Empires of the Mind

by Robert Gildea

  39 Jonathan Raban, ‘The Greatest Gulf’, The Guardian, 19 Apr. 2003.

  40 The Independent, 17 Apr. 2003, cited in Gregory, The Colonial Present, 213.

  41 Euan Ferguson, The Observer, 8 June 2003; Phil Reeves, The Independent, 27 Apr. 2003, cited by Gregory, The Colonial Present, 225.

  42 Report of the Iraq Inquiry, III: 213.

  43 Assessment by Joint Intelligence Committee, 3 Sept. 2003, Report of the Iraq Inquiry, VII: 257.

  44 Gregory, The Colonial Present, 232–6.

  45 The New Yorker, 10 May 2004.

  46 Randall Robinson, An Unbroken Agony. Haiti, from Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 159–222; Alex Dupuy, The Prophet and the Power. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community and Haiti (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 173–5.

  47 Denis Lacorne, ‘Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspective’, in Tony Judt and Denis Lacorne (eds.), With Us or Against Us. Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 39.

  48 See note 9.

  49 Milan Mai, 7/7. The London Bombings, Islam and the Iraq War (London: Pluto Press, 2006), 155.

  50 Beckford et al., Muslims in Prison, 69, 84, 278.

  51 Beckford et al., Muslims in Prison, 225.

  52 Gilles Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone (Paris: Gallimard, 2015), 60–1.

  53 Paola Mattei and Andrew S. Aguilar, Secular Institutions, Islam, and Education Policy. France and the U.S. in Comparative Perspective (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 95–101.

  54 www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000444898.

  55 Houria Bouteldja and Sadri Khiari, Nous sommes les Indigènes de la République (Paris: Éditions Amsterdam, 2012), 27.

  56 Bouteldja and Khiari, Nous sommes les Indigènes, 19–22.

  57 Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, ‘Les enseignements de l’étude conduite à Toulouse sur la mémoire coloniale’, in Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel and Sandrine Lemaire (eds.), La Fracture coloniale. La société française au prisme de l’héritage colonial (Paris: La Découverte, 2005), 247–54.

  58 Ted Cantle, Community Cohesion. A New Framework for Race and Diversity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 11.

  59 Niall Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2003), xii–xxv.

  60 Niall Ferguson, Colossus. The Rise and Fall of the American Empire (London: Allen Lane, 2004).

  61 James C. Bennett, The Anglosphere Challenge. Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 3–7, 79–81, 287; Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce, Shadows of Empire. The Anglosphere in British Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018), 128–9.

  62 Andrew Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006), xi, 2, 635–6, 647–8.

  63 Paul Gilroy, After Empire. Melancholia or Convivial Culture? (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), 102.

  64 Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag. The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (London: Pimlico, 2005), xi–xiv.

  65 David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged. Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), 4–8.

  66 Mai, 7/7, 25–50, 81–4; Khosrokhavar, Inside Jihadism, 221–3; Faisal Devji, The Terrorist in Search of Humanity. Militant Islam and Global Politics (London: Hurst, 2008).

  67 Mai, 7/7, 131; Frank Ledwige, Investment in Blood. The Real Cost of Britain’s Afghan War (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2013), 202–3.

  68 Mai, 7/7, 149.

  69 Ian Cobain, Cruel Britannia. A Secret History of Torture (London: Portobello Books, 2012), 246.

  70 http://vigile.quebec/The-Duty-to-Integrate-Shared.

  71 Sayeeda Warsi, The Enemy Within. A Tale of Muslim Britain (London: Allen Lane, 2017), 41.

  72 Tyler Stovall, ‘Diversity and Difference in Postcolonial France’, in Charles Forsdick and David Murphy (eds.), Postcolonial Thought in the French-Speaking World (Liverpool University Press, 2009), 259–68.

  73 Didier Fassin, Enforcing Order. An Ethnography of Urban Policing (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013), 37–8, 98–9.

  74 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 35–47.

  75 John R. Bowen, Can Islam be French? Pluralism and Pragmatism in a Secular State (Princeton University Press, 2010), 42.

  76 Michel Kokoreff, ‘The Political Dimension of the 2005 Riots’, in David Waddington, Fabien Jobard and Mike King (eds.), Rioting in the UK and France. A Comparative Perspective (Cullompton: Willan, 2009), 148.

  77 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 40. HLM are council-built high-rise flats.

  78 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 48–55.

  79 Le Monde, 13 May 2005.

  80 Le Monde, 7 May 2005.

  81 Le Monde, 17 May 2015.

  82 Le Monde, 31 May 2005.

  83 Blair, A Journey, 526.

  84 Anthony Barnett, The Lure of Greatness. England’s Brexit and America’s Trump (London: Unbound, 2017), 266–7.

  85 Christian Marazzi, ‘The Violence of Financial Capitalism’, in Andrea Fumagalli and Sandro Mezzadra (eds.), Crisis in the Global Economy. Financial Markets, Social Struggles and New Political Scenarios (Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2010), 17–59; Joseph Stiglitz, ‘The Financial Crisis of 2007–8 and Its Macroeconomic Consequences’, in Stephen Griffiths-Jones, José Antonio Ocampo and Joseph Stiglitz (eds.), Time for a Visible Hand. Lessons from the 2008 World Financial Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2010), 19–49; Engelbert Stockhammer, ‘Neoliberalism, Income Distribution and the Causes of the Crisis’, in Philip Arestis, Rugiéro Sobreira and José Luis Oreiro (eds.), The Financial Crisis. Origins and Implications (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 234–58; P. W. Preston, England after the Great Recession. Tracking the Political and Cultural Consequences of the Crisis (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

  86 Karim Astrid Siegmann, ‘The Crisis in South Asia: From Jobless Growth to Jobless Slump’, and Astha Kapoor, ‘Diamonds are for Never: The Economic Crisis and the Diamond Industry in India’, both in Peter A. G. van Bergeijk, Arjan de Haan and Rolph van der Hoeven (eds.), The Financial Crisis and Developing Countries. A Global Multidisciplinary Perspective (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011), chs. 13 and 14.

  87 Anatole Kaletsky, Capitalism 4.0. The Birth of a New Economy (London: Bloomsbury, 2010).

  88 Matt Myers, Student Revolt. Voices of the Austerity Generation (London: Left Book Club and Pluto Press, 2017).

  89 David Graeber, The Democracy Project. A History, A Crisis, A Movement (London: Allen Lane, 2013), 13–63.

  90 Graeber, Democracy Project, 63–4.

  9 The Empire Strikes Back

  1 Adam Roberts (ed.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring. Triumph and Disasters (Oxford University Press, 2016).

  2 www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/politics/04obama.text.html.

  3 Lotfi Ben Rejeb, ‘United States Policy towards Tunisia’, in Nouri Gana (ed.), The Making of the Tunisian Revolution. Contexts, Architects, Prospects (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), 81.

  4 Tom Chesshyre, A Tourist in the Arab Spring (London: Bradt, 2013), 142; Bernard-Henri Lévy, La Guerre sans l’aimer. Journal d’un écrivain au coeur du printemps libyen (Paris: Grasset, 2011).

  5 http://politiques-publiques.com/martinique/cesaire-au-pantheon-le-discours-de-n-sarkozy/.

  6 www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jul/28/olympics-opening-ceremony-multicultural-crap-tory-mp.

  7 Nouri Gana, ‘Introduction’, in Gana (ed.), The Making of the Tunisian Revolution, 23–5; Michael J. Willis, ‘Revolt for Dignity: Tunisia’s Revolution and Civil Resistance’, in Roberts (ed.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring, 48–51.

  8 M. Cherif Bassiouni, ‘Egypt’s Unfinished Revolution’, in Roberts (ed.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring, 64–70.

  9 George Joffé, ‘Civil Resistance in Libya during
the Arab Spring’, in Roberts (ed.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring, 133–40; Olivier Guitta, ‘Libya: A Failed State’, in Olivier Guitta, Emily Dyer, Robin Simcox, Hannah Stuart and Ripert Sutton (eds.), The Arab Spring. An Assessment Three Years On (London: Henry Jackson Society, 2014), 55–67.

  10 Raymond Hinnebusch, Omar Imady and Tina Zintl, ‘Civil Resistance in the Syrian Uprising: From Peaceful Protest to Sectarian Civil War’ and Adam Roberts, ‘Civil Resistance and the Fate of the Arab Spring’, both in Roberts (ed.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring, 233–47, 292–312.

  11 Nicolas Hénin, Jihad Academy. The Rise of Islamic State (New Delhi: Bloomsbury, 2015), 18–20, 74–5.

  12 Gilles Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone (Paris: Gallimard, 2015), 114–15, 121–2, 201–6.

  13 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 117–18, 122–5, 130, 162; Abdelghani Merah with Mohammed Sifaoui, Mon Frère ce terroriste. Un homme dénonce l’islamisme (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2012), 2–11, 61–92, 131–99; Eric Pelletier and Jean-Marie Pontaut, Affaire Merah. L’Enquête (Paris: Michel Lafon, 2012), 151–215.

  14 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 159–61.

  15 www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference.

  16 www.ifsecglobal.com/home-office-theresa-may-launches-new-prevent-counter-terrorism-strategy/.

  17 Daniel Briggs (ed.), The English Riots of 2011. A Summer of Discontent (Hook: Waterside Press, 2012).

  18 Daily Mail, 11 Aug. 2011.

  19 Sayeeda Warsi, The Enemy Within. A Tale of Muslim Britain (London: Allen Lane, 2017), 207.

  20 Greg Philo, Emma Brunt and Paul Donald, Bad News for Refugees (London: Pluto Press, 2013), 3–8.

  21 www.ein.org.uk/news/home-secretary-announce-massive-shake-immigration-law.

  22 Stuart Hall with Bill Schwarz, Familiar Stranger. A Life between Two Islands (London: Allen Lane, 2017), 211.

  23 www.gov.uk/government/news/british-values-article-by-david-cameron.

  24 Warsi, The Enemy Within, 47–9.

  25 www.gov.uk/government/speeches/extremism-pm-speech.

  26 www.thefader.com/2015/08/27/british-values-zine-kieran-yates-interview. See also Kieran Yates, ‘On Going Home’, in Nikesh Shukla (ed.), The Good Immigrant (London: Unbound, 2016), 109–10.

  27 http://conservative-speeches.sayit.mysociety.org/speech/601441.

  28 www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/239075/SECONDARY_national_curriculum_-_History.pdf.

  29 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2061809/David-Starkey-row-British-history.html.

  30 Hall with Schwarz, Familiar Stranger, 197, 199, 211.

  31 www.banglastories.org/.

  32 Claire Alexander, Joya Chatterji and Debbie Weekes-Bernard, Making British Histories. Diversity and the National Curriculum (London: Runneymede Trust, 2012), 3–14.

  33 Claire Alexander, Joya Chatterji and Debbie Weekes-Bernard, History Lessons: Teaching Diversity in and through the History National Curriculum (London: Runneymede Trust, 2014), 12.

  34 Jean Raspail, ‘Big Other’, preface to Le Camp des Saints (Paris: Laffont, 2011), 25–38.

  35 www.liberation.fr/france/2015/09/16/le-livre-de-chevet-de-marine-le-pen-decrit-une-apocalypse-migratoire_1383026; www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/steve-bannon-camp-of-the-saints-immigration_us_58b75206e4b0284854b3dc03.

  36 www.generation-identitaire.com/

  37 Renaud Camus, Le Grand Remplacement (Neuilly-sur-Seine: D. Reinharc, 2011).

  38 www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xqHOBBOOOE.

  39 www.education.gouv.fr/cid60317/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-en-hommage-a-jules-ferry.html.

  40 www.education.gouv.fr/cid73734/au-bo-du-12-septembre-2013-charte-de-la-laicite-a-l-ecole-apprentissage-et-actions-educatives.html.

  41 J.-P. Babelon, I. Backrouche, V. Duclert and A. James-Sarazin, Quel Musée d’histoire pour la France? (Paris: Armand Colin, 2011).

  42 Paola Mattei and Andrew S. Aguilar, Secular Institutions, Islam and Education Policy. France and the U.S. in Comparative Perspective (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 7.

  43 Isabel Hollis, ‘Algeria in Paris: Fifty Years On’, in Emile Chabal (ed.), France since 1970. History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 135.

  44 Quoted by Patrick Cockburn, The Age of Jihad. Islamic State and the Great War for the Middle East (London: Verso, 2016), 293.

  45 See above, p. 196.

  46 Kepel, Terreur dans l’Hexagone, 267–70.

  47 Nous sommes Charlie. 60 écrivains unis pour la Liberté d’Expression (Paris: Librairie Générale Française, 2015), 107–8.

  48 Le Monde, 13 Jan. 2015, 3.

  49 Le Monde, 14 Jan. 2015, 3.

  50 www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06p7b7l, Start the Week, France special, 16 Nov. 2015.

  51 Youssouf Sylla, 26 Jan. 2015, in Dominique Buffier and Pascal Galinier (eds.), Les Lecteurs du Monde. Qui est vraiment Charlie? Ces 21 jours qui ébranlèrent les lecteurs du Monde (Paris: Le Monde/Éditions François Bourin, 2015), 147–8.

  52 Edgar Morin and Patrick Singaïny, Avant, pendant, après le 11 janvier. Pour une nouvelle écriture collective de notre roman nationale (Paris: Éditions de l’Aube, 2015), 37.

  53 Morin and Singaïny, Avant, pendant, après le 11 janvier, 27.

  54 www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/01/25/01016-20160125ARTFIG00243-le-francais-salim-benghalem-serait-le-cerveau-des-attentats-du-13-novembre.php.

  55 BBC Radio 4, ‘The French Culture War’, 10 Nov. 2016.

  56 Le Monde, 17 Nov. 2015.

  57 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 15 June 2015.

  58 The Sun, 17 Apr. 2015.

  59 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 4 Sept. 2015.

  60 www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm151202/debtext/151202-0001.htm, columns 332, 344, 403–4, 406.

  61 https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/09/nigel-farages-speech-full-text-and-audio/.

  62 www.frontnational.com/videos/udt-2013-toutes-les-interviews/.

  63 Chris Gifford, The Making of Eurosceptic Britain. Identity and Economy in a Post-Imperial State (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), 159–63.

  64 Roger Liddle, The European Dilemma. Britain and the Drama of European Integration (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2014), 215–19.

  65 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 23 Mar. 2015.

  66 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 8 June 2016.

  67 Quoted by Anthony Barnett, The Lure of Greatness. England’s Brexit and America’s Trump (London: Unbound, 2017), 134.

  68 Richard Lesmoir-Gordon to the author, 5 Apr. 2017.

  69 www.ibtimes.co.uk/eu-referendum-boris-johnson-warns-risks-leaving-eu-will-be-exaggerated-uk-better-off-out-1545161.

  70 Daily Telegraph, 25 Aug. 2013, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10265619/The-Aussies-are-just-like-us-so-lets-stop-kicking-them-out.html;Ben Wellings and Helen Baxendale, ‘Euroscepticism and the Anglosphere: Traditions and Dilemmas in Contemporary English Nationalism’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 53 (2014), 1–17.

  71 www.conservativehome.com/platform/2016/02/david-davis-britain-would-be-better-off-out-of-the-eu-and-heres-why.html. Cited by Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce, Shadows of Empire. The Anglosphere in British Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018), 153.

  72 https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/26/britain-proud-its-empire/.

  73 www.shashitharoor.in/speeches-details.php?id=335.

  74 Barnett, The Lure of Greatness, 101.

  75 Geoffrey Evans and Anand Menon, Brexit and British Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017), 76–88.

  76 The Sun, 25 June 2016.

  77 www.irr.org.uk/app/uploads/2016/11/Racial-violence-and-the-Brexit-state-final.pdf.

  10 Fantasy, Anguish and Working Through

  1 www.gov.uk/government/speeches/statement-from-the-new-prime-minister-theresa-may.

  2 www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/full-text-theresa-may-brexit-speech-global-britain-eu-european-union-latest-a7531361.html.

&n
bsp; 3 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 29 Mar. 2017.

  4 The Guardian, 22 Mar. 2017; The Observer, 26 Mar. 2017.

  5 The Guardian, 24 and 25 Mar. 2017.

  6 The Guardian, 27 May 2017.

  7 www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/23/manchester-attack-police-investigate-katie-hopkins-final-solution-tweet.