Schierenbeck, Jack. “Lost and Found: The Incredible Life and Times of (Miss) Layle Lane.” American Educator (Winter 2000–2001).
Letters
Sammie M. Rice Collection, Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project, Martha Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, University Libraries, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC.
Magazines
“California: Victory on Sugar Hill.” Time, December 17, 1945.
“Crime: Lynch Week.” Time, October 26, 1942.
Eustis, Morton. “Double Bill in North Africa.” Negro Digest, December 1943.
Gorham, Thelma Thurston. “Negro Army Wives.” Crisis, January 1943.
Hall, Chatwood. “A Black Woman in Red Russia.” Crisis, July 1937.
Murray, Pauli. “A Blueprint for First Class Citizenship.” Crisis, November 1944.
“U.S. at War: The Vanishing Servant.” Time, September 21, 1942.
Newspapers
“A Rebuke Opens Air Raid Posts for NY Women.” Chicago Defender, October 18, 1941.
“Alberta Hunter Abroad.” Afro American, September 15, 1945.
“Army Nurse Jim Crowed at Airfield and on Plane.” Pittsburgh Courier, August 11, 1945.
“Army Nurse, Preparing to Go to War, Beaten.” Chicago Defender, October 3, 1942.
“Avers New Deal Slights Negro Civil Air Cadets.” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 18, 1944.
“Before the Dream: Pauline Myers, Foot Soldier in a Long-Ago March for Civil Rights.” Washington Post, August 26, 1993.
“Blackout Test Shows Fallacy of Jim Crow in Civilian Defense.” Pittsburgh Courier, March 14, 1942.
Bolden, Frank. “Burma Hospital Has All-Negro Personnel.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 30, 1945.
Briggs, Diana. “Women Power in War.” Chicago Defender, September 26, 1942.
Buchanan, Sgt. C. M. “Negro Hospital.” Roundup, May 31, 1945. http://cbi-theater-1.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-1/roundup/roundup053145.html0.
“City Hospitals Asked to Use Colored Nurses.” Afro American, June 8, 1943.
“Claims Trained Negroes Can’t Get War Jobs.” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 4, 1942.
“Deactivate Negro WAC Band at Ft. Des Moines.” Iowa Bystander, July 20, 1944.
“Defense Jim Crow Bared in Philly.” Afro American, January 11, 1941.
“Domestic Service Is on the Way Out.” Afro America, September 29, 1942.
“8 Chicagoans in N. Africa Hospital Unit.” Chicago Defender, March 13, 1943.
Estrada, Louie. “Social Activist E. Pauline Myers Dies.” Washington Post, September 3, 1998.
“Experiences in Europe Thrill Red Cross Aide.” Chicago Defender, June 16, 1945.
“FBI Can’t Find Any ‘Eleanor Clubs.’” Pittsburgh Courier, October 3, 1942.
“FEP Told of Job Bans in West Coast Shipyards.” Chicago Defender, November 27, 1943.
Fletcher, Michael. “Juanita Jackson Mitchell: Civil Rights Leader Battled Bias in Court.” Baltimore Sun, July 8, 1992.
Fraser, Edna. “Courier Correspondent Finds La Baker Easy to Meet, Know.” Pittsburgh Courier, May 19, 1945.
“GIs Like All-Girls’ Band.” Chicago Defender, December 15, 1945.
“Glory Gals Demonstrate Their Skill.” Afro American, June 20, 1942.
Hall, Chatwood. “Harlem Choir Singer Tours Red Army Camps, Hospitals to Bolster Morale.” Chicago Defender, December 18, 1943.
“Harlem Women Relieve Jersey Work Shortage.” Chicago Defender, February 17, 1945.
Haynes, S. A. “Historic Year Marks Passing of an Era.” Afro American, January 5, 1946.
“Highlights, Footnotes on New York’s Protest Rally.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 27, 1942.
Hill, Herman. “AWVS Members Have Bitter Experience on Crack Train.” Pittsburgh Courier, October 10, 1942.
“Hit Red Cross Jim Crow of Nurses at Bond Rally.” Chicago Defender, March 20, 1943.
“Hotel Bars Muriel Rahn Famous Concert Artists.” Chicago Defender, October 3, 1942.
Hunter, Alberta. “Alberta Hunter Meets Tan Yanks Along Ledo Road.” Afro American, December 23, 1944.
“Ike Selected Hunter Sextet Over America’s Biggest Stars.” Afro American, June 30, 1945.
“Jail Girl Musician in Georgia; All-Male Show Hits.” Chicago Defender, July 13, 1946.
“Jo Baker, Entertainer, Dies Penniless in Europe.” Iowa Bystander, November 19, 1942.
Jones Garrett, Lula. “Lipstick.” Afro American, March 31, 1945.
Jones Garrett, Lula. “Strange Fruit Fine Foil for White Supremacy Lore.” Afro American, March 18, 1944.
Jones, Scoop. “Soldiers Cheer as First Nurses Reach Australia.” Pittsburgh Courier, December 11, 1943.
“Josephine Baker Dies Penniless.” Chicago Defender, November 21, 1942.
“Josephine Baker Reported Dead in Morocco Following Long Illness.” Afro American, November 21, 1942.
“Life on Alcan Highway Described by First Race Woman to Serve There.” Chicago Defender, July 3, 1943.
Lopez, Jacqueline. “Nazis Talk of Wives, Children to Negro Nurses.” Chicago Defender, September 22, 1945.
“Many Protest WAC Band Demobilization at Fort.” Iowa Bystander, July 24, 1944.
“March Plans Big Parley in Chicago.” Chicago Defender, May 1, 1943.
McAlpin, Harry. “Howard Students Picket Jim Crow Restaurant.” Chicago Defender, April 24, 1943.
McCray, George. “12,000 in Chicago Voice Demands for Democracy.” Chicago Defender, July 4, 1942.
“McQuay-Norris Says It Won’t Hire Women.” Afro American, August 12, 1944.
“Mercedes Welcker Writes Song for Women’s Volunteer Service.” Chicago Defender, February 28, 1942.
“Mississippi on Another Rampage; Two 14-Year-Old Boys Lynched!!” Chicago Defender, October 17, 1942.
“Mixed Dancing Barred by USO.” Chicago Defender, November 20, 1943.
“‘Most Dangerous Negro in America’ to Blast Charges by Rep. Mitchell.” Chicago Defender, June 28, 1941.
“MOWM Asks Roosevelt to Appoint Race Commission.” Pittsburgh Courier, July 10, 1943.
“Nazi Prisoners Gloat as U.S. Nurses ‘Get the Works.’” Chicago Defender, January 20, 1945.
“N.J. Law Bars Jim Crow in Raid Shelters.” Chicago Defender, October 10, 1942.
“Not a Toot from WAC Band Since Reorganization.” Iowa Bystander, November 16, 1944.
“Nurses’ Aide Applicant Turned Down Flatly by Red Cross.” Pittsburgh Courier, February 28, 1942.
“Nurses’ Aides Play Vital Role in Our Country’s War Effort.” Pittsburgh Courier, December 19, 1942.
“Only Two Per Cent of N.Y. War Workers Colored.” Afro American, December 22, 1942.
Ottley, Roi. “Dixie Invades Britain.” Negro Digest 3, September 1944.
“Outlook for ‘Americans’ Meet Bright.” Chicago Defender, June 19, 1943.
Pearson, Drew. “The Washington Merry-Go-Round.” Free Lance-Star, October 5, 1944.
Phillips, B. M. “What They Said and Did at March-on-Washington Confab.” Afro American, July 10, 1943.
“Plan Big, ‘Americans Too,’ Chicago Conclave.” Chicago Defender, June 5, 1943.
Porter, Amy. “Servant Problem of Yesterday Now Domestic Crisis.” St. Petersburg Times, December 21, 1941.
“Princess Makes a Paris Comeback.” Chicago Defender, September 1, 1945.
Rea, E. B. “Alberta Hunter, Enchantress Who Set Two Continents Afire, to Settle Down.” Afro American, May 2, 1942.
Rea, E. B. “Encores and Echoes.” Afro American, November 18, 1944.
“Refuse to Give Blood After Red Cross Jim Crow.” Chicago Defender, September 30, 1944.
“Refuse to Give War Bond Pledge to Negro Woman.” Chicago Defender, July 11, 1942.
“Refused Service in Senate Café, Women Protest.” Chicago Defender, September 16, 1944.
Reid, James M. “Maryland Citizens Stage March on Capital; Protest Kill
ings.” Pittsburgh Courier, May 2, 1942.
“Residents of Capital Told ‘Be Prepared.’” Chicago Defender, December 6, 1941.
Rivera, A. M., Jr. “‘Sweethearts’ Defy Threats; Play Festival.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 29, 1946.
“Roosevelt Seizes War Plan in Jim Crow Dispute.” Chicago Defender, December 25, 1943.
“Salt Lake City Whites Object to Negro USO.” Chicago Defender, June 26, 1943.
Sanders, James A. “Doc Wheeler’s USO Unit Hit on European Fronts.” Chicago Defender, October 28, 1944.
“St. Louis Set for City-wide Protest Meet.” Chicago Defender, August 15, 1942.
“Secretary Claims Wrong Impression Has Been Created.” Pittsburgh Courier, March 7, 1942.
Shephard, Joseph. “Bring on D.C. Heat Wave.” Afro American, August 21, 1943.
Smith, Alfred E. “Lena Horne Quits USO Tour in Row over Army Jim Crow.” Chicago Defender, January 6, 1945.
“‘Southern Songbird’ Does Grand Job for Red Cross.” Pittsburgh Courier, May 20, 1944.
Spraggs, Venice. “‘Lady Lobbyist’ Blazes Path in Nation’s Capital.” Chicago Defender, June 16, 1945.
Spraggs, Venice Tipton. “President Truman Raps DAR Ban on Hazel Scott.” Chicago Defender, October 20, 1945.
Spraggs, Venice Tipton. “Women in the National Picture.” Chicago Defender, January 29, 1944.
Stiles Taylor, Rebecca. “Activities of Women’s National Organizations.” Chicago Defender, November 14, 1942.
“Sweaty Hands Prevent Hiring of Negro Girls.” Chicago Defender, November 6, 1943.
“‘Sweethearts’ Get Groovy in Paris.” Chicago Defender, August 25, 1945.
“3 Sisters Now in WAAC; 5 Cousins in Army.” Pittsburgh Courier, June 12, 1943.
Tubbs, Vincent. “Nurses Overseas Anxious to Get to Hospital Posts.” Afro American, April 11, 1944.
“‘Unholy 3’ Fight WACs in ‘Black Ghetto’ Plot.” Chicago Defender, July 7, 1945.
“Urge WAAC to Steer Clear of Jim Crow.” Chicago Defender, June 20, 1942.
“USO Troupe Thrills Doughboys in Persia.” Pittsburgh Courier, January 13, 1945.
“WAACS Make First Public Bow in Style at Fort Des Moines, Iowa.” Chicago Defender, August 15, 1942.
“WAC Disbanded at Ft. Des Moines.” Iowa Bystander, July 24, 1944.
Ward, Henrine. “Local Girl in Britain Tells of First Lady’s Welcome.” Chicago Defender, December 19, 1942.
Waters, Enoch P. “Red Cross Girl Has Fill of ‘Night Life.’” Chicago Defender, October 21, 1944.
Waters, Enoch P. “Two Lynched Boys Were Ace Scrap Iron Collectors in Mississippi Town.” Chicago Defender, March 6, 1943.
“Western Electric Strike Asks Jim-Crow Toilets.” Chicago Defender, October 16, 1943.
Wheatley, Tom. “DeVerne Calloway Dead at 76.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 25, 1993.
Wilhelm, John. “A Chicagoan Wins Air Unit for Her Race.” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 11, 1942.
“Woman, 64, Supervises 80 Truck Farm Workers.” Chicago Defender, March 18, 1944.
“Women Barred from Defense Project Jobs.” Chicago Defender, November 23, 1940.
“Women Protest USES Job Bias in Cincinnati.” Chicago Defender, December 11 1943.
Wong, Willie Lee. “Nazis Gone, Germans Rave over Sweethearts of Rhythm Band.” Chicago Defender, September 8, 1945.
Woods, Howard B. “Hazel Scott Jim Crowed Again; St. Louis Café Bars Pianist.” Chicago Defender, October 27, 1945.
Woods, Howard B. “Negro Women in St. Louis Plant After FEP Probe.” Chicago Defender, March 10, 1945.
“Youth Leader Jailed, Beaten by Ala. Cops as Jim Crow Sign Moved.” California Eagle, December 18, 1942.
Zack, Eugene C. “DAR Blames U.S. Laws for Hazel Scott Ban.” Chicago Defender, December 22, 1945.
Video
Army Pictorial Service, Signal Corps, “The Stilwell Road.” www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aQdcAd-ERA.
Websites
Documenting the American South: Oral Histories of the American South. Oral history interview with Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976. Interview G-0044. Southern Oral History Program Collection. http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0044/menu.html.
Flagstaff Oral History Project. Oral history interview with Grady and Hazel Neal, January 16, 1976. http://archive.library.nau.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/cpa&CISOPTR=64416&CISOBOX=1&REC=12.
Goldthwaite, Carmen. “Bonham Musicians Back Future Opera Star.” www.carmengoldthwaite.com/images/003sample%20robertadodd.doc.
Interview with DeVerne Calloway. Western Historical Manuscript Collection. University of Missouri-St. Louis. http://www.umsl.edu/~whmc/guides/t016.htm.
Library of Congress. Hope for America. http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/hopeforamerica/causesandcontroversies/entertainingthetroops/ExhibitObjects/BolsteringMorale.aspx.
The Missouri Women’s Council Presents “Outstanding Women of Missouri” Travelling History Exhibit. http://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/Calloway.html.
Riverwalk Jazz. “International Sweethearts of Rhythm: America’s #1 All-Girl Band.” JazzNotes, March 10, 2011. www.riverwalkjazz.org/jazznotes/intl_sweethearts.
“Roberta Dodd Crawford.” Texas State Historical Association. http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcr69.
Veterans’ History Project of the Library of Congress. Interview Transcript: Prudence Burns Burrell. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.04747/transcript?ID=sr0001.
Veterans’ History Project of the Library of Congress. Interview Transcript: Essie Dell O’Bryant Woods. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.04741/transcript?ID=sr0001.
Willie Mae Cotright, Mary Newson, Aller Hunter interviews. Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley Library. http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/rosie.
“Women andJazz: International Sweethearts of Rhythm.” National Museum of American History. Live Webcast from Carmichael Auditorium, March 30, 2011. http://americanhistory.si.edu/webcast/jam2011_women.html.
“Women in Journalism Oral History Project.” Washington Press Club Foundation. http://beta.wpcf.org/oralhistory/payn3.html.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.
acting roles, 199–200, 201
“Activities of Women’s National Organizations” (Taylor), 34
Adams, Charity, 91, 109–10, 111
Adams, Osceola Macarthy, 161
Adelmond, Charlotte, 147
African Campaign Ribbons, 123–24
Afro American (newspaper), 15, 24, 32, 206, 209, 210
AFRS (Armed Forces Radio Service), 215
AFT (American Federation of Teachers), 45, 238
Aikens, Mattie L., 122
air raid drills, 149–51
Albin, Thelma, 113
Alcan Highway, 181, 182
Alexander, Frances, 105, 108
Alexander, Hattie, 22, 23
Alfred, Coretta, 222–25
Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA), 72
Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, 24
American Association of Nurses (ANA), 74
American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 45, 238
“American Women for Defense” (Welcker-Jordan), 157–58
American Women’s Volunteer Service (AWVS), 156–62
ammunition workers, 15–16
Amos, Helen, 105
Anderson, Birdie Beal, 60–61
Anderson, Laura, 184, 185
Anderson, Marian, 3, 231–32
Anderson, Mildred, 35
Annapolis, Maryland, 65–67
Argonaut (train), 160
Arle-Titz, Coretti, 223
Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), 215
Armstrong, Henry “Hurricane Hank,” 159
Army Air Corps, 44
Army Nurse Corps, 73–74, 77. See also nurses
army posts, 26–27
Army Service Forces (ASF) Band, 2
27–29
Ashmore, Mayvee, 107
Askins, Violet, 105
Askins, Ward, 91
Atlanta University School of Social Work, 147
Attucks, Crispus, 165
Austin, Elsie, 170
Austria, 211
aviation industry, 10, 27–31
Baham, Rita, 59
Bailey, M. Virginia, 189
Baker, Josephine “Jo,” 219–22, 220, 234
Baldwin, Beulah, 125
Baltimore, Maryland, 146
Banks, Henrine Ward, 190–91
Barger, Sylvia, 59
Barnes, Margaret, 106
Barrow, Wilhelmina, 188
Barttow, Robert, 189
Bass, Charlotta, 33
Bates, Alva, 147
Bearden, Bessye, 52
Beauticians Volunteer Corps, 148
Bell, Ethel, 7
Bell, Roberta, 23
Bennett, Blanche, 147
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 52, 69–72, 71, 88, 91, 95–96, 162–63
Bethune-Cookman College, 70
Big Bertha bus, 213
Birch, La Verne, 186
Black Cabinet, 71–72
blackout tests, 150–51
black-owned newspapers, 31–37
Blackwell, Olive, 186
Bland, Consuela, 105–6
Bland, Marjorie, 106
block plan system, 144
blood drives, 173–75, 192
Bluefield Daily Telegraph, 101
Bluford, Lucile, 172
Boggess, Eva, 123
bond drives, 147, 148–49, 197–98, 229
bond rally incident, 151–52
Booker T. Washington Red Cross Club, 191
Boston Common USO center, 167–68
Bowen, Iva, 207, 208
Boyd, Norma E., 72
Bracey, Eleanor, 108
Braddy, Pauline, 213–14
Branker, Dorothy, 125
Briggs, Arthur, 211
Briggs, Diana, 34–35
Bristol, England, 180–81
Brooks, J. Clarice, 179–80
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 24, 42
Brown, Birdie, 125, 126, 128
Brown, Jeanetta Welch, 26
Brown, Lovonia, 162–63
Brown, Sydney Taylor, 177–78, 186
Brown, Willa, 27–31, 28
Brown v. Board of Education, 235, 238
Bryant, Clora, 213–14
Bryant, Willie, 206
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