2. Confederate Veteran Magazine 6 (January–December 1898): 466, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
3. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 214.
4. Confederate Veteran Magazine 17 (January–December 1909): 419, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
5. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:348.
6. Dolensky, “Daughters of Jefferson Davis,” 319.
7. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:348.
8. Dolensky, “Daughters of Jefferson Davis,” 317.
9. Dolensky, “Daughters of Jefferson Davis,” 323–24.
10. Burr, “Jefferson Davis,” 165.
11. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:119.
12. Berkin, Civil War Wives, 201.
13. Appleton and Boswell, Searching for Their Places, 158.
14. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 434.
15. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 217.
16. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 185.
17. LaCavera, Varina Anne “Winnie” Davis, 12,
18. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:376–77.
19. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 433.
20. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 434.
21. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 434.
22. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Jefferson Davis, February 18, 1877, Karlsruhe, W. S. Hoole Special Collections.
23. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 217.
24. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 73.
25. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 451.
26. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Jefferson Davis, February 18, 1877.
27. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Varina Howell Davis, August 18, 1877, Karlshruhe, W. S. Hoole Library Special Collections.
28. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 438.
29. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Varina Howell Davis, May 26, 1878, Karlsruhe, W. S. Hoole Library Special Collections.
30. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Varina Howell Davis, May 26, 1878.
31. Dolensky, “Daughters of Jefferson Davis,” 320.
32. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 163.
33. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 163.
34. “Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey,” Papers of Jefferson Davis online, Rice University, http://jeffersondavis.rice.edu/SarahDorsey.aspx.
35. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 159.
36. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 159–60.
37. Berkin, Civil War Wives, 204.
38. Letter from Margaret Addison Hayes to Varina Howell Davis, June 9, 1877, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
39. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 163.
40. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 222.
41. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 223.
42. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:538.
43. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:553.
44. LaCavera, Varina Anne “Winnie” Davis, 16.
45. Bleser, “Marriage of Varina Howell Davis and Jefferson Davis,” 8.
46. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Varina Howell Davis, Karlsruhe, September 27, 1877, W. S. Hoole Special Collections.
47. V. H. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 2:825–26.
48. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:432.
49. Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 163–64.
50. Letter from Margaret Addison Hayes to Varina Howell Davis, June 9, 1877.
51. Ross, First Lady of the South, 328; Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 164. (Ross says the garden party was in Winnie’s honor.)
52. Thompson, Beauvoir.
53. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 228–29.
54. Thompson, Beauvoir.
55. Burr, “Jefferson Davis,” 165.
56. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 685.
57. Hardin, After the War, 8.
58. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:569–70.
59. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, First Paper”; and “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, Second Paper.”
7. YELLOW FEVER
Epigraph: Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Jefferson Davis, June 20, 1875, in Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:301.
1. Crist et al., Papers of Jefferson Davis, 12:146.
2. Clay-Clopton and Sterling, Belle of the Fifties, 262.
3. Clay-Copton and Sterling, Belle of the Fifties, 262.
4. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:228–29, 435.
5. V. H. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 2:826.
6. Ross, First Lady of the South, 327.
7. “Jefferson Davis, Jr.,” Papers of Jefferson Davis online, Rice University, http://jeffersondavis.rice.edu/JeffersonDavisJr.aspx.
8. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 28–37; Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:229.
9. Confederate Veteran Magazine (November 1909): 534, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
10. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:515.
11. Papers of Jefferson Davis online, Rice University, www.jeffersondavis.rice/edu/resources.cfm_doc_id=1544.
12. Ross, First Lady of the South, 329.
13. Note from dean of faculty regarding Jefferson Davis Jr., n.d., Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Archives, Lexington.
14. “First Victim of Memphis Yellow-Fever Epidemic Dies,” History.com, “This Day in History,” August 13, 1878, www.history.com/this-day-inhistory/first-victim-of-memphis-yellow-fever-epidemic-dies.
15. www.commericalappeal.com/news/2010/sep/11/yellow-fever-left-mark-on-memphis.
16. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:507.
17. Confederate Veteran.
18. Tennessee State Library and Archives, “Disasters in Tennessee,” www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/disasters/epidemics.htm.
19. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 225.
20. Ross, First Lady of the South, 329–30.
21. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:514.
22. Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 17.
23. V. H. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 828.
24. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Bessie Martin Dew, October 26, 1884, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
25. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Bessie Martin Dew, October 26, 1884.
26. Ross, First Lady of the South, 330.
27. Bessie Martin Dew, personal newspaper clippings collection, n.d., Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
28. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 490.
29. Ross, First Lady of the South, 330.
30. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 490.
31. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 493.
32. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 492–93.
33. Crist and Gibbs, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 13:422.
34. Tennessee State Library and Archives, “Disasters in Tennessee,” www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/disasters/epidemics.htm.
35. Letter from Margaret Addison Hayes to Varina Howell Davis, June 9, 1877, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
36. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 390.
37. Letter from Joel Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, March 19, 1877, Bertram Hayes-Davis Private Collection.
38. Letter from Joel Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, March 19, 1877.
39. Letter from Joel Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, July 1, 1877, Bertram Hayes-Davis Private Collection.
40. Letter from Margaret Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, December 18, 1879, Bertram Hayes-Davis Private Collection.
41. Letter from Margaret Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, December 14, 1880, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
42. Letter from Joel Addison Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, August 4, 1880, Bertram Hayes-Davis Private Collection.
8. PORTRAIT OF A LADY
1. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 678.
2. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 71.
3. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confedera
cy,” 73.
4. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 71.
5. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 235.
6. Alice Graham McCollin, “Clever Daughters of Clever Men,” Ladies’ Home Journal, December 1891, 12.
7. Letter from Varina Davis to Constance Cary Harrison, December 20, 1886, Harrison Family Papers, 1744–1930.
8. “The Home Life of Miss Winnie Davis,” Kansas City Times, September 15, 1888.
9. Ross, First Lady of the South, 335-336.
10. Ross, First Lady of the South, 368.
11. Richmond Times, September 24, 1898.
12. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 684.
13. Baker, “Verner White,” 423–24.
14. Baker, “Verner White,” 423–24.
15. O’Brien, “Verner White,” 222.
16. O’Brien, “Verner White.”
17. Baker, “Verner White,” 426.
18. Email from Colleen Beavers, head of Collections, Beauvoir, to the author, December 4, 2012.
19. Baker, “Verner White,” 425.
20. LaCavera, Varina Anne “Winnie” Davis, 19
21. Ralph, “Mardi Gras at New Orleans,” 285.
22. Williamson, A Rage for Order, 22.
23. Berkin, Civil War Wives, 209.
24. Ross, First Lady of the South, 340–41.
25. Swanson, Bloody Crimes, 390.
26. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 72.
9. DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY
Epigraph: Quoted in LaCavera, Varina Anne “Winnie” Davis, 71.
1. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 97.
2. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters, 13.
3. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 135.
4. Hardin, After the War, 7–8.
5. Williamson, Rage for Order, 21.
6. Williamson, Rage for Order, 82.
7. Van der Heuvel, Crowns of Thorns and Glory, 250.
8. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 97.
9. Appleton and Boswell, Searching for Their Places, 146.
10. V. H. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 831.
11. Poppenheim et al., History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1:2; LaCavera, Varina Anne “Winnie” Davis, 20; Oldendorf, “Lost Princess of the South,” 2–3.
There is some debate over where General Gordon first named Winnie the “Daughter of the Confederacy.” Some sources give the location as West Point GA; some say Atlanta. I believe the most reliable sources are the UDC and Memorial Hall accounts, which claim West Point as the site of the event.
12. Davis, Cause Lost, 175.
13. Edwards, “Memories of Winnie Davis,” 4, Jefferson Davis Family Papers, Eleanor Brockenbrough Archives.
14. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 136.
15. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 137.
16. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 290.
17. Letter from Margaret Davis Hayes to Varina Anne Davis, October 26, 1885, Colorado Springs CO, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
18. Helen Clapesattle, Dr. Webb of Colorado Springs (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1984), 89.
19. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 97.
20. Poppenheim et al., History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1:3.
21. Janney, Burying the Dead but Not the Past, 169.
22. Janney, Burying the Dead but Not the Past, 168; Poppenheim et al., History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1:9.
23. Janney, Burying the Dead but Not the Past, 169.
24. Poppenheim et al., History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1:42.
25. Poppenheim et al., History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1:42; UDC database records, Richmond.
26. Applications for Membership, New York Chapter of the UDC of the State of New York, March 1897: Miss Jefferson Davis and Mrs. Varina Jefferson Davis, UDC Files, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives, Richmond.
27. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy, 172.
28. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters, foreword.
29. Jamie Likins, president general of the UDC, 2012–14, with research help from UDC staff Amy Howard and Betty Luck, “Winnie Davis, ‘Daughter of the Confederacy’” statement, July 27, 2013, Richmond.
30. Cita Cook, “The Lost Cause Legend about Winnie Davis, ‘the Daughter of the Confederacy,’” in Klotter, Human Tradition in the New South, 4.
31. Ross, First Lady of the South, 336.
32. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Gaston Robbins, April 10, 1887, Robbins Papers no. 4070, Southern Historical Collection.
33. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 73.
34. Burr, “Jefferson Davis,” 165.
35. Keith Hardison, telephone interview by the author, from Biloxi MS, February 10, 1992.
36. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 685.
37. Scott, Southern Lady, 51.
10. LIFE IN A FISHBOWL
1. Williamson, Rage for Order, 20.
2. Ross, First Lady of the South, 349.
3. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 247.
4. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, Second Paper,” 6.
5. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, First Paper,” 9.
6. V. A. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, First Paper,” 9.
7. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Constance Cary Harrison, December 20, 1886, Harrison Family Papers, 1744–1930, accession no. 2536, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library.
8. V. A. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, Second Paper,” 6.
9. V. A. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, Second Paper,” 6.
10. V. A. Davis, “American Girl Who Studies Abroad, Second Paper,” 6.
11. Morris, Pulitzer, 2.
12. Livingston, Lilly, 126.
13. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Joseph Pulitzer, May 4, 1887, Joseph Pulitzer Papers.
14. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Joseph Pulitzer, October 20, 1887, Joseph Pulitzer Papers.
15. Morris, Pulitzer, 259.
16. Morris, Pulitzer, 259.
17. Klotter, Human Tradition in the New South, 6.
18. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Constance Cary Harrison, December 20, 1886, Harrison Family Papers.
19. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Constance Cary Harrison, December 20, 1886.
20. W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 685.
21. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Charles Dudley Warner, December 23, 1885, Charles Dudley Warner Correspondence.
22. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Charles Dudley Warner, December 26, 1886, Charles Dudley Warner Correspondence.
23. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Charles Dudley Warner, December 26, 1886.
24. Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 251–52.
25. Crist et al., Papers of Jefferson Davis, 12:234; Cashin, First Lady of the Confederacy, 252.
26. Ferrell, “Daughter of the Confederacy,” 74; De Leon Belles, Beaux and Brains of the 60’s, 68.
27. Davis, Irish Knight of the Nineteenth Century, 81.
28. Davis, Irish Knight of the Nineteenth Century, 45.
29. Davis, Irish Knight of the Nineteenth Century, 91.
30. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Constance Cary Harrison, December 20, 1886.
31. “Miss Davis in New York: Many Ladies Watch,” Special Dispatch to the Washington Post, November 7, 1886.
32. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Bessie Martin Dew, December 29, 1886, Helen Walpole Brewer Library and Archives.
33. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Bessie Martin Dew, December 29, 1886.
11. I WILL NEVER CONSENT!
1. Monsees, “How the Daughter of the Confederacy Almost Became a Daughter of New York.”
2. “Miss Winnie Davis, the ‘Child of the Confederacy,’ Her Visit to Syracuse,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 15, 1886.
3. “Miss Winnie Davis, the �
��Child of the Confederacy.’”
4. Letter from Harry C. Durston, Secy., to Mrs. Fremont Older, January 24, 1950, Wilkinson (Emory) Family File.
5. Syracuse Courier, December 3, 1878, Wilkinson (Emory) Family File.
6. “Miss Winnie Davis, the ‘Child of the Confederacy.’”
7. “Kaylan Historical Showcase, Wilkinson Romance,” radio performance, WFBI, March 27, 1946, 1:30–1:45 p.m., Wilkinson (Emory) Family File.
8. “Kaylan Historical Showcase, Wilkinson Romance.”
9. “Miss Winnie Davis in Syracuse,” special dispatch to the Washington Post, November 22, 1886.
10. Letter from Varina Anne Davis to Joseph Pulitzer, December 29, 1886, Joseph Pulitzer Papers.
11. “Miss Winnie Davis in Syracuse.”
12. Monsees, “How the Daughter of the Confederacy Almost Became a Daughter of New York.”
13. Monsees, “How the Daughter of the Confederacy Almost Became a Daughter of New York.”
14. “Kaylan Historical Showcase, Wilkinson Romance.”
15. “A Notable Engagement,” Syracuse Standard, April 17, 1890, Wilkinson (Emory) Family File.
16. LaPlante, Marmee and Louisa, 169.
17. Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty under Lincoln and Johnson, 278–312; Bleser, “Marriage of Varina Howell and Jefferson Davis,” 23.
18. Powell, Gone Are the Days, 123.
19. Powell, Gone Are the Days, 138–39.
20. Powell, Gone Are the Days, 138.
21. “Kaylan Historical Showcase, Wilkinson Romance.”
22. “Summer House is Memorial to Leader of the Jerry Rescue,” Syracuse Post Standard, October 1, 1934, Wilkinson (Emory) Family File.
23. Williamson, Rage for Order, 23.
24. Keith Hardison, telephone interview by the author, from Biloxi MS, February 10, 1992.
25. “Miss Winnie Davis: The Young Woman who Is Best Known as the Daughter of the Confederacy,” The Washington Post, February 13, 1887.
26. Ross, First Lady of the South, 356.
27. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Kate Pulitzer, June 13, 1888, Joseph Pulitzer Papers.
28. Morris, Pulitzer, 271.
29. Ross, First Lady of the South, 355.
30. Monsees, “How the Daughter of the Confederacy Almost Became a Daughter of New York.”
31. Letter from Varina Howell Davis to Maj. W. H. Morgan, September 1888, Davis and Family Papers, LC.
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