37. “Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen’s Bureau in the southern states.” June 1, 1866, North Carolina Collection Vault, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Wise interviews.
38. “Sale of the Steamer Fannie,” New York Herald, July 13, 1865.
39. “Steadman [sic] and Fullerton Tour,” New York Tribune, June 7, 1866; “The Bureau,” New York Herald, June 2, 1866.
40. Ibid.
41. Clipping attached to letter to Maj. Gen. Meigs, July 31, 1866, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
42. House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887; “The Famous Steamer Planter,” San Francisco (CA) Bulletin, September 24, 1866.
43. “Capt. Robert Small, of the United States Transport Planter,” Christian Recorder, September 29, 1866.
44. “Auction Sales,” Daily National Republican, September 25, 1866; “Miscellaneous,” World (New York, NY), October 2, 1866; “The Planter,” Charleston Daily News, February 18, 1867; “Moses Cohen Mordecai,” Findagrave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=118287514, accessed October 12, 2016; Thomas J. Tobias, The Hebrew Benevolent Society of Charleston, S.C. (Charleston, SC: Hebrew Benevolent Society, 1965.), 7; Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 29.
Epilogue
1. Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 483–84.
2. “Freedman’s Cheapstore,” Christian Recorder, March 2, 1867.
3. Dr. Lawrence Rowland interviews; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 485; N. Louise Bailey, Mary L. Morgan, and Carolyn R. Taylor, Biographical Dictionary of the South Carolina Senate, 1776–1985 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1986), 1483.
4. Dr. Helen Boulware Moore interviews.
5. “Personal,” People’s Advocate (Washington, D.C.), August 4, 1883; “Marriage of Gen. Robert Smalls,” New York Times, April 9, 1890; “Smalls,” News and Courier, Charleston, SC, November 7, 1895.
6. Okon Edet Uya, From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 161.
7. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 489.
8. “Southern Items,” Christian Recorder, February 16, 1867.
9. “Worthy of Attention,” Christian Recorder, March 9, 1867; “Southern Items”; Edward A. Miller, Jr., Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 44.
10. Robert Smalls to Governor Daniel Chamberlain, August 24, 1876, papers of Governor Daniel Chamberlain, S518024, box 14, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
11. Miller, Gullah Statesman, 45.
12. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 484.
13. In 1870 Sen. Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Rep. Joseph Rainey of South Carolina became the first African Americans to serve in Congress. “Black Americans in Congress,” History, Art and Archives: House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/, accessed February 10, 2015.
14. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 484.
15. “How Hard Prejudice Dies,” Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, PA), June 1, 1882; “Drawing the Color Line,” The Boston Globe, May 12, 1882; “Ordered Him Out of His Hotel,” The Herald and News (Newberry, SC), January 28, 1904.
16. “Robert Smalls,” Augusta Chronicle (GA), October 23, 1877 (originally published in the New York Sun).
17. Miller, Gullah Statesman, 114–33; Bailey, Morgan, and Taylor, Biographical Dictionary of the South Carolina Senate, 1484; Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, Dictionary of American Negro Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983); “No New Trials for Smalls and Cardoza,” New York Times, December 4, 1878; “The Persecution of Mr. Smalls, 1878,” New York Times, December 6, 1878.
18. House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887.
19. Ibid.
20. Resolution introduced by George White, May 19, 1900, House of Representatives, 56th Cong., 1st sess., 33 Cong. Rec. 5715 (1900).
21. Miller, Gullah Statesman, 27.
22. “Speech of Hon. Robert Smalls,” Friday, July 30, 1886, House of Representatives, 17 Cong. Rec. 319 (1886); Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 261.
23. DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878); Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 267.
24. History, Art and Archives: House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/, accessed February 10, 2015.
25. Miller, Gullah Statesman, 182–87; Uya, From Slavery to Public Service, 155.
26. “Gen’l Robert Smalls of Steamer Planter Fame Passes Away,” Savannah Tribune, February 27, 1915; “South Carolina, Death Records, 1821–1961,” Ancestry.com.
27. Moore interviews.
28. “Bampfield Rites Held in Beaufort Cemetery,” Beaufort Gazette, March 26, 1959; Moore interviews.
29. Moore interviews; “Robert Smalls,” Christian Recorder, June 12, 1884.
30. “W. Robert Smalls,” Toledo Blade, July 31, 1970.
31. “Last Tribute of Respect Paid General Smalls,” Savannah Tribune, March 6, 1915.
32. “Latest Army Vessel Honors Black American Hero,” The United States Army, https://www.army.mil/article/4877/latest-army-vessel-honors-black-american-hero, accessed December 1, 2016.
33. “Museum of African American History Reveals History and Vision,” Rollcall.com, http://www.rollcall.com/news/hoh/museum-african-american-history-reveals-history-vision, accessed December 1, 2016; “Charleston Begins to Address Black History with Robert Smalls Memorial, Charleston City Paper, May 9, 2012, http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/charleston-begins-to-address-black-history-with-robert-smalls-memorial/Content?oid=4070879, accessed December 1, 2016.
34. “Remaking a State,” New York Times, December 10, 1895.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
3rd South Carolina Colored Troops
13th Amendment
abolitionists
black troops and
Brisbane, William Henry
Chase, Salmon
Delany, Martin
Douglass, Frederick
Emancipation Proclamation and
French, Mansfield
Fugitive Slave Act and
Garrison, William Lloyd
Grimké, Angelina
Higginson, T. W.
Howard, Oliver
Hunter, David
Lovejoy, Owen
Phillips, Wendell
Redpath, James
Saxton, Rufus
Smalls, Robert and
Still, William
surrender of Confederacy and
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church
Allston, Abram
American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission
Ancrum, Eliza
Anderson, Robert
Ashdale Plantation
&nbs
p; Bacon, Francis
Bampfield, Samuel Jones
Barnum, P. T.
Barnwell, Thomas O.
Battery Wagner
Battle of Antietam
Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Fredericksburg
Battle of Olustee
Battle of Port Royal
Beecher, Henry Ward
Bell, John
Benham, Henry W.
Bennett, Augustus G.
Bennett Place, North Carolina
Black Codes
See also slave codes
“Black Dave.” See Hunter, David
Booth, John Wilkes
Boston Post (newspaper)
Breckinridge, John
Brisbane, William Henry
Buchanan, James
Bureau of Colored Troops
Bureau of Emancipation
Bureau of Ordnance
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau
Butler, Benjamin
Cameron, Simon
Carney, William
Carolinas Campaign
See also Sherman, William Tecumseh
Catto, Octavius
Charleston Daily Courier (newspaper)
Charleston Gas Light Company
Charleston Mercury (newspaper)
Chase, Salmon P.
Chesnut, Mary Boykin
Chisholm, Samuel
Christian Recorder (newspaper)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Cleveland, Grover
Coffee, George A.
Cole’s Island
Colored People’s Educational Monument Association
Colored People’s Union League Association
Committee on Credentials
Committee on War Claims
Confederate Department of South Carolina
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Constitutional Union Party
cotton
abandonment of crop during Civil War
Charleston and
destruction of crop during Civil War
economic importance of
Northern business interests and
plantations and
Sea Island and
slavery and
transport of
Union seizure of crops
Craft, William and Ellen
crops
indigo
rice
See also cotton
Cuba
Dahlgren, John
Daily National Republican (newspaper)
Davis, Annie
Davis, Jeff C.
Davis, Jefferson
Delany, Martin
Democratic Party
Department of South Carolina and Georgia
Department of the Gulf
Department of the South
Department of the West
DeTreville, William
Douglas, Stephen
Douglass, Frederick
draft riots
Dred Scott decision
Du Pont, Samuel Francis
attack on Charleston
death
Fox, Gustavus and
French, Mansfield and
Hunter, David and
New Ironsides and
Pierce, Edward and
Planter and
at Port Royal
replacement of
Rodgers, John and
Saxton, Rufus and
Sherman, Thomas and
Smalls, Robert and
South Atlantic Blocking Squadron
Stono River and
view of slavery
Wabash and
Welles, Gideon and
See also South Atlantic Blocking Squadron
Ebenezer Creek
elections
1860 presidential
1864 presidential
African Americans and
Smalls’ loss in congressional
Elliott, Thomas
Elwell, J. J.
Emancipation Proclamation
Etiwan (ship)
Evening Post (newspaper)
Fannie (ship)
Ferguson, John
Foote, Andrew Hull
Fort Beauregard
Fort Johnson
Fort Monroe
Fort Moultrie
Fort Pillow
Fort Pinckney
Fort Ripley
Fort Sumter
Confederate siege of
end of Civil War and
Fort Johnson and
Keokuk and
Planter and
Smalls, Robert and
Southern blockade and
Special Order No. 35 and
start of Civil War and
Union siege of
Weehawken and
Fort Walker
Fox, Gustavus V.
Frazier, Garrison
Freedman’s Bureau
See also Quartermaster Department
Fremont, John C.
French, Mansfield
background
black troops and
Du Pont, Samuel Francis and
Emancipation Proclamation and
Pierce, Edward and
Port Royal Experiment and
Smalls, Robert and
tax sales and
Fripp, John
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Fullerton, Joseph
Galena (ship)
Garrison, William Lloyd
General Clinch (ship)
See also Relyea, Charles J.
General Orders (Confederate)
No. 5
No. 60
General Orders (Union)
No. 252
Gibbes, Jack
Goines, George W. 177
Gourdine, Alfred
Grant, Ulysses S.
Greeley, Horace
Grimes, James
Grimké, Angelina
Gullah language
Halleck, Henry W.
Hallowell, Edward
Hamlin, Hannibal
Hancock, Samuel Smith
Harrison, Benjamin
Higginson, T. W.
Hilton Head Island
Howard, Oliver O.
Hunter, David
attack on Charleston
background
Benham, Henry and
black troops and
declaration freeing slaves
Department of the South and
French, Mansfield and
Militia Act and
Pierce, Edward and
Saxton, Rufus and
Smalls, Robert and
Stanton, Edwin and
Institute for Colored Youth
insurrection laws
ironclads
Jackson, Abraham
James Island
Jefferson Davis (ship)
Jim Crow laws
Johnson, Andrew
Johnston, Joseph E.
Jones, Bostick (Smalls’ stepson)
Jones, Charlotte (Smalls’ stepdaughter)
Jones, Clara (Smalls’ stepdaughter)
Jones, David
Judiciary Committee
Julian, George
Keckley, Elizabeth
Keokuk (ship)
Kingman, Samuel
laws
anti-segregation laws
discriminatory laws
insurrection laws
racial laws
See also Black Codes; Jim Crow laws; Militia Act
Lee, Robert E.
Leigh, C. C.
Leverett, Charles
Liberator, The (newspaper)
Lincoln, Abraham
assassination of
Benham, Henry W. and
black troops and
Douglass, Frederick and
draft and
Du Pont, Samuel Francis and
election to presidency
Ema
ncipation Proclamation
Freedmen’s Bureau and
Fugitive Slave Act and
General Orders, No. 252
Hunter, David and
Johnson, Andrew, and
Militia Act and
Planter and
Port Royal Experiment and
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
reaction to death of
Second Confiscation Act and
Sherman, William and
Smalls, Robert and
Southern blockade and
surrender of Confederacy and
tax commissioners and
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Wade-Davis Bill and
Lincoln, Mary Todd
Louisiana Native Guard
Lovejoy, Owen
Lowry, Morrow B.
martial law, declaration of
McClellan, George B.
McClellan (ship)
McKee, Henry
background
bio
at Confederate Hospital
emancipation of slaves and
family
John (father) and
Margaret (mother) and
plantations
Polite, Lydia and
Smalls, Robert and
town of Beaufort and
McKee, Jane
McKim, J. Miller
McNulty (captain of Fannie)
military drafts
Militia Act of 1792
Militia Act of 1795
Militia Act of 1862
Mitchell, Nelson
Moe, S. B.
Monitor (ship)
“monitor madness”
Morrison, William
Nat Turner Rebellion
National Freedmen’s Relief Association
National Museum of African American History and Culture
National Union Party
National Urban League
Naval Committee
New Bedford Mercury (newspaper)
New Ironsides (ship)
See also ironsides
New York Herald (newspaper)
Nickels, John Frederick
Nicolay, John G.
Nobles, William H.
Nordhoff, Charles
Onward (ship)
Be Free or Die--The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls' Escape from Slavery to Union Hero Page 27