We the Corporations
Page 54
Pierce, Franklin, 125
“piercing the corporate veil,” 54–56, 57, 59–60, 62, 66, 67–68, 74, 75, 87–88, 100, 101, 107, 145, 167–68, 273–75, 276, 364, 378, 381, 385–86
Pilgrims, 6, 16–17, 19–25
Pinckney, William, 81
Pipefitters Local v. United States, 333
Pittsburgh Steelers, 296
Plessy v. Ferguson, xv, 151, 159, 160, 185, 221, 260
Plymouth Rock, 6, 16–17
Polaroid, 305
police forces, 176, 264, 269, 292–93, 374
policyholders, 205–7, 211, 227
political action committees (PACs), 329–34, 342, 354–55, 359, 361, 372, 386
political cartoons, 169, 196–97, 196, 199, 212, 239
political dissent, 232–33, 238, 242, 250, 253, 256, 259, 264–65, 269, 272, 278, 297–98, 341
political documentaries, 323, 327–29, 334, 337–38, 341–42, 342, 351–54, 355, 362, 370
political equality, 308–10
Pollman, Elizabeth, 66
poll taxes, 159
poll watchers, 197–98
polygamy, 261
Pomeroy, John Norton, 120, 138, 139
Porterie, Gaston L., 243–45, 254
Posner, Richard, 350
Potomac Company, 5
Potter, Trevor, 325, 344
Powell, Jo, 279, 283
Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 16, 278–89, 284, 288, 298, 300–308, 303, 311, 312, 313, 314–22, 324, 333, 335, 336, 346, 350, 365, 392, 393, 402
Powell, Nathaniel, 16, 281
Powell Memorandum (“Attack on American Free Enterprise System”), 281, 283–89, 300–305, 303, 314, 321, 322, 333, 335, 350, 402
Powell’s Creek, 281
preferred shares, 207
pregnancies, 288
prescription drug prices, 290–300, 310, 318
press, freedom of the, xvi, xix, 225, 234, 239, 242–55, 256, 264, 359, 365, 369, 402
price fixing, 170–71
prices, 29, 163, 170–71, 245–46, 290–300, 310, 318, 344, 402
Primrose, W. D., 99–103
Princeton University, 349
prior restraint, 242, 250, 251
privacy, right to, 182, 211, 264, 282
privateers, 7
private property, 268–72
Privy Council, British, 18, 63
Procter & Gamble, 304
Progressive Era, 134, 161–228, 352
progressive income tax, 305–23
Prohibition, 335, 393
Promontory Summit, 142
propaganda, 367
Proposition 12, 13
prosecutors, 162–63, 172–75, 189, 240–41
protectionism, 170–71, 298, 305–23, 359–60, 385
proxy voting, 22–23, 25, 207, 384–85
Prudential, 372
Prussia, 57
Public Citizen, 281, 289–95, 322, 323, 365, 375
Public Citizen Litigation Group, 289–300, 322, 365
public education, xxiv, xxvi, 63–64, 86, 118, 135, 151, 221–22, 231, 234, 237, 259, 260, 263, 264, 272, 277–78, 281, 284, 286, 300, 340–41, 367
public interest law firms, 289
Publicity Act (1910), 219
public libraries, 149
public service announcements, 303–4
Puck, 196–97
Pulitzer, Joseph, 194–95
punitive damages, 322
Qualcomm, 372
quorums, 124
quo warranto suits, 78
“race to the bottom,” 207, 382–83
racial discrimination, xv, 63–64, 74, 108–10, 113, 117, 126, 127, 128–29, 130, 158–59, 185, 217–18, 232, 233–34, 256–78, 283, 322, 350, 376, 395
racing forms, 220–21
radio, 330–32, 354–55
railroads, 99, 103–8, 105, 109, 111, 141–42, 164, 172, 177, 206, 212, 320
see also specific railroads
Raleigh, Walter, 11
Ralph K. Winter Lecture, 382–89, 384
Randolph, A. Raymond, 343
rate discrimination, 177
rational actors, 352
Raytheon, 305
Reader’s Digest, 304
Reagan, Ronald, 94, 281, 321, 336, 343, 345
real estate, 118–19, 184, 344
rebranding, 321
recessions, 25, 26, 308, 344, 359–60
Reconstruction, xiv, 124, 125, 126–28, 126, 134, 260
Reconstruction Acts (1867, 1868), 124
recounts, vote, 338–40
Redish, Martin, 294–95, 299
Reed, Stanley, 270
referendums, 305–23
Rehnquist, William, 298–99, 313, 314, 316–17, 337, 344–45, 350, 357
Rehnquist court, 314, 344, 350
reincorporation, 207
religious conservatives, 281
religious corporations, 261
religious freedom, xvi–xvii, 21, 24, 48, 50, 164, 229, 261, 268–72, 379–82, 387, 403
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) (1993), 379–80
Renault, 53
representative assemblies, 18–20, 27, 31
Republican Lawyer of the Year, 348
Republican National Committee (RNC), 198–202, 204
Republican National Lawyers Association, 343–44
Republican Party, xiii–xiv, xvi, 114, 121, 124, 129, 130, 198–202, 208–9, 210, 218–19, 227, 251, 277, 304, 309, 314, 321–22, 325, 326–27, 337, 338–40, 343–44, 347, 360, 371, 373, 375, 377
“Republicans In Name Only” (RINOs), 360
reservation clauses, 88
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), 349
restraint of trade, 170–71, 298, 305–23, 359–60, 385
retirement, 206, 384–88
Reuters, 346
revenue measures, 250
Revolutionary War, US, 38, 41, 59, 139
Reynolds v. Sims, 231
Rhode Island, 58–59
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 19, 24
Ribicoff, Abraham, 285–86
Rice, T. D., 159
Richmond, Va., 260, 281, 289, 291
right-to-work measures, 330
Rise of American Civilization, The (Beard and Beard), 134–35
risk assessment, 9–10
River Rouge manufacturing plant, 246–47
Rivet, Charles, 244–45, 254
R. J. Reynolds, 321
Roanoke Island, 11
Roberts, John, xix, 139, 337, 346, 350, 355, 356, 362, 363, 363, 366, 367, 369, 370, 379, 389
Roberts, Owen, 251, 252
Roberts court, xix, 337, 356, 369, 389
Roche, James, 285–86
Rockefeller, John D., 141, 167, 168–69, 172, 189, 198, 382
Roe v. Wade, xxiv, 297, 314, 374
Rolfe, John, 14, 16
Roman Empire, 44–45, 49
Romney, George, 261
Romney, Mitt, 261, 377–78, 378
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 205, 228, 251, 265, 296, 308, 328–29, 330
Roosevelt, Theodore, xxiii, 162–64, 165, 172, 176, 189, 191–92, 194, 202–5, 209–10, 217–18, 218, 222, 226, 227, 239, 315, 321, 336, 362
Rove, Karl, 198
Rowley, Conn., 28
royal colonies, 24–25, 76
Royal Dutch Shell, 391–94
Royal Exchange Building, 56–57
Royal Navy, 7
Russian Revolution, 232
Ryan, Thomas, 161
St. Augustine, Fla., 11
same-sex marriage, xxiv, 182, 231, 347, 362, 381
Sanders, Bernie, 373–74
Sanderson, S. W., 120, 133
Sandys, Edwin, 15–19, 15, 22, 399
San Mateo County, Calif., 118–20, 220–21
San Mateo County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 118–23, 128–29, 134–36, 138, 142–43, 144, 400–401
Santa Clara County, Calif., 143, 144
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 144, 146, 15
1, 152–53, 156, 157, 159, 177–78, 180, 267, 401
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), 383–84
Saturday Evening Post, 268
Saturday Press, 241–42
Savannah, Ga., 40–41
Scaife, Richard Mellon, 302
Scalia, Antonin, 127, 350, 352–53, 356, 362, 363, 366
school segregation, xxiv, 63–64, 135, 151, 231, 260, 263, 264, 272, 277–78, 281, 284, 340–41
searches and seizures, xvi, xxiv, 162, 164, 175, 176, 178, 185, 187–90, 359, 388, 401
Sea Venture, 10
Seconal, 299
Second Amendment, 20–21
“Section 56,” 209–10
securities fraud, 282
sedition, 238, 242, 250
Sedition Act (1918), 238, 242
segregation, racial, xxiv, 63–64, 125, 135, 151, 158, 221–22, 231, 257, 259, 260–64, 263, 265, 272–78, 281, 284, 340–41
self-incrimination, xvi, 162, 164, 178, 185, 187–88, 189, 310, 388
Selma, Ala., 257
Senate, Roman, 45
Senate, US, xiv, 94–95, 109, 114, 117, 121, 129, 196–97, 197, 283, 285–86, 300, 327
Senate Chamber, 117
“separate but equal” doctrine, 159, 185, 262–64, 340–41
Separate Car Act (1890), 160
“separation of ownership and control,” 270–71
Seventeenth Amendment, 129
sex discrimination, 314, 318, 322, 350, 358
Shakespeare, William, 10, 121
“shareholder wealth maximization” principle, 247–48
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 162, 171–72, 177, 179, 189, 202
Sherry’s Hotel, 194–95
Shiras, George, 182
Shreveport, La., 236
Shreveport Times, 234–35
Shunk, Francis Rawn, 91
Sidley Austin, 345, 346
Sikhs, 275–76
Sinclair, Upton, 280, 283
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, 257
Sixth Amendment, 164
Slaughter-House Cases, 126–28, 132–34, 153, 154, 244
slaughterhouses, 126–28, 280
slavery, xiii, xiv, xxiii, 14, 17, 35, 58, 74, 108–10, 113, 125, 159, 164
Smalley, E. V., 117
Smith, Adam, 26
Smock, Harry, 166, 176
Smokey the Bear, 300
smoking, 279–80, 287–89, 295, 299, 321
smuggling, 26–27
snuff, 170
social conservatives, 348–49
social Darwinism, 140
socialism, xix, 214, 232, 233, 238, 285, 325, 343
“Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, The,” (Friedman), 247–48
Social Security Administration, US, 377
social welfare organizations, 367–68
societas publicoranum, 44–45, 399
Solicitor General, US, 262, 340, 345, 354, 358
Sons of Liberty, 29–30
Sotomayor, Sonia, 358, 360, 363, 363, 366n
Souter, David, 357, 358, 360, 363, 367, 368
South Carolina, 107, 124, 125
Southern Department Stores, 284
Southern Manifesto, 272
Southern Pacific Railroad, xii, xiii–xv, xxi, xxiii, 36, 111, 113–33, 116, 138, 140, 141, 142–48, 152–59, 160, 180, 286, 339, 392
South Sea Bubble (1720), 43
sovereignty, 24–25, 28, 43, 45, 48–49, 101, 133, 390–91
Spain, 7, 11, 45
special assessments, 330–32
special interests, 103–4, 123, 196–97, 223–26, 232, 281, 286, 302–4, 322, 371, 372, 375
speculation, financial, 26, 43
speech, freedom of, xvi, xx, 48, 164, 177, 192, 222–26, 228, 229, 234, 239, 238–44, 250, 268–72, 282, 291, 292–300, 309–10, 313–23, 354–55, 361, 367, 370, 393, 402
spousal abuse, 23–24
Stamp Act (1765), 28–29, 133
Standard Oil Co., xxi, 36, 141, 167, 168–69, 169, 170, 171–72, 189, 197, 201, 202, 207, 213, 234–35, 280, 382
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 168–69
Stanford, Leland, 119, 123, 140, 141, 142, 148
Starr, Kenneth, 346
“Star-Spangled Banner, The,” 59
“starving time,” 10
“state action” requirement, 267–68, 269
state banks, 38, 39, 93, 100
see also Bank of the United States, Second
state bars, 244
state constitutions, 24–25, 177
state courts, 41–42, 44, 53, 64, 78–79, 104–6, 107, 258–59
State Department, US, 93
state elections, 197–98, 332
state licensing authorities, 290–300
State of the Union address (1905), 217
State of the Union address (2010), 370–72
states’ rights, xvii, xviii, 40, 43, 88, 92, 97–103, 164, 218, 272, 275–76, 298, 316
state taxes, 90, 99, 100, 305–23
Statue of Liberty, 292
Stephens, William, 53, 55
Stevens, John Paul, 313, 336, 358, 363, 363, 366–70, 380
Stewart, Malcolm, 354–55
Stewart, Potter, 313
Stites, Francis, 76
stock certificates, 123, 155, 197
stock market, 26, 56, 106, 122, 123, 198, 235, 248, 344, 384–88
stock market crash (1929), 198, 235
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 231–34, 233, 238, 251, 252, 256, 264, 269, 276–77, 278
Stone, John W., 224
Story, Joseph, 53, 75–76, 79, 81–82, 85, 88, 222
“Story of a Great Monopoly, The,” (Lloyd), 171–72
Strine, Leo, 382–89, 384
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 349
submarines, 292–93
subpoenas, 161, 174–75, 185, 187
subprime mortgage derivatives, 359–60
Sugar Trust, 197
Sullivan, J. W., 320–21
summary affirmance, 368
Sumner, Charles, 109
Super PACs, 372
Supreme Court, US:
African American justices of, 262, 358
appeals to, 53, 144
associate justices of, 127
briefs presented to, 73, 81, 143, 248, 249, 267, 310–11, 322, 340, 357, 394
British law cited by, 47
chief justices of, 84–85, 89–90, 94–97, 121–22, 139, 146–47, 152–53, 162, 228, 251, 256, 297, 298, 311, 314, 315–17, 344, 346, 356, 369, 380; see also specific chief justices
clerks of, 297, 318–19, 346
concurring opinions of, 222, 253, 357, 366
conferences of, 311–12, 315, 318, 355–56, 362–63
conservative vs. liberal justices of, xviii–xix, 250–55, 273, 281, 282, 296–97, 298, 308–9, 314, 33, 337, 348–50, 355–58, 379, 380
corporate rights upheld by, xviii, xxiv, 31, 33
decision-making process of, 311–15, 326, 355–58, 362–64
dissents of, 154, 156–57, 240–41, 266, 270, 298–99, 314, 315–16, 353, 356, 366–70, 380
docket of, 177
draft opinions of, 316–18, 355–57
ethical issues of, 142, 148, 149–50, 156–57
evidentiary record of, 357, 368–69
expansive rulings of, 314, 356–58, 368–69, 392–93
footnotes written for, 231–34, 233, 269, 276–77, 278, 298–99, 363
history of, 150–51, 157–59
judicial review of, 43, 61, 62–64, 67, 82, 130, 232
justices of, 75–76, 90, 114, 142, 159, 182, 185–86, 214, 219, 227–28, 248, 250, 279–80, 311, 322–23, 337, 362, 370–71, 394; see also specific justices
lawyers’ bar for, 343–48, 356, 358, 361
leveraging in, xxiii, 317–18, 380
Lochner era of, xix–xx, 154, 155, 157, 158, 165, 180–85, 182, 189, 190, 192, 222, 226, 228, 231, 234, 248, 251, 259, 272, 319, 387–88, 393, 401
majority opinion
s of, 85–88, 95–97, 107–10, 127, 140, 154, 156–57, 183, 188, 221–22, 225–26, 231, 239, 253, 272–74, 277, 296–300, 311, 313–23, 340, 349, 354–57, 362–70, 380–82, 401
media coverage of, 94–95, 299, 369–70
memos and notes written for, 315–16, 318–19
narrow (minimalist) rulings of, 312–14, 316, 350–58, 362, 366, 379, 382
nominations for, xiv, 94–95, 121, 127, 129–30, 140, 211, 278, 279–83, 296–97, 298, 300, 308, 316, 336, 349–50, 373–74
oral arguments before, 57, 75–76, 80, 81–85, 113, 121, 142–43, 152–53, 296, 311, 346, 352, 360–62
photographs of, 182, 252, 313, 363
pro-business decisions of, xviii–xx, 56–57, 64, 71–72, 72, 116–17, 135, 155, 157–58, 250–55, 278, 284, 300–323, 393–94
public opinion on, 300–301, 370–78, 394–95
published opinions of, 149–53
quantitative studies of, 157–59
reports of, 149–53, 157, 231
resignations from, 227–28, 296, 337, 357, 366
Senate confirmation process for, 94–95, 300
strict scrutiny standard of, 277–78
swing votes in, 282
unanimous decisions of, 272–74
venues of, 37–38, 56–58
voting in, 311, 316–19
women justices on, 73, 336, 346, 358
written opinions of, 311–12, 317, 318–23
see also specific cases
Supreme Court bar, 343–48, 356, 358, 361
Supreme Court Building, 57, 296, 323, 370
Susan Constant, 9
Sutherland, George, 251, 252, 252, 253–54
Sweatt v. Painter, 341
Swisher, Carl B., 146
Sydnor, Eugene, Jr., 283–85, 289, 300
syllabi, 150–53, 157, 177–78
synthetic growth hormones, 300
Taft, Henry Waters, 162–75, 166, 185–89, 219, 303
Taft, William Howard, 163, 303–4
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 219, 332
Taney, Roger, xix, 74–75, 89–97, 96, 98, 101–3, 107–10, 115, 125, 127, 132, 142, 145–46, 158, 163, 181, 183, 197, 225, 261–62, 265, 266, 298, 381, 387, 390, 400
Taney court, 74–75, 90, 95–97, 101–3, 107–10, 115, 125, 132, 145–46, 181, 183, 197, 261–62, 266, 381, 400
Tanforan racetrack, 220–21
taxation, 23, 25–31, 40–41, 43, 59, 62, 67, 69, 88, 90, 99, 100, 179, 223, 305–23, 359–60, 385
tax collectors, 41, 43, 59, 62, 67, 69
tax cuts, 359–60
tax exemptions, 88
tax penalties, 179
Tea Act (1773), 27, 29
Tea Party, xxiii, 325–26, 359–60
tea taxes, 25–31
telecommunications industry, 298
telegraph, 106, 107, 139
television, 286–87, 300, 303–4, 354–55
temperance movement, 223
Tempest, The, (Shakespeare), 10