Cities and Canopies

by Harini Nagendra

  Noehden G.H. (1824), ‘Account of the Banyan-Tree, or Ficus indica, as Found in the Ancient Greek and Roman’, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1(1): pp. 119‒32.

  Parpola A. (2009), “‘Hind Leg” + “Fish”: Towards Further Understanding of the Indus Script’, Scripta 1: pp. 37‒76.

  Tagore R. (1913), The Crescent Moon, translated from the original Bengali by the author with eight illustrations in colour, London and New York: Macmillan and Company.

  Weiblen G.D. (2002), ‘How to Be a Fig Wasp’, Annual Review of Entomology 47: pp. 299‒330.

  5. Talking to Trees

  Chandi M. (2010), ‘Territory and Landscape Around the Jarawa Reserve’, The Jarawa Tribal Reserve Dossier: Cultural and Biological Diversities in the Andaman Islands, (Sekhsaria P., Pandya V,) Paris: UNESCO.

  Chin K.Y. (2014), ‘The Social Life of Plants’, ScientEphic: Williams College Science blog, 5 October 2014.

  Gagliano M. (2012), ‘Green Symphonies: A Call for Studies on Acoustic Communication in Plants’, Behavioral Ecology 24(4) pp. 790‒96.

  Gagliano M. (2014), ‘In a Green Frame of Mind: Perspectives on the Behavioural Ecology and Cognitive Nature of Plants’, AoB Plants 7: plu075.

  Gross M. (2016), ‘Could Plants have Cognitive Abilities?’, Current Biology 26: R181‒91.

  Guédon D., ‘Chemical Signals As a Means of Communication and Cooperation between Plants’, Arkorpharma, https://www.arkopharma.com/en-GB/plant-communication.

  Haskell D.G. (2018), The Songs of Trees: Stories from Nature’s Great Connectors, New York: Penguin Books.

  Karban R., Orrock J.L., Preisser E.L., Sih A. (2016), ‘A Comparison of Plants and Animals in Their Responses to Risk of Consumption’, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 32: pp. 1‒8.

  Pollan M. (2013), ‘The Intelligent Plant’, New Yorker, 23 and 30 December 2013.

  Popova M. (2015), ‘Marianne Moore and the Crowning Curio: How a Poem Saved One of the World’s Rarest and Most Majestic Trees’, Brainpickings, 13 August 2015.

  Simard S.W. (2018), ‘Mycorrhizal Networks Facilitate Tree Communication, Learning, and Memory’, Memory and Learning in Plants: Signaling and Communication in Plants, (eds. Baluska F., Gagliano M., Witzany G. Cham), Springer, pp. 191‒213.

  6. Palms: Superstars or Has-Beens?

  Ahuja S.C., Ahuja S., Ahuja U. (2014), ‘Coconut: History, Uses and Folklore’, Asian Agri-History 18(3): pp. 221‒48.

  Chang E., Elevitch C.R. (2006), ‘Cocos nucifera’, Species Profile for Pacific Island Agroforestry.

  Crooke W. (1896), The Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India (vol. II), Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co.

  Curtis Gardners Intelligence Department, ‘Nuts and Milk: A Blend of the West of England and Tropics’, The Cult of the Coconut, pp. 84‒86.

  Dailey V. (2014), Piety and Perversity: The Palms of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Review of Books, 14 July 2014.

  Davis D.A., Johnson D. V. (1987), ‘Current Utilization and Further Development of the Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Areaceae) in Tamil Nadu State, India’, Economic Botany 41 (2): pp. 247‒66.

  Dayrit F.M. (2017), ‘Coconut Oil: Bringing History, Common Sense and Science Together’, KIMIKA 28(2): pp. 55‒61.

  Douglas J. (1883), A Book of Bombay: From AD 1661, Bombay: Bombay Gazette Steam Press.

  Edwards S.M. (1909), The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (vol. I), Bombay: Cosmo Publications.

  Elwood A.K. (1830), Narrative of a Journey Overland from England by the Continent of Europe, Egypt and the Red Sea to India, Including a Residence and Voyage Home in the Years 1825, 26, 27 and 28 (vol. 1), London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.

  Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (1995), ‘Tropical Palms. No 10, Non-wood Forest Products’.

  Ghose S., Tripathi P.K., Sahoo M.C. (2000), ‘Coconut in the Folk Culture of Orissa’, Asian Agri-History 4(2): pp. 143‒48.

  Harries C.H., Clement R.C. (2014), ‘Long-distance Dispersal of the Coconut Palm by Migration within the Coral Atoll Ecosystem’, Annals of Botany 113: pp. 565-70.

  Lewandowski S. (2007), ‘Urban Planning in the Asia Port City: Madras, An Overview, 1920‒1970’, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2(1‒2): pp. 30‒45.

  Ohler J.G. (1984), ‘Coconut: Tree of life. No 57 FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper’, Food and Agriculture Organisation.

  Wallace R.G. (1824) Memoirs of India: A Brief Geographical Account of the East Indies: A Succinct History of Hindustan from the Most Early Ages to the End of the Marquis of Hastings Administration in 1823, Designed for the Use of Young Men Going-Out To India, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.

  Waugh A. (1907), ‘Providence’, The Poems of George Herbert with an Introduction by Arthur Waugh, Oxford University Press, pp. 123.

  7. Fun with Trees in Art and Play

  Caine W.S. (1819), Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers, London: George Routledge and Sons.

  Ebifa-Othieno E., Mugisha A., Nyeko P., Kabasa D.J. (2017), ‘Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): Use and Conservation in Eastern Uganda’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 13 (5): pp. 13.

  UNESCO, ‘Ei-sok (Tamarind Seed Fetching)’.

  8. Tamarind: The Firangi Indica

  Adiga M. (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period AD 400‒1030, Hyderabad: Orient Longman.

  Anon. (1910), The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (Vol. III), Bombay: Times Press.

  Beverdige A.S. (1922), The Babur-Nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) (vol. II), translated from the original Turki text of Zahir’d-din Muhammad Babur Padshah Ghazi, London: Luzac & Co.

  Bowe P. (2009), ‘The Genius of an Artist: William R. Mustoe and the Planning of the City of New Delhi and Its Gardens’, Garden History 37(1): pp. 68‒79.

  Cohen B. (2011), ‘Modernising the Urban Environment: The Musi River Flood of 1908 in Hyderabad, India’, Environment and History 17(3): pp. 409‒32.

  Deloche J. (1993), Transport and Communications in India Prior to Steam Locomotion (vol. I): Land Transport (translated from the French by James Walker), Oxford University Press.

  Edwards S.M. (1909), The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (vol I), Bombay: Cosmo Publications.

  El-Siddig K., Gunasena H.P.M., Prasad B.A., et al. (2006), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.

  Forbes J. (1834), Oriental Memoirs: A Narrative of Seventeen Years Residence in India (vol. II), London: Richard Bentley.

  Hiwale S. (2015), Sustainable Horticulture in Semi-Arid Dry Lands, New Delhi: Springer India.

  Karnataka State Archives (1887), ‘Nallur Amarai Tope in Devanhalli Taluk’, Land Revenue 1887/ 23 of 1887/1‒27, Vidhan Soudha, Bengaluru.

  National Research Council of the National Archives (2008), Lost Crops of Africa (vol. III), Washington DC: The National Academic Press.

  Oza G.M. (1978), ‘Seed Shapes in Tamarindus indica’, Indian Forester 104 (5): pp. 331‒32.

  Roy B. (2004), ‘Democracy Under the Tamarind Trees’, India International Centre Quarterly 31(1): pp. 117‒24.

  Roy K. (2009) Historical Dictionary of Ancient India, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.

  Shah N.C. (2014), ‘Tamarindus indica: Introduction in India and Culinary, Medicinal and Industrial Uses’, Asian Agri-History 18(4): pp. 343‒55.

  Subbarayalu (2014), Dr H.F.C. Cleghorn: Founder of Forest Conservancy in India, Chennai: Notion Press.

  Times Press (1910), The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (vol. III), Bombay: Times Press.

  9. Trees and the Environment

  Chakre O.J. (2006), ‘Choice of Eco-Friendly Trees in Urban Environment to Mitigate Airborne Particulate Pollution’, Journal of Human Ecology 20(2): pp. 135‒38.

  Dahiya S., Myllyvirta L., Sivalingam N. (2017), ‘Apocalyps
e: Assessment of Air Pollution in Indian Cities’, Greenpeace India.

  Dar S.R. (2000), ‘Caravansarais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan: A Central Asian Legacy’, The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce (ed. Elisseeff V), pp. 158‒84, Paris: UNESCO.

  Endreny T., Santagata R., Perna A. et al (2017), ‘Implementing and Managing Urban Forests: A Much-Needed Conservation Strategy to Increase Ecosystem Services and Urban Wellbeing’, Ecological Modelling 360: pp. 328‒35.

  Frost R. (1946), ‘The Sound of the Trees’, The Poems of Robert Frost, New York: The Modern Library, pp. 175.

  Karnataka State Archives (1876), ‘Letter from the Conservator of Forests Mysore and Coorg’, no. 2375, dated 7 January 1876, Proceedings of the Chief Commissioner of Mysore, General Department, 21 January 1876, Vidhan Soudha, Bengaluru.

  McDonald R., Kroeger T., Boucher T., et al. (2016), ‘Planting Healthy Air: A Global Analysis of the Role of Urban Trees in Addressing Particulate Matter Pollution and Extreme Heat’, The Nature Conservancy.

  Mohammad W. (1941), ‘Beautiful Trees: Their Planting and Care’, Indian Forester 67(11): pp. 575‒88.

  Nuwer R. (2013), ‘Trees Make Noises and Some of These Sounds are Cries for Help’, Smithsonian.com, 16 April 2013.

  Prasad R., Pandey R.K. (1985), ‘Methyl-Isocyanate (MIC) Hazard to the Vegetation of Bhopal’, Journal of Tropical Forestry 1(1): pp. 40‒50.

  Shannigrahi A.S., Fukushima T., Sharma R.C. (2004), ‘Anticipated Air Pollution Tolerance of Some Plant Species Considered for Green Belt Development in and Around an Industrial/Urban Area in India: An Overview’, International Journal of Environmental Studies 61(2): pp. 125‒37.

  Song X.P., Tan P.Y., Edwards P., Richards D. (2018), ‘The Economic Benefits and Costs of Trees in Urban Forest Stewardship: A Systematic Review’, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 29: pp. 162‒70.

  Vailshery L.S., Jaganmohan M., Nagendra H. (2013), ‘Effect of Street Trees on Microclimate and Air Pollution in a Tropical City’, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 12: pp. 408‒15.

  10. The Great Eucalyptus Debate

  Beattie J. (2011), Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Art, Science and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia 1800‒1920, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

  Bhojvaid P.P., Kaushik S., Singh Y.P., Kumar D., Thapliyal M., Barthwal S. (eds) (2014), Eucalyptus in India, ENVIS Centre on Forestry.

  Coppen J.J.W. (ed) (2002), Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus, London and New York: Taylor & Francis.

  Devi M. (1983), ‘Why Eucalyptus?’, Economic and Political Weekly 18(32): pp. 1379‒381.

  Doughty R.W. (2000), The Eucalyptus: A Natural and Commercial History of the Gum Tree, Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.

  Freer-Smith P.H., El-khatib A., Taylor G. (2004), ‘Capture of Particulate Pollution by Trees: A Comparison of Species Typical of Semi-Arid Areas (Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus) with European and North American Species’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 155: pp. 173‒87.

  Gamble J.S. (1882) (ed), ‘Malaria and the Value of Eucalyptus’, Indian Forester 7: pp. 335‒40.

  Kumar N. (2014), ‘A Study of Resource Selection by Black Kites, Milvus migrans, in the Urban Landscape of the National Capital Region, India’. Final project report submitted to Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.

  Ministry of Urban Development (2014), Urban Greening Guidelines 2014, Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

  Palanna M. (1993), ‘Eucalyptus in India’, reports submitted to the regional expert consultation on eucalyptus (vol. II), FAO regional office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

  Pandit R. (2018), ‘Why Eucalyptus?’, Down to Earth, 19 September 2018

  Randhawa M.S. (1946), ‘A Tree Plantation Plan for Northern India’, Indian Forester 72(2): 107‒10.

  Shiva V., Bandyopadhyay J. (1987), ‘Ecological Audit of Eucalyptus Cultivation’, Research Foundation for Science and Ecology, Dehradun.

  Srinivasan V., Thompson S., Madhyastha K., et al. (2015), ‘Why Is the Arkavathy River Drying? A Multiple-Hypothesis Approach in a Data Scarce Region’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19: pp. 1905‒917.

  Sunder S.S. (1985), ‘Urban Tree Planting: Foresters Efforts in Bangalore’, Indian Forster 112(4): pp. 296‒304.

  Tewari T.N. (1992), Monograph on Eucalyptus, Dehradun: Surya Publications.

  11. Sacred and Venerable

  Bell K.L., Rangan H., Kull C.A., Murphy D.J. (2015), ‘The History of Introduction of the African Baobab (Adansonia digitata, Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) in the Indian Subcontinent’, The Royal Society Open Science 2: 150370 pp.15.

  Institution of Foresters (2009), ‘Sacred Groves in Trissur District’, Trivandrum, Kerala.

  Musselman L.J. (2003), ‘Trees in the Koran and the Bible’, Unasylva 213(54): pp. 8.

  Rau M.A. (1967), ‘The Sacred Mulberry Tree of Joshimath U.P.’, Indian Forester 93(8): pp. 533‒34.

  Sagwal S.S. (1996), ‘Management of Chinar (Platanus orientalis L.)’, Ecofriendly Trees for Urban Beautification (eds. Khosla P.K., Uppal D.K., Sharma R.K., et al.), Solan: Indian Institute of Tree Scientists and Gurgaon: National Horticultural Board.

  Sastry V.P.S. (2000), ‘Baobab: The Wishing Tree’, Asian Agri-History 4(4): pp. 315‒18.

  Sorenson J.L. (2005), ‘Ancient Voyages Across the Ocean to America: From “Impossible” to “Certain”’, Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 14(1): pp. 6‒17.

  Thiruvady V., Heritage Trees in and around Bangalore, Bangalore: Bangalore Environment Trust.

  Upadhyaya K.D. (1964), ‘Indian Botanical Folklore’, Asian Folklore Studies 23(2): pp. 15‒34.

  Waterfield W. (1913), Indian Ballads. Allahabad: Panini Office.

  12. Amaltas: Golden Chandeliers with Buzzing Bees

  Buchanan F. (1807), A Journey from Madras, through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar, London: printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies (Booksellers to the Asiatic Society) in the Strand; and Black Parry and Kingsbury (Booksellers to the East India Company) in Leadenhall Street.

  Buchmann S.L. (1983), ‘Buzz Pollination in Angiosperms’, Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology (eds. Jones C.E., Little R.J.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, pp. 73‒113.

  De Luca P.A., Vallejo-Marin M. (2013), ‘What’s the “Buzz” About? The Ecology and Evolutionary Significance of Buzz Pollination’, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16(4): pp. 429‒35.

  Dikshitar V.R.R. (translator) (1939), The Śilappadikāram, Oxford University Press.

  Edwards S.M. (1909), The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (vol. I), Bombay: Cosmo Publications.

  Freitas B.M., Pereira J.O.P. (2004), ‘Solitary Bees: Conservation, Rearing and Management for Pollination’, a contribution to the International Workshop on Solitary Bees and Their Role in Pollination, held in Beberibe, Ceará, Brazil, April 2004.

  Karnataka State Archives (1873), A letter from Deputy Commissioner of Mysore District to the Off. Commissioner of Ashtagram Division no. 253, dated 23 June 1873, in the Proceedings of the Chief Commissioner of Mysore, Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce 13 August 1873.

  Keyser P., Irby-Massie G. (2008), The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Natural Scientists: The Greek Tradition and Its Many Heirs, Oxon: Routledge.

  Murali K.S. (1993), ‘Differential Reproductive Success in Cassia fistula in Different Habitats: A Case of Pollinator Limitation?’ Current Science 65(3): pp. 270‒72.

  Naidu S. (1928), ‘Golden Cassia’, The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, pp. 96.

  North M. (1894), Recollections of a Happy Life: Being the Autobiography of Marianne North, edited by her sister, Mrs John Addington Symonds (vol. II), New York: Macmillan & Co.

  Russell R.V. (1916), The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (vol. III), London: Macmillan & Co.

  Singh A. (2010), ‘Wildlife in Mughal India from Text and Paintings’, PhD. thesis, Aligarh Musl
im University, Aligarh.

  Troup R.S. (1921), The Silviculture of Indian Trees: Leguminosae (Caesalpinieae) to Verbenaceae (vol. II), Oxford University Press.

  13. Native and Exotic: Identity Crises of Trees

  Ahuja S.C., Ahuja S., Ahuja U. (2014), ‘Coconut: History, Uses and Folklore’, Asian Agri-History 18 (3): 21‒48..

  Brockway L.H. (1979), ‘Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens’, American Ethnologist 6(3): pp. 449‒65.

  Davis M. (2011), ‘Don’t Judge Species on Their Origin’, Nature 474: pp. 153‒54.

  Geesing D., Al-Khawlani M., Abba M.L. (2004), ‘Management of Introduced Prosopis species: Can Economic Exploitation Control Invasive Species’, Unasylva 55: pp. 36‒44.

  Lucy V. (2010), ‘An Historical Geography of the Nilgiri Cinchona Plantations (1860‒1900)’, PhD. thesis, University of Nottingham.

  Osborne M.A. (2000), ‘Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science’, Osiris 15: pp. 135‒51.

  Pasiecznik N.M., Felker P., Harris P.J.C., et al. (2001), Prosopis juliflora–Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph, HDRA Coventry, United Kingdom.

  Philip K. (1995), ‘Imperial Science Rescues a Tree: Global Botanic Networks, Local Knowledge and the Transcontinental Transportation of Cinchona’, Environment and History 1(2): pp. 173‒200.

  Rangan H., Kull C.A., Alexander L. (2010), ‘Forest Plantations, Water Availability, and Regional Climate Change: Controversies Surrounding Acacia mearnsii Plantations in the Upper Palni Hills, Southern India’, Regional Environmental Change 10 (2): pp. 103‒17.

  14. The Scarlet Silk Cotton

  Baker H.G., Harris, B.J. (1959), ‘Bat Pollination of the Silk-Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (sensu lato), in Ghana’, Journal of the West African Science Association 4: pp. 1‒9.

  Bhattacharya A., Mandal S. (2000), ‘Pollination Biology in Bombax ceiba Linn’, Current Science 79(12): pp. 1706‒712.

  Farooq M., Saxena R.P., Beg M.U. (1988), ‘Sulphur Dioxide Resistance of Indian Trees’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 40: pp. 307‒16.