Millennium
Page 50
medicine see health and medicine
Melanchthon, Philip, 140
mementi mori, 91
Memling, Hans, 124
mental illness, 234, 250, 277
Mentelin, Johannes, 133
mercantilism, 205
mercenaries, 97, 108–9, 145
merchants see commerce
meteorology see climate
Michael, bishop of Tarazona, 45
Michelangelo, 124, 158
microchips, 283
microscopes, 167
migration, 235, 298
Milan, 13, 28, 70, 109, 117, 162
Minnesingers, 103
Minot, Laurence, 100
Minsky, Hyman, 298
Minucchio da Siena, 106
Mirabeau, comte de, 207, 218
mirrors, glass, 120–1, 130
Mississippi Company, 205–6
mistresses, 203
Molière, 160, 185
monarchy: in 13th century, 69–73; in 14th century, 99–100, 101–2, 106–7; in 17th century, 181–2; in 20th century, 275; constitutional, 181–2, 215; and military leadership, 146–7
Mondino de Luzzi, 135
money: in 11th century, 9–10, 14; in 13th century, 64–5; in 18th century, 205–6; paper money, 205; wealth distribution in the future, 333–9; wealth in hierarchy of human needs, 299–302; wealth overview and significance, 314–17; see also banking; economic theory
Mongols, 58, 79–80, 82
monks and monasticism: in 11th century, 18, 27, 28; in 12th century, 37, 38–42, 48; in 14th century, 100; in 16th century, 142, 158
Monroe, Marilyn, 291
Montecorvino, Giovanni de, 80
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Scondat, baron de la Brède et de, 199, 200
Montfort, Simon de (Crusader), 58
Montfort, Simon de (statesman; son of the above), 73
Montgolfier, Jacques-Étienne, 193
Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel, 193
Montpelier, 75
Moon, 165, 166, 168
Moon landings, 289, 291
morals see sexual mores
Moretonhampstead: in 11th century, 9–11, 30–1; in 13th century, 81–2; in 16th century, 157; in 17th century, 173, 191; in 18th century, 191, 197, 209; in 19th century, 193, 225, 233–4; local building materials, 233
Morris, William, 287
Morse, Samuel, 238
Mortimer, John, 196–7
Mortimer, John Frank, 234, 261
motorcycles, 264–5
Moulins, Guyart des, 132
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 6
Mozoni, Anna Maria, 255
Müntzer, Thomas, 140, 142
murder, 148–54, 308
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 160
music, 5–6, 156, 189
Nagasaki, 273
Nantes, Edict of (1598), 202
Naples, 89, 109, 162
nationalism: origins, 97–102, 107; and vernacular languages, 103, 105
Native Americans, 177, 248
natural gas, 225, 289, 320, 322, 329
natural resources: future of, 289–90, 291, 320–4, 328–31, 338, 340–1, 342; in space, 323
Navarre, 12, 58, 72, 88
navigation, 54, 110, 112, 164; see also exploration and discovery
Neapolitan Revolution (1647–8), 180
Neckham, Alexander, 54
needs: and change, 302–19; scale of, 299–302
Netherlands see Holland
Neuss, 58–9
New Mexico, 178
New York, 248, 270; Empire State Building, 269
New Zealand, 178, 252, 256, 278
Newcomen, Thomas, 213, 223
Newfoundland, 115, 176, 177, 178
newspapers, 192–3, 279–80
Newton, Isaac, 165, 167–8, 170, 171, 186–7
Il Niccolini, 182–3
Nicholas II, pope, 16
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 246
Norbert of Xanten, 39
Norfolk, 17, 18
Normandy, 21, 28, 30, 70, 71
Normans, 5, 13, 20, 22, 29–30
North, Lord, 208
Norton, Caroline, 253–4, 255
Norton, Hon. George, 254
Norway: in 11th century, 12; in 14th century, 88, 101; in 16th century, 133; in 17th century, 162; in 18th century, 198; in 19th century, 252; in 20th century, 278; Norwegian language, 103
Norwich, 18, 28, 88
Nostradamus, 158
nuclear weapons, 263, 272, 273–4, 291, 292, 293
numerals, Arabic and Roman, 46
Nuñez de Balboa, Vasco, 154
Oberlin College, 255
O’Connell, Daniel, 250
office equipment, 284
Ogedai, Mongol khan, 79
oil, 271–2, 289, 322–3, 329
opera, 182–3
Ordericus, 41
Orient Express, 232
Orkneys, 99, 101
Ortelius, Abraham, 135, 154–5
Orwell, George, 288
Oslo, 162
Ottoman Empire, 108, 109, 185, 275
Oxford, 149, 153
Oxford, Earl of, 31
Oxford University, 68, 69, 75, 256
Pacific Ocean, 154
Paderborn, 17
Padua, 109, 117
Paine, Thomas, 220
Pakistan, 265
Palencia, 75
Palestine, 63
Palladio, Andreas, 135
Palmerston, Lord, 254
papacy: in 11th century, 15–17, 18–19, 32; in 13th century, 58, 82–3; in 14th century, 88, 99, 100; and canon law, 52–3; elections to, 16; schisms, 100
paper, 224
Paracelsus, 158, 174
parachutes, 194–5
Paraclete, 42
Paris: in 12th century, 42; in 14th century, 91; in 16th century, 143; in 17th century, 161, 165; in 18th century, 194, 218, 219; in 19th century, 232, 240, 243, 270; in 20th century, 270; La Défense, 270; Eiffel Tower, 269
Paris University, 68, 75, 98, 257
parish registers, 136, 157
Parker, Geoffrey, 35–6
parliaments, 72–3, 182
Pasteur, Louis, 242, 243–4, 259
Paston letters, 122
patents, 215, 224–5
Paul, Lewis, 214
Pavia, 13
Pavia, battle of (1525), 145
Peace of God movement, 22, 26
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 92
Peasants’ War (1524–5), 142
Peking, 80
penicillin, 277
Pennsylvania, 217, 251
Pepys, Samuel, 184
Perpignan, 88
Perry, Commodore Matthew, 5
Petrarch, 105
Petty, Sir William, 206
pharmacy, 50–1
Philaretus, 49
Philip IV, king of France, 99, 100
Philip Augustus, king of France, 66, 70, 71
Philip of Hesse, 140
Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 118
Philippines, 155
philosophy, 168–9
photography, 245–9, 279
Physiocrats, 207–8
Pian del Carpine, Giovanni, 80
pig iron, 215
Piketty, Thomas, 334–5
Pilgrim Fathers, 177
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), 142–3
pilgrimages, 78, 141
Pinhoe, 11
Pinker, Steven, 150–2
pipe rolls, 65–6
pirates, 188
Pisa, 13, 28, 87, 109
Pisa, Council of (1409), 99
Pitt the Younger, William, 208
plague, 162, 206; see also Black Death
Plato, 46
Plato of Tivoli, 45
Play of Daniel, 57
Pleadings, Statute of (1362), 103
ploughing, 35, 236
Plumpton letters, 122
Plymouth, 280
Plymouth Colony, 177
Poland: in 10th century, 12; in 13th century, 79; in 15th century, 109; in 16th century, 133; in 17th century, 163; in 19th century, 232, 256; in 20th century, 265, 274; Polish language, 105
Polo, Marco, 80–1, 104, 111
Pomposa Abbey, 28
Poor Clares, 75
population: 12th-century growth, 35–8, 54–5; in 13th century, 59–60; in 14th century, 86–92; in 16th century, 130, 179–80; in 18th century, 198–9; in 19th century, 227–31; in 20th century, 263, 267–8; change patterns, 298; and colonialism, 179–80; in the future, 289–90, 331–2, 337–8, 339, 342; Malthus on, 209–11; overview and significance, 226–7, 302–3, 347–53
porcelain, 156, 183
Portugal: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 58, 72, 102; in 14th century, 97, 101; in 15th century, 111–13, 115–16, 128; in 16th century, 136; in 17th century, 163, 179; in 18th century, 133, 198; in 19th century, 228, 251, 257; Portuguese Empire, 111–13, 115–16, 128, 148, 154–6, 178, 179; Portuguese language, 104
postal systems, 191, 192, 236–7
potatoes, 197–8
potteries, 214–15
Pounds, Norman, 349–50
Poussin, Nicolas, 160
Pratt, James, 313
Prayerbook Rebellion (1549), 142–3, 157
prejudice, 309–12; see also class; racism; religion: religious intolerance; women
Premonstratensian order, 39
priests, 17
Principe, 112
printing, 102, 108, 126–7, 132–9, 157
prisons, 204
privacy, 123
progress concept, 199–200, 209–11, 288
prostitutes, 202, 203, 338
Protestantism: in 17th century, 180, 202; in 18th century, 202; Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9; see also Puritans
Prouille, 74, 75
Prussia, 220, 257; see also Germany
Ptolemy, 45, 46, 111, 113, 116
public health and sanitation, 240–4
Puffing Billy (steam engine), 231
Purcell, Henry, 182
Purgatory doctrine, 39–40, 140, 142
Puritans, 186
Quesnay, Dr François, 207
rabies, 244
racism, 263, 282, 310
radio, 240, 280–1
railways, 212, 231–5, 263, 270, 314
Ranulph de Glanvill, 54
rationalism, 169
Raymond, bishop of Toledo, 45
realism, 123–6
rebellions, revolutions and uprisings: in 14th century, 91–2; in 16th century, 142–3; in 17th century, 180, 181, 215; in 18th century, 215–21; in 19th century, 249–50
Reconquista, 12, 27–8, 32, 45, 58, 83, 109
record-keeping, 65–8, 136–7, 157
redemption, 40
Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9
religion: in 11th century, 9, 12, 14–19, 21–3, 30–1, 32, 52; in 12th century, 37, 38–44, 47, 55–6; in 13th century, 73–7, 82–3, 84; in 14th century, 90–1, 98–9, 100, 102, 104; in 15th century, 122; in 16th century, 132–3, 139–44, 157, 158–9; in 17th century, 169–70, 175–6, 180, 181, 182, 186, 202; in 18th century, 202, 221–2; in 19th century, 234, 259–60; in the future, 343–4; in hierarchy of human needs, 301; and medicine, 175–6; overview, 325; religious art, 123–4; religious tolerance, 142, 182, 202, 310; see also Christianity; Islam; monks and monasticism; Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
Rély, Jean de, 133
Rembrandt, 160
Renaissance, 110, 123–6, 158
republicanism, 217
revolutions see rebellions, revolutions and uprisings
Rhazes, 48–9, 50
Ricci, Marco, 182–3
Ricciardi banking company, 65
Richard I the Lionheart, king of England, 70
Richard II, king of England, 101
Richard III, king of England, 147
Richard of Wallingford, 117
Richardson, Samuel, 203
Richelieu, cardinal, 144
Richer, Jean, 167
rights: equality, 215–21, 333–41; Magna Carta, 70–2; natural, 180–2, 200–1
Riis, Jacob, 248
roads, 190–1, 192, 236
Roanoke, 176
Robert I Bruce, king of Scotland, 93–4
Robert, Jacques Charles, 194
Robert, Nicolas-Louis, 194
Robert de Courçon, 68
Robert of Chester, 45
Robert of Ketton, 45
Rocket (steam engine), 231
Roe, Sir Thomas, 179
Roger II, king of Sicily, 46
Roger de Weyden, 123
Roger of Hoveden, 34
Rogers, John, 133
Roman Catholic Church: in 11th century, 9, 12, 14–19, 21–3, 24–6, 27–9, 30–1, 32; in 12th century, 37, 38–44, 47, 55–6; in 13th century, 73–7, 82–3; in 14th century, 90–1, 98–9, 100, 102; in 15th century, 122; in 16th century, 139–44, 155, 157, 158–9; in 17th century, 169–70, 180, 202; in 18th century, 202; in 19th century, 250; and architecture, 27–9, 30–1; canon law, 52–3, 79; ecclesiastical nationalism, 98–9; and education, 67, 69; friars, 73–7, 83; and medicine, 47, 135; and peace, 21–3; as power for good, 84; record-keeping, 67; Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9; and science, 169–70; and slavery, 24–6; and time, 119; vernacular Bibles, 132–3
Roman Empire, 23, 51, 52
Romanos Diogenes, Byzantine emperor, 13
Rome, 13, 63, 64, 109
Romney Marshes, 197
Ronalds, Francis, 237–8
Roome, Charles, 349–50
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 292
Roses, Wars of the (1455–87), 109
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6, 199, 200–2, 223, 295
Royal Society of London, 168
Rozier, Pilatre de, 194
rubber, 156
Rudolf of Bruges, 45
Ruiz, Juan, 104
Russell, J. C., 347, 349
Russia: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 79; in 17th century, 180; in 18th century, 133, 203; in 19th century, 228, 232, 233; in 20th century, 276, 281; in 21st century, 334, 335; Russian Empire, 275; see also Soviet Union
Saddam Hussein, 296
St Albans, 28
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), 143
St George’s, 177
saints’ lives, 122
Saladin, 34, 54
Salamanca (steam engine), 231
Salem witch trials, 186
Salerno, 49, 50, 51, 68, 69
Salisbury (formerly Old Sarum), 17–18
Sampford Courtenay, 157
Sancho II, king of Portugal, 102
sanitation see public health and sanitation
Santiago de Compostela, 27, 63
São Tomé, 112
Saragossa, 45
satellites, 289
Saturn, 166, 169
Savery, Thomas, 213
Scandinavia: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 60; in 14th century, 101; homicide rates, 149; see also individual countries by name
Scarperia, Giacomo de, 111
schiltroms, 93–4
scholarship, 41–7, 76, 77
schools see education
science: in 13th century, 76–7; in 16th century, 134–6; in 17th century, 164–72, 186–7; in 18th century, 222; scientific organisations, 168
science fiction, 287, 288
Scotland: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 60; in 14th century, 93–5, 96; in 17th century, 162, 163, 171
Sebastian, king of Portugal, 147
Second World War (1939–45): aviation, 266; effect on civilians, 273; and health, 277; Hitler’s role, 293; Holocaust, 293, 310; and homicide rates, 153; mortality rate, 86; and technological advance, 272–3, 293; and women’s rights, 275
security see violence; warfare
self-esteem and self-actualisation, 300–2
Seljuk Turks, 14, 18, 20
Selsey, 17
&n
bsp; Semmelweis, Ignaz, 241–2
Serbia, 108
servants, 275
Seville, 58, 89, 162
sexual mores: in 12th century, 44, 53; in 18th century, 202–3, 221; Puritan, 186; women’s experience through the ages, 311
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, seventh earl of, 250
Shakespeare, William, 31, 117, 153, 158
shale gas, 329
Sharp, James, 225
Sherborne, 17–18
Shetlands, 101
ships: caravels, 112; steamships, 235
Sicily, 45–6
siege warfare, 96–7, 144–5
Siena, 63, 87
silk trade, 63, 64, 178, 179
simony, 16
Singapore, 278
slavery: 17th-century resurgence, 5; 19th-century abolition, 251–2; in America, 177, 217; etymology, 25; history to 11th century, 23–6; origins of African slave trade, 112, 156, 157
Slavs, 12, 20, 25
Slovakia, 213
smallpox, 162, 241
Smeaton, John, 213–14
Smith, Adam, 208, 209
Smith, John, 313
Smith, Joshua, 173
Snow, John, 243
social contract, 180–2, 200–1
social hierarchy: in 17th century, 180–5; Black Death’s effects, 90; in the future, 333–41
social reform, 248, 249–57, 258
social relationships see community life
socialism, 260, 287, 322
Sorokin, Pitirim, 304–7
sound recordings, 224
Souslova, Nadejda, 256
South Africa, 178
South America: in 19th century, 241; Spanish and Portuguese conquest and occupation, 148, 154–6, 178
South Sea Company, 206
Soviet Union, 292; see also Russia
space travel, 272, 289, 291, 323–4
Spain: in 8th century, 29; in 11th century, 12, 20, 26, 27–8, 32; in 12th century, 45, 72; in 13th century, 58, 69, 83; in 14th century, 88, 89, 101; in 15th century, 109, 113–16, 147; in 16th century, 133, 143, 147, 148; in 17th century, 147, 162, 163, 180, 192, 310; in 18th century, 198, 217; in 19th century, 228, 233, 241, 251, 252, 257; in 20th century, 278; life expectancy overview, 278, 309; Spanish Empire, 113–16, 148, 154–6, 178, 179; Spanish language, 104; wealth overview, 316
Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 307
Spanish Golden Age, 160
Spanish Inquisition, 143
Spanish Succession, War of the (1475–9), 109
spectacles, 120
Speyer, 28, 33
Spice Islands, 178
spice trade, 63, 64, 115, 156, 178, 179
sport and games, 258
Springs of Cressen, battle of (1187), 34
stagecoaches, 191–2
Stalin, Joseph, 292
Stampa, Gaspara, 138
stamps, postage, 237
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 255
Starley, John Kemp, 236
state, increasing power, 150–2
statistics, government, 206; see also record-keeping