The Woman Who Smashed Codes
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death of, 338–39
death of mother, 64–65
desire to write, 126, 128–29
diary of, 9, 35, 96–97, 99, 103
early life of, 5, 6–7
education of, 7–10, 74, 156
end of war, 304–5
eye color of, 5, 349n
Fabyan and, 46, 51–52, 53, 156
departure and return from Riverbank, 113–15
first meeting and job offer, 5–6, 15–19
family background of, 6–7
honesty of, 9, 323
illness of, 170–71
legacy of, xi–xiii, 330–32, 338–41
library of, 155–58, 327
NSA removal of papers, 327–29
Mexican vacation, 207–8
Military Road house, 133, 154, 305, 318, 322
name spelling, 7
navy job offer, 99, 108–9, 130–31
at Newberry Library, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15
NSA interview with, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
Office of the Coordinator of Information, 238, 240–41
pay and salaries, 95, 120, 141, 258, 320
post-war life, 319–25
at Riverbank. See Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Riverbank
suffrage movement and, 34–35
teaching career of, 10
William and, 140–41, 303, 317, 330
cipher games, 153–55
curating of legacy, 336–38
death of, 334–35
initial idea of marriage, 89–91, 93–96
letters, 126–27, 172, 207–8, 270–71, 314–15
marital and gender roles, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 86–88, 169–70
marriage, 96–98, 99–100
mental illness, 218–22, 330
politics of marriage, 126–27, 151–55
rail fence ciphers, 110, 110–11, 126–27, 127
at Riverbank, xi, 30, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 75, 106–7
secrecy of work, 140, 150–51
twenty-fifth wedding anniversary, 250–51
World War I, 104–6, 107–11
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard, xiii–xiv, 133–47, 177
anonymity, 258–59, 298–99
book ciphers, 190–94, 255
coordination with Bletchley Park, 259, 267
creation of Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit, 139–40, 141–42, 259
drug smuggling cases, 165–70, 320–21
Ezra brothers, 166–67, 331
Green Gang case, 166–67
RCMP case, 168–69
FBI and Hoover, xiv, 203–4, 206, 217–18, 230–34, 254, 298–99, 339
Dickinson case, 294–95, 296
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
first cases, 133–34, 136
hiring and training staff, 141–42
move to Naval Annex, 252–53, 269–70, 271, 303, 316
NBC interview, 163–65, 166
organizing and indexing archives, 320–21
post-war work, 316, 319–21
public accounts of work, 163–65, 166–68
rum-running cases, 133–40, 320–21
Consolidated case, 135–39, 143–47, 331
I’m Alone case, 138–39, 331
South American codebreaking, 223–24, 229–44, 253–61, 266–75, 296–99
Becker and, 223–24, 229–31, 296–97
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
Utzinger and, 229, 276, 297
transfer to navy jurisdiction, 235–36
typical workday, 186–87
wartime work, 185–202, 207, 223–24, 229–36, 239–44, 253–61, 266–75, 296–99
British spies, 214, 216–18, 254, 259–60, 297–98
demotion of command, 239–40
Enigma, 194, 197–202, 260–61, 267
Blue Enigma, 264, 268
Green Enigma, 264, 268, 283, 284
Red Enigma, 283, 284–86
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Riverbank, 4–5, 21, 28–35, 46–48, 51–52, 64, 65, 95, 323–25
arrival at, 16–17
Bacon’s cipher research, 33–34, 37–38, 40, 41–44, 47–48, 54–57, 64–65, 112–13, 321–23
codebreaking school, 101–2
codebreaking work, 64–65, 68–70, 74–89, 103
British device, 86–88
role of serendipity, 84–85
teamwork, 77–79, 86
techniques, 76–77
workflow, 76–77
departure and return, 108, 109, 113–15
dinnertime, 29–31
first day, 21, 28–31
first deciphering tests, 44–46
future plans and, 106–7
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
men of, 48–49
publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 156–57
second day, 31–34
Friedman, John Ramsay
in Army Air Corps, 304, 305, 315, 321
birth of, 132
cryptograms, 153
death of father, 335–36
education of, 206–7, 251, 301
NBC interview with mother, 164
travels of mother, 139
Friedman, William, xi–xiii
appearance of, 29
at Army Signal Corps, 98–99, 102, 120–22, 128
codebreaking, 125–26, 129, 140, 147–48
atomic bombing of Hiroshima, 314
Bethesda, Maryland, house, 127–28, 133
at Bletchley Park, 270, 304, 312–13, 317
burial of, 335–36
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
cipher machines, 122–26
Converter M-134, 149–50, 170–71
death of, 334–35
depression of, 151, 220, 249–51, 329–30
early life of, 58, 89–90
education of, 58, 96
electroshock therapy, 329–30
Elizebeth and, 140–41, 303, 317, 330
cipher games, 153–55
initial idea of marriage, 89–91, 93–96
letters, 126–27, 172, 207–8, 270–71, 314–15
marital and gender roles, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 86–88, 169–70
marriage, 96–98, 99–100
Mexican vacation, 207–8
politics of marriage, 126–27, 151–55
rail fence ciphers, 110, 110–11, 126–27, 127
at Riverbank, xi, 30, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 75, 106–7
secrecy of work, 140, 150–51
twenty-fifth wedding anniversary, 250–51
World War I, 104–6, 107–11
end of war, 305–6
Fabyan and, 53, 58–59, 95, 112–13, 123–24, 131–32, 142, 158–60, 313
family background of, 58, 59
FBI and Hoover, 130, 202–3, 339
heart attack of, 333–34
honorable discharge of, 221–22
index of coincidence, 113, 199
at Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
legacy of, xi–xii, 334, 336–38
library of, 155–58, 327
NSA removal of papers, 327–29
mental illness and breakdown, 151, 218–22, 270–71
Military Road house, 133, 154, 318, 322
NSA and, xii, 319, 332–33
pay and salaries, 95, 120
Pearl Harbor and codebreaking, 236–38
personal papers of, xiii, 333, 336–37
Poe and cryptograms, 60–61
post-war life, 318–19
at Riverbank. See Friedman, William, at Riverbank
at Signal Intelligence Service, 148–51, 157, 170–71, 201, 252
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Teapot Dome scandal, 129–30
TICOM, 305–11, 312–13, 317, 318
World War I and, 104–11
codebreaking, 102–6, 108
discharge, 1
11–12
recruitment, 98–99
Yardley and, 157, 162–63
Zionism and, 59, 309–10
Friedman, William, at Riverbank, 4–5, 29, 30, 47, 49–50, 54, 58–62, 95, 313, 323–25
codebreaking, 64, 65, 68–70, 74–89
British device, 86–88
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
role of serendipity, 84–85
teamwork, 77–79, 86
techniques, 76–77
workflow, 76–77
codebreaking school, 101–2
departure and return, 113–15
future plans, 106–7
publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 113, 123–24, 156–57
windmill, 49–50, 95, 97–98
fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), 49–50, 58
Fugazi, 177
Funkmeister, 185, 228–29
Galileo Galilei, 56
Gallup, Elizabeth Wells, 18, 28–29
Bacon’s cipher research, 18, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–44, 47–48, 56–57, 65, 112–13, 158, 322, 323
codebreaking training, 101, 102
death of, 159, 322
dinnertime at Riverbank, 30–31
first deciphering tests for Elizebeth, 44–46
Gaston, Herbert, 235–36
general relativity, 24, 308, 355n
genes (genetics), 24, 26
Geneva Republican, 96
Geneva Station, 18–19, 23, 35
George C. Marshall Foundation, 333, 336–37
George Mason University, 209
George Washington University Hospital, 151, 329–30
German Club of Buenos Aires, 275
German cryptography, 104, 124, 149, 187–202. See also Enigma
German U-boats, 171, 173, 185, 192, 196, 235, 242–43, 244–45, 277, 287–88
Germany. See also Nazi Germany
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
in World War I, 104, 107
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
Gex, Walter J., Sr., 145–46
Gliwice incident, 179
“G-men,” 134–35. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation
Goebbels, Joseph, 265, 307–8
Goering, Hermann, 311
Goldberg, Nathan, 144
“Gold-Bug, The” (Poe), 60–61
Gone With the Wind (Mitchell), 192
Goñi, Uki, 303
Gordon, Robert, 142, 177, 186–87
Grace, Edwin, 145, 146–47
“Grandmother died,” 178–79
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Chicago Fire of 1871, 12
Great Depression, 142, 159
Great Dictator, The (movie), 262
Green Enigma, 264, 268, 283, 284
Green Gang, 166–67
grizzly bears, 32–33
Gross, Kurt, 226, 286–87
Hamilton, Alexander, 134
“hand” ciphers. See paper ciphers
Harding, Warren, 129–30
Harnisch, Hans “Boss,” 263–64, 273–74
Hartman, Al, 144
Harvard University, 31
Harvey’s (Washington, D.C.), 202–3
Hastings, Eddie, 215–16, 238, 314
Hauptsturmführer, 224, 229
Hawaii, 170–71
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 39
Hayes, Helen, 172
Hearst, William Randolph, 24
Hebern, Edward, 122–23, 124, 131
Hebern rotor machine, 122–23, 124, 125
Hellmuth, Osmar, 275–76, 278–79, 283, 285, 287–91
British kidnapping and interrogation of, 279–81
Hellmuth Affair, 287–91
“hemisphere defense,” 204–5
Hillsdale College, 8–9, 74, 241
Himmler, Heinrich, 143, 224, 275, 276, 281, 286, 289
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial, 82–83
Hirohito, Adolfo, 183
Hitler, Adolf, 171
Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
rise to power, 126, 142–43
suicide of, 302
World War II, 179, 180, 183, 188, 218, 242–43
South America’s role, 183, 265–66, 275, 276, 284, 287, 297, 299
Hitt, Genevieve, 71
Hitt, Parker, 71–72, 76–77, 105
Hogan, Dan, 139
Höhne, Heinz, 178
Holmwood (ship), 138
Holocaust, 178, 213, 253, 302
Honiok, Franz, 179
Hoover, J. Edgar
appearance of, 202
British spies and, 215–16, 254
Dickinson case, 294, 296
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
Elizebeth and, 203–4, 206, 217–18, 231–34, 254, 294, 298–99
at Library of Congress, 157
post-war activities, 321, 329
publicity-seeking of, xiv, 135, 298–300, 339
Rumrich case, 204–5
South American counterintelligence, 205–6, 231–34, 246, 254, 298–300
Hellmuth Affair, 288–89
Teapot Dome case, 129–30
Hope Diamond, 130
House on 92nd Street, The (movie), 234
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 329
Houston Chronicle, 338
Huntington Library, 108–9
Hurwitz, Hyman, 141–42, 186–87
Hüttenhain, Erich, 312
Illinois National Guard, 52
Illinois State Training School for Delinquent and Dependent Girls, 26–27
I’m Alone (ship), 138–39, 331
immortality, 26
Immortal Wife (Stone), 152–53
“Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography” (Friedman), 113, 420n
Indian-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Intelligence Service Knox (ISK), 267
interfaith marriage in Judaism, 89–91
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 134, 135
intimate communication, as cryptologic process, 90–91
invasion of Poland, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Irey, Elmer, 135
Japan
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 312, 313–15
bombing of Chongqing, 171
Dickinson case, 292–96
invasion of Vietnam, 213
Pearl Harbor attack, 236–39
surrender, 316, 317–18
U.S. declaration of war, 239
Japanese-American Society, 293
Japanese ciphers, 121, 147–50
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Japanese Garden (Riverbank), 22, 32, 50, 53
Jefferson, Thomas, 39
Jewish Criterion, 89
Jewish immigration, 58, 59
Jewish question, 130
Johnson, Nucky, 235
Jones, Gertrude, 317
Jones, Leonard T., 239–40, 253, 256–59, 285–86, 317, 319
Jonson, Ben, 34
Joyce, James, 155
Jurgen (Cabell), 10
Jurmann, Herbert, 291–92
Kahn, David, xii, 77
Kalamazoo Paper Company, 142
Kasiski, (Friedrich), 148
Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
Kempter, Friedrich, 246
Kennedy, John F., 138
Kennedy, Joseph P., 138
Kindersley, D. J., 44
Klotz, Henrietta, 187, 235
“knowledge is power,” 39, 41, 102, 158, 335, 336
Knox, Alfred Dillwyn “Dilly,” 200–201
Knox, Frank, 205, 212, 235–36
Kobayashi, Sumiko, 53
Kobayashi, Susumu, 50, 53
Kriegsmarine, 196, 244–45
Kriptor, 155
Kristallnacht, 170
Kryha, 124, 187, 285
Kryha, Alexander von, 124
Kryha Liliput, 264, 268, 283
Krypto (dog), 1
27–28, 132
Kryptos, 127–28
Ku Klux Klan, 214, 304
Kullback, Solomon, 148, 370n
Laboratorium Feuerstein, 307–8
Langtry, Lillie, 51
Lansing, Robert, 63
LATI Airline, 182, 228
League of Women Voters, 140, 143, 330
Lebensohn, Zigmond, 329–30
Leninism, 251
Lescarboura, Austin, 27–28
Les Folies-Bergère (show), 313
Library of Congress, 157, 333
Libya, 256
Lincoln Highway, 19, 29, 48
Lindbergh, Charles, 213–14
Lindbergh kidnapping, 135
Linx, Robert, 245–46
lobotomy, 151
Lochinvar, 60
London Blitz, 213, 218
London Sunday Express, 287
Long, Huey, 129
Look (magazine), 169
MacArthur, Douglas, 317–18
McCarthy, Eugene, 335
McCarthy, Joseph, 329
McGaha, Richard, 183
McGrail, John, 271, 304
“machine learning,” 194
McLean, Edward, 130
MAGIC, 209–13, 237–38, 252
Manhattan Project, 329
Manly, John Matthews, 55, 109
Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers (Hitt), 72, 76–77
Man Who Broke Purple, The (Clark), 337–38
Maria de Victorica, 161–62
Marines, U.S., 252
Marlowe, Christopher, 34, 42, 43
Marquand, J. P., 315
Mars, 129
Marshall, George C., 212
Marshall Field (Chicago), 51
Marshall Library, 333, 336–37, 339
MASC (mono-alphabetic substitution cipher), 70, 194, 267
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 91
Mauborgne, Joseph, 67–68, 98–99, 113–14, 121, 211, 334
Mayan pictographs, 156, 157–58
Menendez, Major, 302
Menzer, Fritz, 271
Mercersburg Academy, 207
Merchant Marine of Switzerland, 228, 243
Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets, 77–78
Methods for the Solution of Running Key Ciphers, 77–78, 103
“microdot” cameras, 184
Military Intelligence (MI-8), 100–101, 104, 109. See also Black Chamber
Military Intelligence Division (MID), 67–69, 130
Miller, Carleton Brooks, 9–10
Milne, A. A., 128
Milton Bradley, 155, 172
MI5 (UK Military Intelligence, Section 5), 254, 280–81
Molina, Juan Bautista, 183
Moody, Juanita Morris, 334, 339
Moorman, Frank, 103
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 187–88, 204, 235–36, 240
Morrison, Albert, 144, 146
Morse code, 41, 119, 184–85
Munitions Building (Washington, D.C.), 120, 122, 128, 129, 148, 156, 209, 220–21, 236, 252
Mussolini, Benito, 182–83, 311
National Archives, 319, 339
National Security Agency (NSA), xii, xiii, 148, 332–33