by Adam Cohen
McCulloch, Oscar, 49–50, 156
McDougle, Ivan, 157, 158
McKinley, William, 231, 259
McReynolds, James Clark, 262, 264, 277
Madison, James, 18
Madlener, M., 65
Maeser, Karl G., 262
magazines, 59–60, 134, 253, 281
See also popular culture
Magnificent Yankee, The, 213
Makuen, G. Hudson, 56
malfeasance and inaccuracies in Buck v. Bell, 13, 322–23
and Buck v. Bell majority opinion, 269, 272
and Carrie Buck’s lack of consent/understanding, 96–97, 197, 209, 272
and Carrie Buck’s post-sterilization placement with Dobbs family, 196, 258
and Carrie Buck’s rape, 7
and Carrie Buck’s sterilization hearing, 94, 95, 96–97
and Carrie Buck testimony decision, 197
and Laughlin’s testimony, 149, 150–51, 180
Priddy’s role in, 94, 95, 99
public opinion on, 282
Shelton’s role in, 92–93, 96
and societal privileging of power, 13–14
and Special Board of Directors meeting, 208–9
Strode’s role in, 99, 144, 208, 209–10
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 207, 208–10
and Whitehead as Carrie Buck’s lawyer, 98–99
and Whitehead’s cross-examination, 183–85, 186–87, 189–90, 193, 196–97, 209
Whitehead’s role overview, 209
and Whitehead’s Supreme Court brief, 254, 255–56, 284–85
and witness list, 185, 197
See also societal privileging of power
Mallory case, 81–83, 84, 85, 176
Malthus, Thomas, 45, 241
marriage:
eugenic consultations on, 74, 116
eugenic encouragement for, 3, 46
restrictions on, 5, 9, 56, 63, 73–74, 78–79
Martineau, Harriet, 215
Massie, Bland, 175
Mastin, Joseph, 73–74
medical profession:
and Buck v. Bell decision, 281–82
and sterilization procedure development, 65–66
support for eugenics movement, 56, 62, 74–75
support for sterilization, 8, 66–67, 70
Medical Society of Virginia, 75
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 124, 135
Melville, Herman, 217
Menace of Modern Immigration, The (Ku Klux Klan), 128
Mencken, H. L., 71, 214, 309
Mendel, Gregor, 50–51, 188, 189, 198
“Mendel’s Law” (DeJarnette), 77
mental categories:
Davenport on, 256
and eugenic investigations, 115
hierarchy of, 31–32
Holmes’s inaccuracies about, 270
and intelligence testing, 32
and sterilization laws, 87
and Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded, 44
See also heredity
mental health policy, 38–39, 44, 168–69, 252
Merriam, John, 310, 312
Meyer v. Nebraska, 246–47, 255, 276
Mongrel Virginians (Estabrook and McDougle), 157–58, 193
Monroe, James, 18
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 51–52
moron category, 32, 270
See also mental categories
movies, 61–62
Muller v. Oregon, 256
Munn v. Illinois, 255
Murchison, Carl, 199, 269
Murkland, Sidney R., 40, 169
Myerson, Abraham, 157, 193
Nam Family, The (Estabrook), 153–54, 156
natural selection, 45–46
Nazi Germany:
eugenics movement in, 10–11, 122, 124, 125
immigration from, 135, 311–12
and Laughlin, 122, 302, 308, 310–13
and post–Buck v. Bell challenges to sterilization laws, 317
sterilization movement in, 10–11, 302–3, 310
negative eugenics, 47
See also sterilization
Nelson, K. Ray, 295
Newberry family, 286–89
New Deal, 262, 263
New Orleans Times-Picayune, 60
New Republic, 238, 239, 245, 267
newspapers, 60, 281
See also popular culture
New York Times, 60, 280–81
Nuremberg trials, 303
Ochsner, Albert J., 65
Olmstead v. United States, 248, 316
Olson, Harry, 138, 140, 308
“one drop” rule, 58
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 45–46
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 61
Osgood, Phillips Endecott, 60
Owens-Adair, Bethenia, 70
Parker, Theodore, 214
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 59, 123–24, 126–27, 128, 129, 134
Path of the Law, The (Holmes), 230, 240
Pearl, Raymond, 309
Peckham, Rufus, 235
Pennypacker, Samuel, 69, 278
philanthropy, disapproval of, 47–48, 50, 57, 224
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 247, 255, 276
Pilcher, F. Hoyt, 63, 69
Pioneer Fund, 313
Pius XI (Pope), 67, 279
Plessy v. Ferguson, 9–10, 12–13, 237
Pollock, Frederick, 241
Popenoe, Paul, 58, 291
popular culture:
and Buck v. Bell, 280–81
and eugenics backlash, 253
eugenics movement in, 3, 54, 59–62
racism in, 59
population growth, 45, 241
positive eugenics, 47
power. See societal privileging of power
Priddy, Albert, 7–8
background of, 37–38
belief in sterilization, 36–37, 77, 78–79
Buck v. Priddy testimony of, 181, 193–96, 257, 284, 286
and Carrie Buck’s institutionalization, 28
on Carrie Buck’s post-sterilization placement, 196, 258, 286
and Carrie Buck’s sterilization hearing, 93–95, 96
on “clearing house” model, 79, 146, 194, 321
as colony superintendent, 7–8, 36, 41, 42–43
death of, 201–2
as eugenics advocate, 78, 79
and expert witness invitations, 102
and extralegal sterilization, 80, 98–99
and institutionalization, 79, 84–85
and Laughlin’s investigation, 146–47
and Laughlin’s testimony, 149
and Mallory case, 81–83, 84, 99
marriage of, 86
and Shelton, 97
and Strode, 91, 175–76, 177
and test case construction, 90–93
and Virginia sterilization law (1924), 86, 90, 178
and Virginia sterilization law campaign, 8, 75, 77, 80–81, 84, 85–86, 146, 176
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 205
and women as targets of eugenics movement, 81
Principles of Biology, The (Spencer), 45
progressive movement:
and child labor, 21, 69
and child-savers, 20, 21, 26
and eugenics movement’s origins, 55–56, 57
and Holmes, 229, 235–36, 238–39, 242–43, 245, 247–48, 249
and mental health policy, 38, 168
and Stone, 262
and Strode, 166–67, 172
and Taft, 259
prostitutio
n, 20, 22, 190
See also sexual behavior
“Protoplasmic Blight, The” (Bell), 202–3
Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Mind (Virginia), 38–39
Racial Integrity Act (Virginia) (1924), 58
racism, 57–58
in criminal anthropology, 157–58
of Davenport, 112–14
and Eugenics Record Office, 122
and Giles v. Harris, 233–35
and immigration, 72, 113–14, 126–27, 130–31, 132, 133, 134
of Laughlin, 124, 125
“scientific,” 59, 72, 123
and sterilization, 74–75, 79–80
of Strode, 167–68, 173–74
and University of Virginia, 72, 73
See also Grant, Madison
Rational Basis of Legal Institutions, The (Wigmore), 242
reform. See progressive movement
religious leaders, 3, 56, 60–61, 127
Report on National Vitality, A (Fisher), 111
Reynolds, Robert, 314
Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy, The (Stoddard), 59
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 2, 111, 138, 224
Roosevelt, Franklin, 316
Roosevelt, Theodore:
and eugenics movement, 2–3, 57, 242
and Holmes, 231, 232
and Taft, 259
Ryan, John, 279
Sabath, Adolph, 133–34
Sacco and Vanzetti case, 315–16
“Sahara of the Bozart, The” (Mencken), 71
salpingectomy, 65, 207, 268
See also sterilization
Sanford, Edward T., 263
Sanger, Margaret, 57
Saturday Evening Post, 134
Schenck v. United States, 243
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 83
Scientific American, 8, 54
“scientific” racism, 59, 72, 123
scientists:
and eugenics backlash, 253, 255, 268, 269, 309
support for eugenics movement, 3, 8
support for sterilization, 8, 67
See also criminal anthropology
Second International Eugenics Congress (1921), 3–4, 61, 137
“segregation.” See institutionalization
sentimentality accusations, 47–48, 59, 63, 75
Sesquicentennial Exposition (Philadelphia) (1926), 4
sexual behavior:
and Carrie Buck’s institutionalization, 16, 25–26
and Carrie Buck’s post-sterilization placement, 289
criminal anthropology on, 155
and institutionalization, 25–26
medical profession on, 74
and sterilization, 6, 81, 92
and venereal disease, 190
Shackelford, Charles D., 22, 23, 27
Sharp, Harry C., 65, 69–70
Shattuck, George, 223, 228
Shelton, Robert G.:
and Buck v. Priddy, 97–98
and Carrie Buck’s sterilization hearing, 96
and Supreme Court filing, 211
and test case construction, 92–93
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 202
Sherman Antitrust Act, 249
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 248
Simon, Theodore, 30–31
See also Binet-Simon intelligence test
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 317–18
slavery, 48
Smith, Ellison DuRant, 5
Smith, Lemuel, 73
Smith, Roy (half brother of Carrie Buck), 184–85, 193
social Darwinism, 45, 225–26, 240, 262, 323
Social Statics (Spencer), 45
societal privileging of power:
and Carrie Buck’s Commission of Feeblemindedness inquisition, 26
and disapproval of philanthropy, 47–48, 50, 57, 224
Holmes on, 225–26, 229–30, 235, 248, 249–50, 322
malfeasance in Buck v. Bell as example of, 13–14
and social Darwinism, 45, 225–26, 240, 262, 323
and sterilization, 74, 301
and Supreme Court, 9–10, 12–13
See also malfeasance and inaccuracies in Buck v. Bell; voices of reason
Soldier’s Faith, The (Holmes), 221, 232, 240
Southard, E. E., 111
Southwestern Lunatic Asylum (Southwestern State Hospital) (Virginia), 38, 39
Spalding, John L., 264
Spargo, John, 21
Spencer, Herbert, 45, 225–26
Spratling, William P., 39
Station for the Experimental Study of Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, NY), 108
Statistical Directory of State Institutions for the Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes (Laughlin), 122–23
sterilization:
Bell’s belief in, 305–6
of Carrie Buck, 283–84
criminal anthropology on, 154, 156
extralegal, 63, 74–75, 80, 98–99
Grant’s belief in, 124
impact of, 268, 295, 320
as ineffective, 199, 271
post–World War II, 11, 318–19
Priddy’s belief in, 36–37, 77, 78–79
procedures for, 62–63, 65–66, 207, 268
and societal privileging of power, 74, 301
Virginia’s delay and Buck v. Bell, 6, 89, 90, 161, 178, 210–11, 305
sterilization, opposition to:
and castration, 62–63
and Catholic Church, 67–68, 278–80, 300
and challenges to sterilization laws, 101, 252, 300–301
and Eugenical Sterilization in the United States, 137–38
and impact of Buck v. Bell, 300–301
and test case construction, 91
and Virginia sterilization law campaign, 84
sterilization laws:
early attempts, 68–69
and epilepsy, 139–40
and eugenics as elitist, 66
first wave (1907–1913), 5–6, 69–71, 75, 80
Laughlin’s models for, 86–87, 88, 121, 137, 139, 141, 146, 266, 272
Michigan Supreme Court decision (1925), 208
and racism, 79–80
second wave (1921–1924), 103, 142–43
Virginia law (1916), 80–83, 84, 161, 176
Virginia law (1924), 86–90, 100, 161, 177–78, 266, 272, 304–5
See also Buck v. Bell; Virginia sterilization law campaign
sterilization laws, challenges to, 68–69, 143
and Buck v. Priddy, 100–101
and Eugenical Sterilization in the United States, 140–41
and impact of Buck v. Bell, 300–301
Mallory case, 81–83, 84, 99
and opposition to sterilization, 101, 252, 300–301
post–Buck v. Bell, 317–18
Strode on, 85
and Virginia sterilization law (1924), 87–88, 100
and Virginia Supreme Court appeal, 203–4
sterilization movement:
apologies for, 1
and Eugenics Record Office, 103–4
Laughlin’s Battle Creek address (1914), 117, 118, 120, 136, 138, 146
middle-class professional support for, 8–9, 66–67, 74–75
national nature of, 103
nationwide goals for, 6
in Nazi Germany, 10–11, 302–3, 310
and racism, 74–75
renewal of, 299–300, 301–2
See also “clearing house” model
Stoddard, Lothrop, 59, 72
Stone, Harlan Fi
ske, 262, 277, 318
Strode, Aubrey, 8, 9
account of Buck v. Bell, 304–5
ambivalence about eugenics of, 85, 86, 89, 160, 161, 200, 304, 306–7, 322
background of, 161–64
on Carrie Buck’s post-sterilization placement, 196, 258, 284–85, 286
and Carrie Buck’s sterilization hearing, 94–97
on “clearing house” model, 206, 257
death of, 307
and DeJarnette’s testimony, 188, 189
and delay of sterilizations during Buck v. Bell, 89, 90, 161, 178, 210–11, 305
and Estabrook’s testimony, 190, 191, 192–93
and expert witness invitations, 102, 143–44, 158–59, 179
and institutionalization laws, 84
and Laughlin’s testimony, 148, 152
legal career of, 164–66, 170–72, 200–201
and malfeasance in Buck v. Bell, 99, 144, 208, 209–10
military service of, 176
political career of, 166–68, 172–73, 176–77
and Priddy’s death, 201
and Priddy’s testimony, 193–95
and racism, 167–68, 173–74
and Special Board of Directors meeting, 208–9
Supreme Court brief, 254, 256–58, 275, 284–85
and test case construction, 91, 178
and Virginia sterilization law (1916), 80–81
and Virginia sterilization law (1924), 86–90, 100, 177–78, 266, 272, 304–5
and Virginia sterilization law campaign, 84–85, 176
Virginia Supreme Court appeal brief, 204–6, 275
and Whitehead, 98
and witness testimony, 182–83, 184, 185–87
Sumner, Walter Taylor, 56
Supreme Court:
civil rights cases, 233–35, 236–37, 261–62
failures of, 9–10, 12–13
free speech cases, 243–45
Holmes’s appointment to, 231–33
Lochner v. New York, 235–36, 266
on right of liberty, 246–47, 255, 316
and societal privileging of power, 9–10, 12–14
See also Buck v. Bell
“survival of the fittest,” 45, 225, 240
Sutherland, George, 247, 262–63, 277
Taft, William Howard:
background of, 258–59
and Buck v. Bell decision, 1, 277
and Buck v. Bell majority opinion, 265–66, 268, 272, 276, 278
as chief justice, 246–47, 259–60
as eugenics advocate, 260–61, 277
on Holmes, 265
and Olmstead v. United States, 316
Terman, Lewis, 32, 34, 53
Thayer, James Bradley, 223, 229
“Three generations of imbeciles are enough” quote, 2, 270–71, 281
Ticknor, George, 219
Time magazine, 281
Trait Book, The (Eugenics Record Office), 116