23, 33–34, 38
Washington, Harold, 286
Washington Bar Association, 5
Washington, DC, march, 195, 198–202
Watkins, Hollis, 213
Watts riots, 287
Weaver, Robert, 286
Webb, Sheyann, 269, 273
Welch, Paul, 106
Wells, Sam, 173
Wesley, Cynthia, 202
West, Mrs. A. W., 78
West, Ben, 138, 139
White, Walter, 10, 35
White Citizens Council (Montgomery, AL), 39, 77, 81, 85, 88
Whitten, John C., 52
Wilkins, Roy, 35, 41, 52, 136, 140, 267, 283
Williams, Aubrey, 82
Williams, Hosea, 269
Wilson, Alex, 105
Winstead, Arthur, 235
Wofford, Harris, 135, 142