The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

  57. Ibid., p. 19.

  58. Ibid., p. 21.

  59. William Wingate Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt (T.R.) (New York: Harper, 1919), p. 5.

  60. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 19.

  61. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 5.

  62. Ibid., p. 4.

  63. Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 5.

  64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 79–83. Coues had signed Birds of the Colorado Valley to: “Theodore Roosevelt (from the author), Jan. 1879.”

  65. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 6.

  66. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 20.

  67. T.R., Outlook (July 27, 1912); and address at Saint Louis, Mo. (May 31, 1916), Mem. Ed. 24, p. 483.

  68. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (September 14, 1879).

  69. Ibid.

  70. Thoreau, The Maine Woods, p. 120.

  71. Steven M. Cox and Kris Fulsaas, Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (Seattle, Wash.: Mountaineers, 2003), pp. 16–17. First printed 1960.

  72. Yagyu Munenori, “Martial Arts: The Book of Family Traditions” in Thomas Cleary (ed.) Soul of the Samurai (North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2005), pp. 78–79.

  73. Lewis Carroll, The Hunting of the Snark: An Agony in Eight Fits (New York: Pantheon, 1966), p. 26. (Originally published 1876; Alice through the Looking-Glass was earlier, 1872.)

  74. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 163, Also see John Watterson, The Games Presidents Play (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 68.

  75. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 17.

  5: MIDWEST TRAMPING AND THE CONQUERING OF THE MATTERHORN

  1. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 112.

  2. Castle Freeman, Jr., “Owen Wister: Brief Life of a Western Mythmaker, 1860–1938,” Harvard Magazine (July—August 2002), p. 42.

  3. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship 1880–1919 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930), pp. 4–8.

  4. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 210–211. McCullough believes very strongly that Wister was playing Parson Weems when writing up the boxing story in his memoir.

  5. Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship 1880–1919, pp. 4–7.

  6. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), p. 178.

  7. Ibid., p. 179.

  8. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 122.

  9. Kay Redfield Jamison, Exuberance: The Passion for Life (New York: Random House, 2004), pp. 8–21.

  10. Ibid., pp. 131–132.

  11. Winthrop Chandler, Roman Springs: Memoirs (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 195.

  12. T.R., An Autobiography (New York, Macmillan, 1913), p. 7.

  13. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, p. 134.

  14. “Theodore Roosevelt, Student,” New York Times (June 12, 1907), p. 8.

  15. T.R. College Diary (May 5, 1880).

  16. Louis Hawes, “A Sketchbook by Thomas Cole,” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1956), pp. 2–23. The diaries of Thomas Cole have been underappreciated by environmental historians. Take, for example, his eloquent entry about the significance of trees in his life: “Treading the mosses of the forest, my attention has often been attracted by the appearance of action and expression in trees. I have been led to reflect upon the fine effects they produce, and to look into the causes. They spring from some resemblance to man…. Exposed to adversity and agitations, they battle for existence or supremacy. On the mountain, exposed to the blasts, trees grasp the crags with their gnarled roots, and struggle with the elements with wild contortions.” In Rev. Louis L. Noble, The Life and Works of Thomas Cole (New York: Cornish, Lamport, 1853), pp. 125–126.

  17. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (July 24, 1880).

  18. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ed.), Hunting Big Game in the Eighties: The Letters of Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1933), pp. ix–x.

  19. Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo, 1992), p. 5.

  20. Elliott Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt Senior (February 20, 1876) in Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ed.), Hunting Big Game in the Eighties, p. 20.

  21. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 58–61.

  22. Francis Parkman, Oregon Trail (New York: Charles E. Merrill, 1910). Originally published in 1849 as The California and Oregon Trail, though Parkman had never visited California. Later he denounced that title as a “publisher’s trick” designed to increase sales.

  23. T.R. quoted in Independent (November 24, 1892), Mem. Ed. 14, p. 286.

  24. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 17, 1880).

  25. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991), p. 19.

  26. Washington Irving, A Tour on the Prairies (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1956). Originally published as part of The Crayon Miscellany, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard, 1835).

  27. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 22, 1880).

  28. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 19, 1880).

  29. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 450.

  30. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 22, 1880).

  31. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (August 25, 1880).

  32. Ibid.

  33. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 24, 1880).

  34. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (September 12, 1880).

  35. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 27, 1880).

  36. Vachel Lindsay, “Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight,” in The Congo and Other Poems (New York: Macmillan, 1914).

  37. History of Western Iowa: Its Settlement and Growth (Sioux City, Iowa: Western, 1882), p. 505.

  38. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 5, 1880).

  39. History of Western Iowa, p. 534.

  40. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 8, 1880).

  41. Emily Dickinson, “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass” (number 986, “The Snake”), Springfield Republican (February 14, 1866).

  42. T.R. to Liberty Hyde Bailey (August 10, 1908),

  43. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (September 12, 1880) in Letters, Vol. 1, p. 46. Also in Corinne Roosevelt, My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), p. 114.

  44. “Residential Notes” (Visitors’ Center, Fargo-Morehead Convention and Visitors’ Bureau, 2008).

  45. Bruce Watson, “World’s Unlikeliest Bestseller,” Smithsonian (August 2005).

  46. “Red River State Park” (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2008). (Pamphlet.)

  47. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 14, 1880).

  48. Ibid. (September 24, 1880).

  49. Ibid. (September 21, 1880).

  50. Ibid. (September 22 and 23, 1880).

  51. Thomas L. Altherr and John F. Reiger, “Academic Historians and Hunting: A Call for More and Better Scholarship,” Environmental History Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 39–56.

  52. “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: Part II,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: Hunting Trips on the Prairie and in the Mountains (New York and London: Putnam, 1902), p. 121. (Originally printed by Putnam, 1885.)

  53. “History of Cattle Ranching: Cattle Industry,” Bill Lane Center for the Study of the North American West, Stanford University.

  54. T.R., “Midwest Tramping Diary” (September 30, 1880).

  55. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 108–09.

  56. T.R. Private Diaries, 1878–1885 (October 27, 1880).

  57. Ibid. (March 24, 1881).

  58. T.R., “Sou’-Sou’-Southerly,” Introduction by John Rousmaniere, pp.
70–75. Also see D. J. Philippon, “Theodore Roosevelt’s ‘Sou-Sou’-Southerly’: An Unappreciated Nature Essay,” North Dakota Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Winter 1997), pp. 83–92.

  59. T.R., “Sou’-Sou’-Southerly,” Gray’s Sporting Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3 (Fall 1988), p. 75. (Originally written in March 1881, the article in Gray’s includes, as noted above, a brief introduction by John Rousmaniere.)

  60. Ibid.

  61. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 224.

  62. T.R. Honeymoon Diary (July 5, 1881).

  63. T.R. to Bill Sewall (September 5, 1881).

  64. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (September 5, 1881).

  65. Edward Whymper, The Ascent of the Matterhorn (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1880).

  66. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 5, 1881).

  67. Louis S. Warren, The Hunter’s Game: Poachers and Conservationists in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 180.

  68. T.R. to Bill Sewall (September, 1881).

  69. Isaac Hunt, Oral History, Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, N.Y. Also see Lisa Slaski, “Hon. Isaac L. Newton: From Salisbury, New York, to Jefferson County, New York” (Herkimer County Historical Society). (June 2008, online.)

  70. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 162.

  71. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), p. 124.

  72. Elting E. Morison and John Blum (eds.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951–1954), Vol. I, p. 1450.

  73. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 67–68.

  74. William Healey Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird: A Biography (Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1915), pp. 396–419.

  75. Elmer Charles Herber, Correspondence between Spencer Fullerton Baird and Louis Agassiz: Two Pioneer American Naturalists (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1963), pp. 6–9.

  76. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, pp. 416–432.

  77. E. F. Rivinus and E. M. Youssef, Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), p. 1.

  78. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (April 25, 1882), quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 136. Cutright claims that these letters were housed with the Baird Collection at the Smithsonian Institution, but the Smithsonian simply doesn’t have them in its archive.

  79. T.R. to Spencer F. Baird (April 27, 1882), ibid., p. 136.

  80. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (April 28, 1882), ibid.

  81. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic, pp. 119–120.

  82. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (May 26, 1882), ibid., p. 137.

  83. Ibid., pp. 138–139.

  6: CHASING BUFFALO IN THE BADLANDS AND GRIZZLIES IN THE BIGHORNS

  1. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: Sketches of Sport in the Northern Cattle Plains (New York and London: Putnam, 1885), pp. 240–269.

  2. Frances Theodora Parsons, Perchance Some Day (New York: Privately published, 1951). Also Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 146.

  3. T.R. Private Diaries (January 3, 1883).

  4. Hermann Hagedorn, The Roosevelt Family of Sagamore Hill (New York: Macmillan, 1954), pp. 5–10.

  5. Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, House History (Archives), Oyster Bay, New York. Also see “Theodore Roosevelt at Home,” American Monthly Review of Reviews, Vol. 18 (July–December 1898), pp. 594–595.

  6. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), pp. 54–55.

  7. “The Northern Pacific,” New York Times (September 9, 1883), p. 2.

  8. Eugene V. Smalley, History of the Northern Pacific Railroad (New York: Putnam, 1883), p. v.

  9. Hiram Rogers, Exploring the Black Hills and the Badlands (Boulder, Col.: Johnson, 1999), p. 179.

  10. John Roach, “Dinosaur Mummy Found; Has Intact Skin, Tissue,” National Geographic News (December 3, 2007).

  11. John P. Bluemle, “North Dakota’s Petrified Forest,” North Dakota Notes Number 3 (North Dakota Geological Survey, 2002). (Online.)

  12. “Henry H. Gorringe Dead,” New York Times (July 7, 1885), p. 5.

  13. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 198.

  14. Chester L. Brooks and Ray H. Mattison, Theodore Roosevelt and the Dakota Badlands (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1958), p. 3.

  15. Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 278.

  16. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (February 20, 1883).

  17. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888).

  18. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), pp. 309–310.

  19. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 32–33.

  20. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (September 4, 1883).

  21. Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (New York: Holt, 1993).

  22. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 54.

  23. James S. Brisbin, The Beef Bonanza; or, How to Get Rich on the Plains (Philadelphia, Pa.: James Lippencott, 1881), p. 90. Also see David Dary, Cowboy Culture: A Saga of Five Centuries (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), pp. 308–331.

  24. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), p. 40.

  25. Dary, Cowboy Culture, pp. xi—xiii, and p. 83.

  26. Harold E. Briggs, “The Development and Decline of Open Range Ranching in the Northwest,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 20, No. 4 (March 1934), pp. 521–536.

  27. Peter Applebome, “Wrangling over Where Rodeo Began,” New York Times (June 18, 1989).

  28. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 206.

  29. David A. Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal, rev. ed. (Athens: Swallow/Ohio University Press, 1989), p. 42.

  30. Henry Remsen Tilton, “After the Nez Perces,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 9, No. 21 (December 27, 1877), pp. 403–404. Cited in Dary, The Buffalo Book.

  31. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 10.

  32. Champ Clark, The Badlands (New York: Time-Life Books, 1974), pp. 112–113.

  33. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia and London: Lippincott, 1926), p. 31.

  34. Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 45.

  35. J. A. Allen, “The Little Missouri ‘Bad Lands,’” American Naturalist, Vol. 10, No. 4 (April 1876), pp. 207–216.

  36. Ibid., p. 135.

  37. Lewis F. Crawford, Badlands and Bronco Trails (Bismarck, N.D.: Capital, 1922), pp. 11–12.

  38. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 31–32.

  39. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 10–12.

  40. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 100.

  41. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 14.

  42. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 230.

  43. Thomas Berger, Little Big Man (New York: Delacorte/Seymour Lawrence, 1964), p. 47.

  44. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 249–250

  45. T.R. Diary (August 24, 1884).

  46. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 13–16.

  47. Brooks and Mattison, Theodore Roosevelt and the Dakota Badlands, p. 18.

  48. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, pp. 101–102.

  49. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 330.

  50. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 24.

  51. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, pp. 366–367.

  52. Ibid., p. 105.

  53. T.R. to Casper Whitney (January 31, 1908, a form statement about hunting).

  54. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 263.

  55. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 36.
/>
  56. Ibid., p. 37.

  57. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 268.

  58. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bed Lands, p. 45.

  59. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 345.

  60. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States 1880–1917 (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 170–184.

  61. Ibid., p. 61.

  62. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, p. 364.

  63. Larry Barsness and Ron Tyler, Heads, Hides, and Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985), p. 132.

  64. Dary, The Buffalo Book, pp. 196–197.

  65. T.R. to Jonas S. Van Duzer (November 20, 1883).

  66. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 87.

  67. T.R. to Alice Lee Roosevelt (February 6, 1884).

  68. Quoted in Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 196.

  69. Steven J. Peitzman, “From Dropsy to Bright’s Disease to End-Stage Renal Disorder” Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 67, Suppl. 1, Framing Disease: The Creation Negotiation of Explanatory Schemes (1989), pp. 16–32.

  70. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 241.

  71. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 386–388.

  72. New York Sun and New York Times (February 17, 1884).

  73. T.R. Private Diaries (February 14 and 16, 1884).

  74. William Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harper, 1919), p. 11.

  75. Quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 390–393.

  76. T.R. Private Diaries (June 9, 1884).

  77. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 452.

  78. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trial, p. 81.

  79. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 182.

  80. T.R. to Bill Sewall (July 6, 1884), in Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 14.

  81. New York Tribune (July 28, 1884).

  82. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, Chimney Butte Ranch (August 12, 1884).

  83. Bill Sewall quoted in David McCullough, Brave Companions: Portraits in History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 62.

  84. Elers Koch, “Big Game in Montana from Early Historical Records,” Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 5, No. 4 (October 1941), pp. 357–369.

  85. Don G. Despain, “Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in Relation to Substrate and Climate,” Ecological Monographs, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1973), pp. 329–355.