by Adam Cohen
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 203–4, 206, 208
Whitehead’s Supreme Court brief on, 254
Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 45, 241
Estabrook, Arthur:
background of, 152–53
Buck v. Priddy testimony of, 180, 181, 190–93, 268, 270
criminal anthropology projects, 153–58, 193
expert witness invitation to, 158–59, 179–80
investigation by, 180, 181, 286
racism of, 157–58
Eugenical News, 122, 310, 311, 314
Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Laughlin):
and challenges to sterilization laws, 140–41
on Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 205, 275
and Laughlin’s testimony, 151–52
model sterilization law in, 86–87, 88, 137, 139, 141, 146, 266, 272
publication of, 137–38
Strode on, 143
sweeping nature of, 138–39
Eugenics (magazine), 60
Eugenics: The Science of Human Improvement by Better Breeding (Davenport), 109–10
eugenics advocates:
belief in heredity, 76, 105, 106, 108
childlessness of, 86
conservatives as, 57
Holmes as, 9, 226, 239–43, 264–65
middle-class professionals as, 7–9, 55–56, 71–74
Priddy as, 78, 79
societal leaders, 2–3
Taft as, 260–61, 277
women as, 56–57
See also specific individuals
eugenics as obsession, 2, 6
and Bell, 202–3
and Buck v. Bell majority opinion, 269–70, 276–77
and Carrie Buck’s pregnancy, 7, 26
and criminal anthropology, 52–53
and immigration, 134
and institutionalization, 25
and Kellogg, 117
and Laughlin, 106, 121, 138, 321–22
and Mastin, 73–74
and popular culture, 54, 59–62
and sentimentality accusations, 47–48, 59, 63, 75
universities on, 53–54
eugenics movement:
African Americans as victims of, 58, 74–75
anti-Semitism in, 57–58, 113, 124–25, 128, 311–12
apologies for, 1, 60–61
backlash against, 252–54, 255, 268, 269, 309
on Catholicism, 280
conferences, 3–4, 61, 117–18, 137
current revival possibilities, 320–21
as elitist, 55–56, 57, 66, 76, 239–40, 277
on euthanasia, 53, 120, 242
and immigration restrictions, 4–5, 104, 127–35
investigations in, 115–16
opposition to, 48, 199–200, 252–53, 309
positive vs. negative eugenics, 47
in Virginia, 71–77
See also German eugenics movement; institutionalization; sterilization
eugenics movement, origins of, 44–47, 48–51, 321
and criminal anthropology, 49–50
and evolutionary theory, 45–46, 47, 48
and Galton, 46–47, 321
and Malthus, 45
and Mendel, 50–51
origins of term, 46
and progressive movement, 55–56, 57
and social Darwinism, 45
and societal changes, 4–5, 55, 127–28
Eugenics Record Office (Cold Spring Harbor, NY):
and anti-Semitism, 124
criticisms of, 310, 312, 313–14
and Eugenical News, 122
and eugenic investigations, 115–16
founding of, 103–4, 110–12
Grant’s support for, 125
Eugenics Sermon Contest, 60
euthanasia, 53, 120, 242
evolutionary theory, 45–46, 47, 48, 321
executions, 53, 120
fairs, eugenic presentations at, 61
false statements. See malfeasance and inaccuracies in Buck v. Bell
family history. See heredity
Family-History Book, The (Eugenics Record Office), 116
Faris, Margaret, 292
farming, 29, 40, 41, 42
Faulkner, William, 182
Fauquier, Francis, 38
“Feebleminded,” vague definition of, 16
Feeble-Minded and Epileptics in State Institutions (U.S. Department of Commerce), 270
“Feeble-Minded Children in the Public Schools of California” (Terman), 53
Feeblemindedness: Its Causes and Consequences (Goddard), 53
feminist movement, 57
Fernald, Walter E., 25–26, 64, 252, 269
fertility. See “differential fecundity”
Figgins, Matthew, 295
First International Eugenics Congress (London) (1912), 52, 73
First National Conference on Race Betterment (Battle Creek, MI) (1914), 117–18, 120, 136, 138, 146
Fisher, Irving, 111, 260
“fitter family” competitions, 61
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 4, 59
Flood, Henry D., 173, 176–77
Foner, Eric, 48
forced sterilization. See sterilization
Ford, Henry, 128
Foster, L. S., 74
Frank, Anne, 135
Frankfurter, Felix, 212, 238, 245, 248, 316–17
freedom of speech, 229–30, 243–45
“Freedom of Speech in War Time” (Chafee), 245
Freund, Ernst, 245
Frohwerk v. United States, 243–44
Fuller, Margaret, 214
Galton, Francis:
on Catholicism, 280
and conservative support for eugenics movement, 57
and Davenport, 108–9, 111
and eugenics movement’s origins, 46–47, 321
and Holmes Sr., 240
racism of, 58
Galton Society, 61, 123, 141
Garland, Clarence, 24, 25
Garman, Charles Edward, 262
Garrison, Wendell, 221
“Gas-Stokers’ Strike, The” (Holmes), 225–26, 235, 240, 264
genetics:
current issues in, 11–12, 320–21
and eugenics backlash, 253
Mendel on, 50–51, 188, 189, 198
See also heredity
German eugenics movement:
Buck v. Bell as inspiration for, 10–11
and immigration, 135
Nazi era, 10–11, 122, 124, 125
U.S. parallels with, 114–15
German Society for Racial Hygiene (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene), 114–15, 310
germplasm, 114
See also heredity
Gesell, Arnold, 54
Gibbons, R. A., 199
Gilded Age, 44
Giles v. Harris, 233–35
Gillman, Joseph, 133
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 57
Gitlow v. New York, 244, 263
Goddard, Henry:
and conservative support for eugenics movement, 57
on heredity, 32, 52–53
on institutionalization, 63–64
and intelligence testing, 31–32, 33–34
reversal on eugenics, 199–200, 252–53, 269
and women as targets of eugenics movement, 26
Gong Lum v. Rice, 261–62
Gordon, Bennett, 182, 200, 202
Gould, Stephen Jay, 31, 292
government publications, 54
Grant, Madison:
and American Museum of Na
tural History, 61
anti-Semitism of, 124–25
and Galton Society, 141
and immigration, 126–27, 128, 129, 134, 135
and Laughlin, 123–26, 308–9
and Nazi Germany, 124
and popular culture, 59
on typology of races, 123–24
and University of Virginia, 72
Gray, Horace, 231, 232
Gray, John, 227
Great Depression, 309
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 59
Haiselden, Harry, 62
Hall, Prescott F., 127
Hammer v. Dagenhart, 239
Hammurabi, Code of, 12, 13–14
Hand, Learned, 245
Hansen v. Haff, 279
Harding, Warren G., 59, 246, 259–60, 262, 263
Harlan, John Marshall, 235, 236, 237
Harlowe, Richard, 19, 192
Harrell, D. L., Jr., 294
Harriman, Mrs. E. H., 110, 114, 153
Harris, Anne, 20, 182–84
Hart, Hastings, 26
Harvard College, 218, 219, 232, 261
Harvard Law Review, 238
Harvard Law School, 222, 228, 238
Hatch, F. W., 70
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 217
Hayes, Rutherford B., 227
Hearst, William Randolph, 61–62
Heflin, J. Thomas “Cotton Tom,” 133
Hemenway, Alfred, 231
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 46, 58
heredity:
and American Breeders’ Association, 109
and Buck v. Bell majority opinion, 266, 268–69
and Buck v. Priddy, 145, 150–52, 180, 188–89, 193, 194, 198
and Carrie Buck’s sterilization hearing, 95
criminal anthropology on, 49–50, 52–53, 153–56
Davenport on, 108–9, 112–13, 198–99, 256
environment vs., 49, 50, 51–52, 131–32
Estabrook on, 153–56, 191
eugenics advocates’ belief in, 76, 105, 106, 108
Galton on, 46
Goddard on, 32, 52–53
Holmes on, 240, 268–69
Lewis on, 72
Mendel on, 50–51, 188, 189, 198
and racism, 58
Strode on, 306–7
and test case construction, 92
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 207
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (Davenport), 112–13
hierarchy. See societal privileging of power
Hitler, Adolf, 124, 135, 302, 312
Hoar, George Frisbie, 227
Hofmann. Otto, 303
Hofstadter, Richard, 55, 56
Holmes, Fanny Dixwell, 224–25, 230, 316
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.:
and Brandeis, 261
and civil rights cases, 233–35, 236–37
Civil War service of, 213, 218–22
class background of, 213, 214–15, 216, 223, 226, 227, 231–32, 233, 322
and critics of Buck v. Bell, 282
cynicism of, 213–14, 221–22, 224, 226–27, 241, 271–72
as eugenics advocate, 9, 226, 239–43, 264–65
on facts, 267
on freedom of speech, 229–30, 243–45
and House of Truth, 238–39, 242
and judges’ conference, 264–65
on judicial restraint, 230, 248–49
later years of, 315–17
legal career of, 222–24, 225–26, 227–28
marriage of, 224–25, 230
on Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 228–31
and progressive movement, 229, 235–36, 238–39, 242–43, 245, 247–48, 249
reputation of, 212–13
and Sacco and Vanzetti case, 315–16
and social Darwinism, 225–26, 240
and societal privileging of power, 225–26, 229–30, 235, 248, 249–50, 322
Supreme Court appointment, 231–33
and Taft, 246–47, 260, 265
“Three generations of imbeciles are enough” quote, 2, 270–71, 281
See also Buck v. Bell majority opinion
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 214–15, 216–17, 220, 239–40
Holmes, Samuel J., 54
Hooton, Earnest, 4
Hopkins, John W., 185
House of Truth, 238–39, 242
How to Live (Life Extension Institute), 260–61
Human Genome Project, 320
Hutchinson, Anne, 216
“Ideals and Doubts” (Holmes), 241, 242, 264
idiot category, 32, 44, 53
See also mental categories
Illinois Law Review, 241, 242, 264
imbecile category, 32
See also mental categories
immigration:
as catalyst for eugenics movement, 4–5, 55, 127–28
and eugenic investigations, 115
and Grant’s ideas, 126–27, 128, 129, 134, 135
Holmes on, 237
and intelligence testing, 5, 33–34, 132
Laughlin on, 8, 104, 126, 129–33, 308, 309–10
from Nazi Germany, 135, 311–12
progressive movement as response to, 55
and racism, 72, 113–14, 126–27, 130–31, 132, 133, 134
restrictions on, 4–5, 8, 104, 127–35
Immigration Act (1924), 5, 8, 104, 134–35
Immigration Restriction League, 127
industrialization, 4, 55
infanticide, 242
See also euthanasia
informed consent. See consent of inmates to be sterilized
Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (Galton), 46
institutionalization, 5
American Breeders’ Association report on, 120–21
of Carrie Buck, 6, 27–30, 167
and cost, 64, 92
criminal anthropology on, 154, 156
of Emma Buck, 22–23, 35, 290
and epilepsy, 24, 27, 39–41
and eugenics as obsession, 25
and farming, 29, 40, 41, 42
Goddard on, 63–64
Laughlin on, 120
and mental hospitals, 38–39, 44, 168–69
Priddy on, 79, 84–85
and sterilization, 66–67
and urbanization, 44
Virginia laws on, 84–85
See also “clearing house” model
intelligence testing:
of Carrie Buck, 30, 94, 149, 192, 198, 270
criticisms of, 32–34, 198, 252–53, 256, 267
development of, 30–32
of Emma Buck, 23, 270
and immigration, 5, 33–34, 132
International Conference for Population Science (Berlin) (1935), 312
involuntary servitude, 237
IQ (intelligence quotient), 32
Jackson, Robert H., 318
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 205, 208, 257, 274–75
James, William, 217, 223, 224, 226, 315
Jefferson, Thomas, 18
Jennings, Herbert Spencer, 132–33
Jim Crow system, 58, 167, 173–74
Johnson, Albert, 128–29, 130, 134–35, 309
Jordan, David Starr, 67, 109
Jordan, Harvey Ernest, 72, 73
Journal of the American Medical Association, 66
Judgment at Nuremberg (film), 303
judicial restraint:
Holmes on, 230, 248–49
Strode on, 206, 258, 273
Judiciary Act (1925), 260
Jukes, The (Dugdale), 49, 153, 15
4–55, 240
Jukes in 1915, The (Estabrook), 154–55
Kallikak Family, The (Goddard), 52–53, 63–64
Kansas Free Fair (1920), 61
Kansas State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youth, 63, 69
Keigwin, A. E., 56
Kellogg, John Harvey, 117
Kenmore School, 162–64
Korematsu v. United States, 10, 12–13
Ku Klux Klan, 128
Larson, Edward J., 57
Laski, Harold, 245
Laughlin, Deborah Ross, 105
Laughlin, George, 104–5
Laughlin, Harry, 9
American Breeders’ Association report by, 119–21, 136, 138, 139, 199
analysis of Buck v. Bell, 307–8
background of, 104–7
Battle Creek address (1914), 117, 118, 120, 136, 138, 146
Buck v. Priddy testimony of, 148–52, 180, 257
on “clearing house” model, 119, 146
database project of, 122–23
doctorate studies of, 121–22
epilepsy of, 139–40, 313
and eugenics as obsession, 106, 121, 138, 321–22
and Eugenics Record Office’s founding, 111–12
expert witness invitation to, 101–2, 143–45, 179
and Grant, 123–26, 308–9
on immigration, 8, 104, 126, 129–33, 308, 309–10
international contacts of, 141–42
investigation by, 145–48
later career of, 309
model sterilization laws by, 86–87, 88, 121, 137, 139, 141, 146, 266, 272
and Nazi Germany, 122, 302, 308, 310–13
racism and anti-Semitism of, 124–25
reputation of, 116–17
retirement of, 314–15
and scientists’ support for sterilization, 67
and Second International Eugenics Congress, 137
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 205, 208
See also Eugenical Sterilization in the United States
Laughlin, Pansy, 106, 116, 140, 142
League of Women Voters, 300
legal profession, 8–9, 56, 282
Lewis, Ivey Foreman, 72
liberty, right of, 246–47, 255, 275–76, 316
Life Extension Institute, 260–61
Lincecum, Gideon, 62
Lippmann, Walter, 238, 245, 248, 253, 256, 267
Literary Digest, 281
Lochner v. New York, 235–36, 266
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 127, 231–32
Lombardo, Paul, 80, 99
Long, John Davis, 231
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 217
Loving, W. G., 170–72
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 261
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 67
Lowell Lectures, 227–28
Lynchburg Training Center, 295
See also Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded
McAuliffe v. Mayor of New Bedford, 229–30, 244