Euphemania: Our Love Affair with Euphemisms
Page 24
Lehman, David. “From Euphemism to Bloody Lies.” American Enterprise (May 1999): 51.
Leider, Emily Wortis. Becoming Mae West. New York: DaCapo, 2000.
Lewis, Jeremy. “In the Office.” In Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism, edited by D. J. Enright, 92–107. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic, 1986.
Lighter, J. E., ed. Random House Dictionary of American Slang, vols. 1–2. New York: Random House, 1994.
Linfoot-Ham, Kerry. “The Linguistics of Euphemism: A Diachronic Study of Euphemism Formation.” Journal of Language and Linguistics 4 (2005): 227–58.
Liszka, James Jakób. “Euphemism as Transvaluation.” Language and Style 23 (1990): 409–24.
Livia, Anna, and Kira Hall. Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Luntz, Frank. Words That Work: It’s Not What You Say, It’s What People Hear. New York: Hyperion, 2007.
Lutz, William. Doublespeak Defined, Cut Through the Bull**** and Get the Point! New York: HarperResource, 1999.
MacDougald, Duncan, “Language and Sex.” In The Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, vol. 2, edited by Albert Ellis and Albert Abarbanel, 585–98. New York: Hawthorn, 1961.
Maines, Rachel P. The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Mairs, Nancy. “On Being a Cripple.” In Exploring Language, edited by Gary Goshgarian, 355–56. New York: Longman, 1998.
Maranda, Pierre, ed. Mythology: Selected Readings. Baltimore: Penguin, 1972.
Marckwardt, Albert H. American English, 2nd ed. Revised by J. L. Dillard. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Markham, Gervase. The English Housewife. 1615. Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1986.
Marryatt, Frederick. A Diary in America, With Remarks on Its Institutions. 1839. New York: Knopf, 1962.
———. Peter Simple. 1833. New York: Dutton, 1907.
Marsh, J. Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Martin, III, Robert F. “Celluloid Morality: Will Hays’ Rhetoric in Defense of the Movies, 1922–1930.” Ph.D. diss., University of Indiana, 1974.
Mathews, Mitford M., ed. A Dictionary of Americanisms: On Historical Principles, vols. 1–2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
McArthur, Roshan. “Taboo Words in Print.” English Today 12 (1996): 50–58.
McDonald, James. A Dictionary of Obscenity, Taboo and Euphemism. London: Warner, 1994.
McGlone, Matthew S., Gary Beck, and Abigail Pfiester. “Contamination and Camouflage in Euphemisms.” Communication Monographs 73 (2006): 261–82.
McHenry, F. A. “A Note on Homosexuality, Crime and the Newspapers.” Journal of Psychopathology 2 (1941): 533–48.
McKnight, George H. English Words and Their Background. New York: Appleton, 1930.
McQuain, Jeffrey. Power Language: Getting the Most Out of Your Words. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. New York: Knopf, 1936.
Meredith, Mamie. “Inexpressibles, Unmentionables, Unwhisperables, and Other Verbal Delicacies of Mid-Nineteenth Century Americans.” American Speech 5 (1930): 285–87.
Merrill, James M. William Tecumseh Sherman. New York: Rand McNally, 1971.
Michell, Gillian. “Women and Lying.” In Hypatia Reborn: Essays in Feminist Philosophy, edited by Azizah Y. Al-Hibri and Margaret A. Simons, 175–91. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Miller, W. I. The Anatomy of Disgust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Millwood-Hargrave, Andrea. Delete Expletives? London: Advertising Standards Authority, British Broadcasting Corporation, Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission, 2000.
Mitford, Jessica. The American Way of Death. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.
Mitford, Nancy. Noblesse Oblige: An Enquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Moley, Raymond. The Hays Office. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1945.
Montagu, Ashley. The Anatomy of Swearing. New York: Collier, 1973.
Montaigne, Michel de. “On the Power of the Imagination.” In The Complete Essays. Translated by M. A. Screech. London: Penguin, 1993.
Moreau de St. Méry, M. L. E. Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey (1793–1798). Edited and translated by Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1947.
Morelock, Catherine Nichole. “Personal Idiom Use and Affect Regulation in Romantic Relationships,” Ph.D. diss., Texas Tech University, 2005.
Morrow, Honoré Willsie. The Father of Little Women. Boston: Little, Brown, 1927.
Mullen, Peter. “The Religious Speak-Easy.” In Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism, edited by D. J. Enright, 159–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Müller, Herta. The Land of Green Plums. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1998.
Müller, Max. Lectures on the Science of Language, vol. 2. 1861. London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1994.
Murphy, Cullen. “The E Word.” Atlantic Monthly, September 1996, 16, 18.
Murphy, Peter F. Studs, Tools, and the Family Jewels: Metaphors Men Live By. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001.
Neaman, Judith S., and Carole G. Silver. Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms. New York: Avon, 1991.
Nunberg, Geoffrey. Talking Right: How Conservatives Turned Liberalism into a Tax-Raising, Latte-Drinking, Sushi-Eating, Volvo-Driving, New York Times–Reading, Body-Piercing, Hollywood-Loving, Left-Wing Freak Show. New York: Public Affairs, 2006.
———. The Way We Talk Now: Commentaries on Language and Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
O’Brien, Darcy. W. R. Rodgers. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell, 1979.
Offill, Jenny, and Elissa Schappell, eds. Money Changes Everything: Twenty-Two Writers Tackle the Last Taboo with Tales of Sudden Windfalls, Staggering Debts, and Other Surprising Turns of Fortune. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
Oliver, Paul. Screening the Blues: Aspects of the Blues Tradition. New York: Da Capo / Plenum, 1968.
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language.” In The Orwell Reader: Fiction, Essays, and Reportage by George Orwell, 355–66. San Diego: Harvest / HBJ, 1956.
Paros, Lawrence. The Erotic Tongue: A Sexual Lexicon. New York: Holt, 1984.
Partridge, Eric. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Macmillan, 1961.
———. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Macmillan, 1958.
———. Shakespeare’s Bawdy. London: Routledge, 1968.
———. Words, Words, Words. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970.
Patterson, James T. The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Pei, Mario. Double Speak in America. New York: Hawthorn, 1973.
———. The Story of Language. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1965.
———. Words in Sheep’s Clothing: How People Manipulate Opinion by Distorting Word Meanings. New York: Hawthorn, 1969.
Perrin, Noel. Dr. Bowdler’s Legacy: A History of Expurgated Books. New York: Atheneum, 1992.
Pickett, Joseph. Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
Pinker, Steven. The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. New York: Penguin, 2007.
Poole, Steven. Unspeak: How Words Become Weapons, How Weapons Become a Message, and How That Message Becomes Reality. New York: Grove, 2006.
Postman, Neil. “Euphemism.” In Language Awareness, edited by Paul Escholz, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, 343–47. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986.
Pound, Louise. “American
Euphemisms for Dying, Death and Burial.” American Speech 11 (1936): 195–202.
Pudney, John. The Smallest Room. New York: Hastings House, 1955.
Pyles, Thomas. The Origins and Development of the English Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964.
Pyles, Thomas, and John Algeo. English: An Introduction to Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970.
Quinion, Michael. Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, and Spuds: Ingenious Tales of Words and Their Origins. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2004.
Rait, Robert S. Life in the Medieval University. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912.
Randolph, Vance. Blow the Candle Out: “Unprintable” Ozark Folksongs and Folklore, vol. 2. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992.
———. The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society. New York: Vanguard, 1931.
———. Roll Me in Your Arms: “Unprintable” Ozark Folksongs and Folklore, vol. 1. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992.
———. “Verbal Modesty in the Ozarks.” Dialect Notes 6 (1928): 57–64.
Randolph, Vance, and George P. Wilson. Down in the Holler: A Gallery of Ozark Folk Speech. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953.
Ravitch, Diane. The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn. New York: Knopf, 2003.
Rawson, Hugh. Rawson’s Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown, 1995.
Read, Allen Walker. “Noah Webster as a Euphemist.” Dialect Notes 6 (1984): 385–91.
———. “An Obscenity Symbol.” American Speech 9 (1934): 264–78.
Regan, Geoffrey. Back Fire: The Tragic Story of Friendly Fire. London: Robson, 1995.
Rejali, Darius. Torture and Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Reynolds, Reginald. Cleanliness and Godliness. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1946.
Rothstein, William. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Rowe, H. D. “New England Terms for ‘Bull’: Some Aspects of Barnyard Bowdlerism.” American Speech 32 (1957): 110–16.
Rusbridger, Alan. A Concise History of the Sexual Manual. London: Faber and Faber, 1986.
Ruskin, John. “Fiction, Fair and Foul.” The Works of John Ruskin, vol. 34. Edited by E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn. London: George Allen, 1908.
Sabbath, Dan, and Mandel Hall. End Product: The First Taboo. New York: Urizen, 1997.
Safire, William. Coming to Terms. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
———. No Uncertain Terms. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
———. The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
———. What’s the Good Word? New York: Times Books, 1982.
———. William Safire on Language. New York: Times Books, 1980.
———. You Could Look It Up. New York: Times Books, 1988.
Sanders, Janet S. “Male and Female Vocabularies for Communicating with a Sexual Partner.” Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 4 (1978): 15–18.
Sanders, Janet S., and William L. Robinson, “Talking and Not Talking About Sex: Male and Female Vocabularies.” Journal of Communication 29 (1979): 22–30.
Savan, Leslie. The Sponsored Life: Ads, TV and American Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
Schmidgall, Gary. The Stranger Wilde: Interpreting Oscar. New York: Dutton, 1994.
Schulz, Muriel R. “The Semantic Derogation of Woman.” In Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, edited by Barrie Thorne and Nancy Henley, 64–75. Rowley, MA: Newbury, 1975.
Sexton, James. “The Semantics of Death and Dying: Metaphor and Reality.” Et cetera 54 (1997): 333–45.
Sheidlower, Jesse, ed. The F Word. New York: Random House, 1999.
Shipley, Joseph T. In Praise of English: The Growth and Use of Language. New York: Times Books, 1977.
Shrader, Charles R. Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire in Modern War. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 1982.
Simon, André L. A Concise Encyclopedia of Gastronomy. 1952. New York: Overlook, 1981.
Smith, Bradley. The American Way of Sex: An Informal Illustrated History. La Jolla, CA: Gemini Smith, 1978.
Smith, Ken. Junk English. New York: Blast, 2001.
Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978.
Spears, Richard A. Forbidden American English: A Serious Compilation of Taboo American English. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books, 1994.
———. Slang and Euphemism: A dictionary of oaths, curses, insults, ethnic slurs, sexual slang and metaphor, drug talk, college lingo, and related matter. Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David, 2001.
Stein, Howard F. Euphemism, Spin, and the Crisis in Organizational Life. Westport, CT: Quorum, 1998.
Steinmetz, Sol. Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meaning. New York: Random House, 2008.
———. There’s a Word for It: The Explosion of the American Language Since 1900. New York: Harmony, 2010.
Steinmetz, Sol, and Barbara Ann Kipfer. The Life of Language: The Fascinating Ways Words Are Born, Live, and Die. New York: Random House, 2006.
Stephens, Meic. A Dictionary of Literary Quotations. London: Routledge, 1990.
Stephenson, John S. Death, Grief and Mourning. New York: Free Press, 1985.
Stevens, James. “Logger Talk.” American Speech 1 (1925): 135–40.
Storr, Catherine. “Euphemisms and Children.” In Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism, edited by D. J. Enright, 79–91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Sullivan, Bob. Gotcha Capitalism. New York: Ballantine, 2007.
Tannahill, Reay. Food in History. New York: Stein and Day, 1973.
Tate, Jordan. The Contemporary Dictionary of Sexual Euphemisms. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
Thompson, Henry. Food and Feeding. London: Frederick Warne, 1899.
Time-Life. Variety Meats. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1982.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. 1835. Edited by Richard D. Heffner. New York: Mentor, 1956.
Trollope, Frances. Domestic Manners and the Americans. 1832. Edited by Donald Smalley. New York: Vintage, 1960.
Van Lancker, D., and J. L. Cummings, “Expletives: Neurolinguistic and Neurobehavioral Perspectives on Swearing.” Brain Research Reviews 31 (1999): 83–104.
Veeck, Bill, with Ed Linn. Veeck as in Wreck: The Autobiography of Bill Veeck. New York: Putnam, 1962.
Vehling, Joseph Dommers, trans. Apicius: Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome. Chicago: Walter Hill, 1936.
Velica, Carmen. War Casualties, Friendly Fire, Intervention, and Other Treacherous Words. Galati, Romania: Galati University Press, 2004.
Wansink, Brian. Marketing Nutrition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005.
———. Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam, 2006.
Warren, Beatrice. “What Euphemisms Tell Us About the Interpretation of Words.” Studia Linguistica 46 (1992): 128–72.
Weekley, Ernest. The Romance of Words. London: John Murray, 1917.
Weston, Elizabeth Dudley. “[fΛk]: The Ultimate Four-Letter Word.” UC Davis: Prized Writing. http://prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/past/2004-2005/flk-the-ultimate-four-letter-word (accessed May 3, 2010).
White, Richard Grant. Words and Their Uses, Past and Present: A Study of the English Language. New York: Sheldon, 1876.
Willard, Francis E. Glimpses of Fifty Years: The Autobiography of an American Woman. Chicago: H. J. Smith, 1889.
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free Press, 1975.
Woods, Keith M. “Take Back the Language.” Poynteronline, March 20, 2003. http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=25910&sid=2 (accessed December 23, 2008).
Zwicky, Ann D., and Arnold M. Zwicky. “America’s National Dish: The Style of Restaurant Menus.”
American Speech 56 (1981): 83–92.
Websites
About.com: http://urbanlegends.about.com/
Filmsite: http://www.filmsite.org/
The Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
The Internet Movie Data Base (IMDB): http://www.imdb.com/
Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/
Merriam-Webster Online: http://www.merriam-webster.com
Online Etymology Dictionary: http://www.etymonline.com
Online Parallel Bible: http://bible.cc/
Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED): http://dictionary.oed.com
The Phrase Finder: http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/index.html
Questia: http://www.questia.com/Index.jsp
Schott’s Vocab: http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/
Snopes: http://www.snopes.com/
TVTropes: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HomePage
Urban Dictionary: http://www.urbandictionary.com
Wikipedia: http://www.wikipedia.org/
Word Spy: http://www.wordspy.com/
World Wide Words: http://www.worldwidewords.org
Contents
Front Cover Image
Welcome
Dedication
1. Mincing Words
2. From Bears to Bowdlerism
3. Speaking of Sex
4. Anatomy Class
5. Secretions and Excretions
6. Under the Weather and In the Ground
7. Comestibles
8. Show Me the Liquidity
9. Words of War
10. Brave New Words
11. Why We Euphemize
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
About the Author
Also by Ralph Keyes
Copyright
About the Author
Ralph Keyes is the author of fifteen books, including the bestselling Is There Life After High School? which was made into a Broadway musical that is still produced in the United States and abroad; Chancing It, a New York Times Notable Book; and The Courage to Write, which has been in print continuously for fifteen years. A graduate of Antioch College, Keyes did graduate work at the London School of Economics and Political Science, then was assistant to the publisher of Long Island’s Newsday from 1968 to 1970. Following a decade spent as a fellow of the Center for Studies of the Person in La Jolla, California, Keyes worked as a freelance writer and lecturer in the Philadelphia area. He has been featured in People magazine, on Oprah, the Today show, the Tonight Show, ABC World News Tonight, 20/20, Fresh Air, All Things Considered, Talk of the Nation, On the Media, and the Bob Edwards Show. Keyes has written for publications ranging from GQ to Good Housekeeping. An article he coauthored for the Harvard Business Review won its prestigious McKinsey Award for best article of the year. Keyes lives in Yellow Springs, Ohio, with his wife, Muriel, where he writes, lectures, and is a trustee of the Antioch Writers’ Workshop.