The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

49. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Theodore Roosevelt of U.S.A.” (May 12 to September 9, 1869).

  50. Ibid., “My Journal in Switzerland” (August 15, 1869).

  51. Ibid., diary entry (August 6, 1869).

  52. Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869), diary entry (September 13, 1869).

  53. Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869).

  54. “Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka, Design Museums Touring Exhibition,” Dresden National History Museum Catalog. Dresden Historical Center, Germany. The museum was torn down in 1944 (online: no author).

  55. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in Prussia” (October 21 to October 28, 1869).

  56. Ibid. (October 26, 1869).

  57. Ibid. (December 3 to December 31, 1869).

  58. Ibid.

  59. Ibid., “My Journal in Italy” (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (December 21, 1869).

  60. Ibid., “My Journal in Italy,” entries (January 17, 18, 19, 1870).

  61. Ibid. (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (March 1, 1870).

  62. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 20.

  63. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in England” (May 25 to September 10, 1870).

  64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 4.

  65. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Now My Journal in the United States” (May 25 to September 10, 1870), entry (June 6, 1871, Spuyten Duyvil, New York).

  66. W. H. H. Murray, Adventures in the Wilderness; Or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston, Mass.: Fields, Osgood, 1869).

  67. Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of the Adirondacks (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), pp. 68–71.

  68. Thomas Jefferson quoted ibid., p. 22.

  69. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and the White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 4, 1871, Plattsburgh, New York).

  70. T.R. to Josephine Dodge Daskam (May 7, 1901).

  71. James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneer (Riverside, Cambridge: D. Appleton & Company, 1876), p. 247. Also see Hugh C. MacDougall, “James Fenimore Cooper: Pioneer of the Environmental Movement,” James Fenimore Cooper Society Archives (online). This talk was first written in April 1990 for a program on Earth Day; since then it has been given, with minor changes, before a number of audiences in the Cooperstown area. The version cited here was given in 1999 to the Adirondack Club in Oneonta.

  72. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 18, 1871).

  73. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 2.

  74. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 9.

  75. Emlen Roosevelt quoted in Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), p. 35.

  76. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 7–8.

  77. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, pp. 29–30.

  78. History of American Museum of Natural History, New York, Founding Documents. (File.)

  79. “New York’s New Museum,” New York Times (December 23, 1877), p. 1.

  80. Carter B. Horsley, “The Museum of Natural History,” in The Upper West Side Book (City Review, 2007).

  81. “Natural History Museum: Costly Building in Central Park,” New York Times (December 20, 1877), p. 2.

  82. “New York’s New Museum.”

  83. Joseph Wallace, A Gathering of Wonders: Behind the Scenes at the American Museum of Natural History (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 142.

  84. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 118.

  85. American Museum of Natural History, Founding Documents.

  86. For an interpretation of racism, imperialism, and sexism in the American Museum of Natural History’s Roosevelt memorial, see Donna Haraway, “Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908–1936,” Social Text, No. 11 (Winter 1984–1985), pp. 20–64.

  2: ANIMAL RIGHTS AND EVOLUTION

  1. Stephen Zawistowski, “Companion Animal Population—Historical Context and Future Directions,” SPAY USA Conference (July 7, 2000). (Transcript.)

  2. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 98.

  3. Steve Zawistowski, Companion Animals in Society (Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomas Delmar Learning, 2008), pp. 53–55.

  4. T.R. to Mark Sullivan (September 9, 1908).

  5. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 434–35. The quotation first appeared in Outlook (January 25, 1913).

  6. Ibid.

  7. Gary Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1996), p. 6.

  8. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (July 16, 1901).

  9. Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “When Human Rights Extend to Non Humans,” New York Times (July 13, 2008), p. 3.

  10. Henry Bergh Clipping File, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Archives, New York.

  11. Mildred Mastin Pace, Friend of Animals: The Story of Henry Bergh (New York: Scribner, 1942), pp. 25–27.

  12. Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (New York: Eckler Edition, 1915), pp. 67–68.

  13. Stephen Zawistowski to Douglas Brinkley, May 7, 2008.

  14. Henry Bergh Clipping File, ASPCA Archives, New York.

  15. Bergh quoted in Pace, Friend of Animals, p. 31.

  16. William C. Spragens (ed.), Popular Images of American Presidents (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988), p. 187.

  17. ASPCA Chapter Archive, New York. See also Letters to the Editor, New York Times (July 23, 1868), p. 2.

  18. Murat Halstead, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt: The Twenty-Fifth President of the United States (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1902), pp. 28–29.

  19. Roswell Cheney McCrea, The Humane Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), p. 150.

  20. A. H. Saxon, P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 233–238. Also see Lane and Zawistowski, Heritage of Care, pp. 24–25.

  21. Pace, Friend of Animals, pp. 34–118. Also see Henry Bergh Clipping Files, ASPCA Archive.

  22. Ibid., pp. 41–48.

  23. “The Real Story of Mary Ellen Wilson” (October 2008), American Humane Archive, Englewood, Col. (Online pamphlet.)

  24. “Protection for Children,” New York Times (December 17, 1874), p. 3.

  25. Halstead, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 30.

  26. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 39–40.

  27. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), diary entries (October 15 to October 25, 1872), Ship.

  28. Joel Ellis Holloway, Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names (Portland, Ore.: Timber, 2003), p. 25.

  29. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 18 (May 1918), pp. 321–329.

  30. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 32.

  31. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873) entry (October 25, 1872), Liverpool.

  32. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 7.

  33. “On the Return of the Arab Courier,” Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Clipping File), Pittsburgh, Pa.

  34. Ibid.

  35. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (November 1, 1872), Liverpool.

  36. Ibid. (November 28, 1872), Alexandria.

  37. Ibid. (November 30, 1872), Cairo.

  38. Ibid. (December 1, 1872), Cairo.

  39. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 19–20.
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  40. T.R., My Life as a Naturalist, pp. 321–333.

  41. Ibid., pp. 321–325.

  42. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (December 29, 1872).

  43. Ibid. (February 24, 1873), Jerusalem.

  44. Ibid. (March 4, 1873), Mart Saba.

  45. Ibid. (March 17, 1873), Damascus.

  46. Ibid. (March 6, 1873), several miles from Hebron.

  47. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 69.

  48. Mayne Reid, The Boy Hunters (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), pp. 63–67.

  49. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), April.

  50. Ibid. (April 28, 1873), Vienna.

  51. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921). pp. 77–78.

  52. Henry James, Madonna of the Future (London: Macmillan, 1883), p. 38.

  53. Janet Browne, Darwin’s Origin of Species (New York: Grove, 2008), pp. 99–100.

  54. Ernst Mayr, “Darwin’s Influence on Modern Thought,” Scientific Review (July 2000), pp. 79–83.

  55. T.R. to Oliver Wendell Holmes (October 21, 1904).

  56. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 23, 1904).

  57. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859 edition), pp. 665–666. Original first edition published in November 1859.

  58. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”

  59. Reverend Alfred Charles Smith, The Attractions of the Nile and Its Banks, a Journal of Travel in Egypt and Nubia (London: John Murray, Albemarle Sheet, 1900).

  60. Charles Darwin, On the Origins of Species, 1st ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 62–81. (Facsimile reprint.)

  61. Browne, Darwin’s Origin of Species, p. 14.

  62. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (July 16, 1901).

  63. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (October 5, 1873), and Theodore Roosevelt’s Diaries of Boyhood and Youth (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1928).

  64. Edward J. Larson, Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory (New York: Modern Library, 2004), p. 88.

  65. Ibid.

  3: OF SCIENCE, FISH, AND ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT

  1. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (July 13, 1873).

  2. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 70; and Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 75.

  3. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 19–20.

  4. Steve Zawistowski, Companion Animals in Society (Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomas Delmar Learning, 2008), p. 54.

  5. Nancy Pick, The Rarest of the Rare: Stories behind the Treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 17.

  6. Roosevelt Museum Minutes (December 26, 1873). Also quoted in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 6–81.

  7. Roosevelt Museum Minutes (April 6, 1874).

  8. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 75.

  9. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 23–25.

  10. Aaron Sachs, The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism (New York: Viking Adult, 2006).

  11. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 18 (May 1918).

  12. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 65.

  13. Pick, The Rarest of the Rare, p. 8.

  14. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 75–76.

  15. Jesse Merritt, “A Brief History of the Town of Oyster Bay,” Oyster Bay Historical Society (July 2003).

  16. John Hammond, “The Early Settlement of Oyster Bay,” Freeholder: The Oyster Bay Historical Society (September 2003).

  17. John Rather, “Notable ‘Firsts,’” New York Times (September 28, 1997).

  18. T.R. Boyhood Diaries (1874–1876), Houghton Library, Harvard University.

  19. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”

  20. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 1–3.

  21. Aldo Leopold, “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 19 (1921), p. 719.

  22. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil (New York: Norton, 2000), p. 277.

  23. Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 U.S.C. 1131–1136, 78 Stat. 890)—Public Law 88–577 (approved September 3, 1964), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archives.

  24. “Roosevelt’s Boyhood Life in Adirondacks Is Recalled by Guide,” Adirondack Enterprise (January 28, 1930). Special thanks to Michele Tucker, Curator of the Adirondack Research Room in the Saranac Lake Free Library, Saranac Lake, N.Y.

  25. T.R., “Journal of a Trip to the Adirondacks.”

  26. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”

  27. T.R., “Notes on the Fauna of the Adirondack Mountains.”

  28. Paul W. B. Joslin, “Movements and Home Sites of Timber Wolves in Algonquin Park,” American Zoologist (1969), pp. 279–288.

  29. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 1st ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 490. (Facsimile.)

  30. Anthony DePalma, “A Rising Number of Birds at Risk,” New York Times (December 1, 2007).

  31. Fred J. Alsop, Birds of North America—Eastern Region (New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2001), pp. 545–550.

  32. Mayne Reid, The Boy Hunters, Or Adventures in Search of a White Buffalo (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), pp. 8–9.

  33. Janet E. Buerger, “Ultima Thule: American Myth, Frontier, and the Artist-Priest in Early American Photography,” American Art, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter 1992), pp. 82–103.

  34. Robert M. Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Holt, 1997), pp. 156–285.

  35. Institute for Government Research, The U.S. Geological Survey: Its History, Activities, and Organization (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1919), p. 9.

  36. Clarence King, U.S. Geological Survey 1st Annual Report (1880), p. 4. Also quoted in “The Four Great Surveys of the West,” United States Geological Survey, C1050 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Interior, 2000).

  37. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York: Knopf, 1966), pp. xiii—xiv.

  38. Ibid. Also “History of Yosemite” Files, Yosemite National Park Archive, California.

  39. Lary M. Dilsaver, America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), p. 28.

  40. Stacey Bredhoff, American Originals (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), p. 58.

  41. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 74–81.

  42. Text of Benjamin Harrison’s Official Chugach Proclamation, Chugach National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Archives, Washington, D.C.

  43. “The National Wildlife Refuge System: Promises for a New Century” (Shepherdstown, W. Va.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archive, 2003).

  44. Scott Weidensaul, Return to Wild America (New York: North Point, 2005), pp. 321–345.

  45. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 20–21.

  46. Bill Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” Newsday (October 6, 1985).

  47. Ibid., p. 11.

  48. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 22.

  49. Nathan Miller, The Roosevelt Chronicles: A Story of a Great American Family (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979), p. 142.

  50. William S. Spragens, Popular Images of American Presidents (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988).

  51. John A. Gable, “Robert B. Roosevelt,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Fall 1983), p. 13. D
r. Gable, former executive director of the Theodore Roosevelt Association (TRA) in Oyster Bay, N.Y., gave me access to two blue-bound “House of Roosevelt” volumes filled with R.B.R.’s letters and diaries. When I cite R.B.R. Papers, TRA, this is what I am referring to.

  52. Robert B. Roosevelt, Five Acres Too Much (New York: Harper, 1869), pp. 19–20.

  53. Horace Greeley to R.B.R. (April 5, 1871), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.

  54. “President’s Uncle, R.B. Roosevelt, Dead,” New York Times (June 15, 1906), p. 9.

  55. Bill Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” Newsday (October 6, 1985), p. 27.

  56. Miller, The Roosevelt Chronicles, p. 147.

  57. Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” p. 11. Also see Robert B. Roosevelt to Rutherford B. Hayes (April 4, 1880), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.

  58. M. Fortescue Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt” (unpublished, October 12, 1936). (Given to author by John A. Gable.) [n.d.] pp. 120–124.

  59. Robert B. Roosevelt, “Is the Turtle a Fish?” Diary Entry (or Notes), R.B.R. [n.d.] Papers, TRA.

  60. Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings,” Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York, N.Y.

  61. Author interview, P. J. Roosevelt, New York, N.Y. (June 1995).

  62. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 21.

  63. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 12.

  64. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001).

  65. Frank Forester, The Warwick Woodlands (Philadelphia, Pa.: G. B. Zieber, 1845).

  66. Henry William Herbert, Frank Forester’s Field Sports of the United States, Vol. 1 (New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1848), p. 12.

  67. James A. Tober, Who Owns the Wild-life? The Political Economy of Conservation in Nineteenth Century America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981), pp. 48–54. Also see George Bird Grinnell, “American Game Protection: A Sketch” in George Bird Grinnell and Charles Sheldon (eds.), Hunting and Conservation: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1925), pp. 221–224.

  68. Bigelow quoted in Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt.”

  69. Paul Schullery, “Hope for the Hook and Bullet Press,” New York Times (September 22, 1985), sec. 7, page 1.

  70. Charles Hallock, Vacation Rambles in Michigan (Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, 1877).