Chapter 9: The City of Brotherly Love
1. Anthony Waskie, Philadelphia and the Civil War: Arsenal of the Union (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), 91.
2. Richard A. Sauers, Guide to Civil War Philadelphia (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2003), 100.
3. Letter from S. B. Whiting to Capt. Chas. D. Schmidt, May 27, 1864, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA; Letter from Wm. C. Milligan to Capt. Chas. D. Schmidt, May 28, 1864, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA; Letter from Capt. John R. Jennings, Assistant Quartermaster, to Col. Herman Biggs, Chief Quartermaster, Philadelphia, January 18, 1865, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA. Note about increase costs of labor and materials, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
4. “1864: The Civil War Election,” Get Out the Vote!, http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html, accessed February 26, 2016.
5. “South Carolina,” The Liberator, June 3, 1864.
6. Charleston Mercury, June 28, 1864.
7. “Another Letter from Wendell Phillips,” The Liberator, July 15, 1864.
8. “Capt. Robert Smalls Addresses the General Conference of 1864, Daniel A. Payne, Presiding,” The A.M.E. Church Review 70 (1955): 23.
9. “Captain Small, of the Planter,” Press (Philadelphia, PA), May 19, 1864.
10. “Colored Union League,” Press (Philadelphia, PA), May 25, 1864.
11. “Dining with the Fraternal Association,” Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, PA), June 25, 1864.
12. “Catto, Octavius Valentine, 1839–1871,” BlackPast.org, http://www.blackpast.org/aah/octavius-valentine-catto-1839-1871, accessed February 8, 2016.
13. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton, 1857), 399.
14. Katharine Greider, “The Schoolteacher on the Streetcar,” New York Times, November 13, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/nyregion/thecity/the-schoolteacher-on-the-streetcar.html?_r=0, accessed March 1, 2016.
15. “Streetcars,” The Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/streetcars/, accessed March 1, 2016; Philip S. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars: (Part 1) Background and Beginning of the Battle,” Pennsylvania History, July 1973, 268.
16. Philip S. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars: (Part 1) Background and Beginning of the Battle,” Pennsylvania History, July 1973, 275–77.
17. Henry Edward Wallace, Philadelphia Reports, Volume 4 (Philadelphia: J. B. Hunter, 1863), 57. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars,” 268–69.
18. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars,” 278–80.
19. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars,” 268.
20. Alan Gin and Jon Sonstelie, “The Streetcar and Residential Location in Nineteenth Century Philadelphia,” (Journal of Urban Economics, 1992), 96, http://econ.ucsb.edu/~jon/Publications/Streetcars.pdf, accessed December 2, 2016.
21. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars,” 270.
22. Foner, “The Battle to End Discrimination Against Negroes on Philadelphia Streetcars,” 268–69.
23. Lowell (MA) Daily Citizen and News, January 25, 1865.
24. “The Enthusiastic Gathering of Colored Persons in Sansom St. Hall,” Christian Recorder, July 30, 1864.
25. “The Colored People and City Passenger Cars,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 14, 1865.
26. “Speech of Hon. Morrow B. Lowry, of Erie,” The Liberator, February 3, 1865.
27. “Streetcars,” Philadelphia Encyclopedia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/streetcars/, accessed March 1, 2016.
28. Catto’s life would end tragically on October 10, 1871. During the first election in which Philadelphia’s black citizens were allowed to vote, Catto was shot by Frank Kelly, a member of an armed group of whites that was trying to stop blacks from voting. Kelly escaped the city before he could be arrested, but he was found living in Chicago in 1877 and brought back to face trial. Six eyewitnesses, black and white, testified that Kelly was the shooter, but an all-white jury found him not guilty. “Murder of Octavius Catto,” Philadelphia Encyclopedia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/murder-of-octavius-catto/, accessed February 8, 2016.
29. Annie Davis to Abraham Lincoln, August 25, 1864, 1864 D-304, Letters Received, 1863–88, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Record Group 94, NARA, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4662543, accessed September 5, 2016.
30. “Emancipation in Maryland,” Press (Philadelphia, PA), December 8, 1864; “Celebration of the Emancipation,” Christian Recorder, December 17, 1864.
31. Letter from Henry W. Wheelen, U.S. Inspector, to Capt. John R. Jennings, Assistant Quartermaster, January 24, 1865, Planter file, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
32. Letter from Capt. John R. Jennings, Assistant Quartermaster, to Col. Herman Biggs, Chief Quartermaster, Philadelphia, January 18, 1865, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
33. “Scorched Earth: Sherman’s March to the Sea,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/hallowed-ground-magazine/fall-2014/scorched-earth.html, accessed August 1, 2016.
34. Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen MacKay Hutchinson, eds., A Library of American Literature (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1891), 552.
35. Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 371–72; “March to the Sea: Ebenezer Creek,” Georgia Historical Society, http://georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/march-to-the-sea-ebenezer-creek/, accessed September 1, 2016; Edward M. Churchill, “Betrayal at Ebenezer Creek,” http://www.historynet.com/betrayal-at-ebenezer-creek.htm, accessed September 1, 2016.
36. “Sherman’s Freemen,” Boston Daily Advertiser, January 16, 1865.
37. Ibid.
38. Laura M. Towne, The Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne: Written from the Sea Islands of South Carolina (1862–1884), ed. Rupert Sargent (Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1912), 153.
39. W. T. Sherman, Memoirs of W. T. Sherman (New York: Literary Classics, 1990), 728.
40. Ibid., 724.
41. “Newspaper Account of a Meeting Between Black Religious Leaders and Union Military Authorities,” Freedmen & Southern Society Project, http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/savmtg.htm, acccessed September 1, 2016. The news account was published February 13 in New York about the meeting in Savannah on January 12, 1865.
42. ORA, 1, 47: 60–61.
43. ORA, 1, 47: 61.
44. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 328.
45. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper Perennials, 2014), 71.
46. W. T. Sherman, Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman, Vol. II (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1891), 254.
47. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 324.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., 322–24.
50. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 367–404.
Chapter 10: Triumph and Tragedy
1. “Siege of Charleston,” South Carolina Encyclopedia, http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/charleston-siege-of-1863-1865/, accessed June 17, 2016; “Fall of Charleston,” New York Times, February 22, 1865.
2. ORA, 1, 47: 512.
3. “Abraham Lincoln: Second Inaugural Address,” Bartleby.com, http://www
.bartleby.com/124/pres32.html, accessed August 12, 2016.
4. Ibid.
5. “Capt. Robert Small,” New York Tribune, March 10, 1865.
6. “The Fall of Charleston,” New York Tribune, March 2, 1865.
7. “Charleston and ‘The Planter,’” Boston Evening Transcript, March 14, 1865.
8. “Grant and Lee: The Surrender Correspondence at Appomattox,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/appomattox-courthouse/appomattox-court-house-history/surrender.html, accessed April 20, 2016.
9. “Johnston Surrenders at Bennett Place,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/johnston-surrenders.html, accessed April 20, 2016.
10. “Trip of the Oceanus,” New York Tribune, April 20, 1865; Justus C. French, The Trip of the Steamer Oceanus to Fort Sumter and Charleston, S.C. (Brooklyn, NY: “Union” Steam Printing House, 1865), 85–86.
11. “The Celebration at Sumter,” New York Tribune, April 20, 1865; “The Old Flag on Fort Sumter,” National Aegis, April 22, 1865; “Fort Sumter,” Daily Illinois State Journal, April 29, 1865.
12. French, Trip of the Steamer Oceanus, 85–86.
13. “Assassination of President Lincoln,” Charleston Courier, April 20, 1865.
14. James McPherson, The War That Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 115.
15. “Last Public Address,” April 11, 1865, Abraham Lincoln Online, http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/last.htm, accessed May 10, 2016.
16. “Frederick Douglass’ Lecture at Cooper Institute,” New York Tribune, June 2, 1865.
17. “The Colored People’s National Monument, To the Memory of Abraham Lincoln,” Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, PA), July 15, 1865.
18. “Lincoln Park,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc87.htm, accessed September 15, 2016. Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 100–05.
19. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 791; Harold Holzer, “What the Newspapers Said When Lincoln Was Killed,” Smithsonian.com, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-the-newspapers-said-when-lincoln-was-killed-180954325/, accessed May 15, 2016.
20. Holzer, “What the Newspapers Said When Lincoln Was Killed,” Smithsonian.com, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-the-newspapers-said-when-lincoln-was-killed-180954325/, accessed May 15, 2016.
21. “Assassination of President Lincoln,” Charleston Daily Courier, April 20, 1865.
22. “From South Carolina,” New York Tribune, May 13, 1865.
23. Ibid.
24. “Public Meeting,” Charleston Courier, May 10, 1865.
25. “Chief-Justice Chase’s Visit to Charleston,” New York Tribune, May 25, 1865; “Chief-Justice Chase in the ‘Cradle of Secession,’” New York Tribune, May 22, 1865.
26. “Andrew Johnson,” Miller Center, http://millercenter.org/president/biography/johnson-life-in-brief, accessed May 20, 2016; “Reconstruction Timeline,” PBS.org, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/states/sf_timeline.html, accessed May 20, 2016.
Chapter 11: Retaliation and Reward
1. Robert Smalls, pilot, USS Planter, Navy survivor certificate no. 18992, Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans, 1861–1910, pub. No. M1469, Record Group 15, NARA.
2. Aaron Astor, “When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves,” New York Times, August 9, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/when-andrew-johnson-freed-his-slaves/?_r=0, accessed May 21, 2016; “Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections,” Miller Center, http://millercenter.org/president/biography/johnson-campaigns-and-elections, accessed May 21, 2016.
3. “Andrew Johnson,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm, accessed May 21, 2016.
4. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper Perennials, 2014), 183–84.
5. Ibid., 183–91.
6. “Reorganizing a Constitutional Government in South Carolina,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=71991, accessed May 21, 2016.
7. Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 25.
8. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 347; Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 429.
9. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 347
10. Ibid.
11. Laura M. Towne, The Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne: Written from the Sea Islands of South Carolina (1862–1884), ed. Rupert Sargent (Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1912), 167.
12. W. B. McKee to Wade Hampton, n.d., Records of Governor Wade Hampton III, Letters Received and Sent, 1876–1878, S 519009, box 14, folder 14, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
13. Towne, Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne, 240.
14. Repository (Canton, OH), March 11, 1879.
15. DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878).
16. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 429; “Freedmen’s Bureau,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau, accessed June 6, 2016.
17. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 429.
18. “Circular No. 15,” Entry 24, No. 139, Asst. Adjutant General Circulars, 1865–69, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 14–15, Record Group 105, NARA.
19. Ibid., 17–18; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 428–46; Foner, Reconstruction, 159.
20. “Death of Admiral Du Pont,” Boston Recorder, June 30, 1865, (originally published in the New York Tribune).
21. “John Ferguson,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865–67, M1003, Record Group 94, NARA.
22. “Henry McKee,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865–67, M1003, 656621, Record Group 94, NARA.
23. “Unionism in South Carolina,” New York Times, September 30, 1865.
24. “The Southern Conventions,” New York Times, September 30, 1865.
25. “Black Codes in South Carolina,” Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/after_slavery_educator/unit_three_documents/document_eight, accessed March 10, 2016.
26. “Ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment,” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/african-americans-and-emancipation/resources/ratifying-thirteenth-amendment-1866, accessed March 10, 2016.
27. Philip S. Foner, ed., Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999). 578.
28. “15th Amendment to the Constitution,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/15thamendment.html, accessed March 10, 2016.
29. Letter from Quartermaster General’s Office in Washington to Col. C. W. Thomas, Chief Quartermaster, Charleston, December 9, 1865, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
30. “An Impudent Request,” Evening Post (New York, NY), January 19, 1866.
31. “Among Other Modest Requests,” Stamford (CT) Advocate, January 19, 1866.
32. “The ‘Planter’—An Impudent Demand,” New Y
ork Tribune, January 4, 1866.
33. Edward McPherson, ed. A Handbook of Politics for 1868 (Washington, D.C.: Philp and Solomons, 1868), 36–38.
34. Andrew Johnson, The Papers of Andrew Johnson: February–July 1866, ed. Paul H. Bergeron (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 120.
35. “14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/14thamendment.html, accessed June 10, 2016.
36. “Affairs in the South,” New York Times, April 2, 1866; Edward A. Miller, Jr., Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 42.
Be Free or Die--The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls' Escape from Slavery to Union Hero Page 26