116 Ibid., 381.
117 Ronald M. Berndt, “Traditional Morality as Expressed Through the Medium of an Australian Aboriginal Religion,” in Religion in Aboriginal Australia, ed. Max Charlesworth et al. (Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1984), 207.
118 Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (first published 1904), reprinted in Charlesworth et al., eds., Religion in Aboriginal Australia, 277—78.
119 Robert N. Bellah, “Religious Evolution,” American Sociological Review 29(3) (1964): 358-74, reprinted in The Robert Bellah Reader, ed. Robert N. Bellah and Steven M. Tipton (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 33.
120 Robert Tonkinson, “Semen Versus Spirit-child in a Western Desert Culture,” in Charlesworth et al., eds., Religion in Aboriginal Australia, 118.
121 W. E. H. Stanner, “The Dreaming,” in Australian Signpost, ed. T. A. G. Hungerford and F. W. Cheshire (Melbourne: F. W. Cheshire, 1956); reprinted in the first edition only of Reader in Comparative Religion, ed. William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (Evanston, Illinois: Peterson, 1958), 515.
122 Spencer and Gillen, The Native Tribes of Central Australia, 93.
123 Ibid., 98.
124 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 108.
125 Ibid., 104.
126 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 313.
127 Daniel L. Pals, Seven Theories of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 200.
128 Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion, 73.
129 Talcott Parsons, in Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), xxxvii.
130 Franz Boas, Anthropology and Modern Life (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004 [first published 1928]), 111.
131 Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate (New York: Viking, 2002), 23.
132 Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 84. The quotation is cited without source.
133 Christopher Boehm, Hierarchy in the Forest (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 42.
134 Yosef Garfinkel, Dancing at the Dawn of Agriculture (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 100.
135 Roy Rappaport, “The Sacred in Human Evolution,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2 (1971): 23-44.
136 Joyce Marcus and Kent. V. Flannery, “The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14-C dates from ancient Mexico,” Science 101 (2004): 18257-61.
137 Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, “The Origin of War: New 14-C Dates from Ancient Mexico,” Science 100 (2003): 11801-05.
138 Peter M. M. G. Akkermans and Glenn M. Schwartz, The Archaeology of Syria (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 96.
139 Garfinkel, Dancing at the Dawn of Agriculture, 100.
140 I. M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), 118.
141 E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1951), 270—82.
142 1 Samuel 10:1-11.
143 2 Samuel 6:12-20.
144 Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 149.
145 Barbara Ehrenreich, Dancing in the Streets (New York: Holt, 2006), 76.
146 Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 105.
147 William H. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 75—77.
148 Johnson, History of Christianity, 249-50.
149 Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 172.
150 McNeill, Keeping Together in Time, 79.
151 Ibid., 94.
152 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 203.
153 David N. Keightley, “The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty,” in The Cambridge History of Ancient China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 232-91.
154 Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Karen E. Fields tr. (New York: Free Press, 1995), 429.
155 Jonathan K. Pritchard et al., “Population Growth of Human Y Chromosomes: A Study of Y Chromosome Micro-Satellites,” Molecular Biology and Evolution 16 (1999): 1791-98.
156 Roy A. Rappaport, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 337.
157 Quoted in ibid., 490-91.
158 Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic, Science and Religion (Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1992), 39.
159 William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2005), 267-69.
160 Ibid., 263.
161 Ibid., 295.
162 2 Kings 22.
163 James L. Kugel, How to Read the Bible (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 74-79.
164 Genesis 8:21.
165 Genesis 7:1-2.
166 Genesis 7:15-16.
167 Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 37.
168 William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003), 228.
169 Ibid., 235-6.
170 Ibid., 167.
171 Kugel, How to Read the Bible, 381-82.
172 Finkelstein and Silberman, Bible Unearthed, 249.
173 2 Kings 22:20.
174 Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 43.
175 Ibid., 12.
176 Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 63.
177 Ibid., 7. The numbers generated by this simple calculation agree well with estimates derived independently by several historians.
178 Ibid., 160.
179 Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (New York: Schocken, 1995), 49.
180 Stark, Rise of Christianity, 128.
181 Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 127.
182 Ibid., 72.
183 Matthew 5:17.
184 E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus (New York: Penguin Press, 1993), 224.
185 Matthew 10:5-6.
186 Matthew 28:19.
187 Sanders, Historical Figure ofJesus, 192.
188 Barrie Wilson, How jesus Became Christian (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 167.
189 Galatians 1:11-12.
190 Bart D. Ehrman, The Lost Christianities (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 23.
191 Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 143.
192 James Frazer, The Golden Bough, (abridged) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 389.
193 Chadwick, Early Church, 24.
194 Frazer, Golden Bough, 346-52.
195 According to Leviticus 17, Yahweh himself told Moses that “the life of the flesh is in the blood” and that blood must on no account be eaten. “And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will ... cut him off from among his people.”
196 The Apostolic Fathers: Early Christian Writings (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 194.
197 Of the fourteen letters attributed to Paul in the New Testament, seven are generally agreed to be authentic. They are, in order of probable composition, with estimated dates: 1 Thessalonians (A.D. 46 or 49), 1 Corinthians (A.D. 49 or 52), 2 Corinthians (A.D. 50 or 53), Philippians, Philemon, Galatians, Romans (A.D. 51-52 or 54—55). The letters to the Philippians, Philemon and Galatians are of unknown date but seem to have been written between 2 Corinthians and Romans. Donald Harman Akenson, Saint Saul (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 145.
198 1 Corinthians 11:23.
199 The phrase occurs in 1 Corinthians 11:20. It is sometimes translated “the Lord’s
supper,” as for example by James D. G. Gunn in his Christianity in the Making (Vol. 2: Beginning from Jerusalem, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009, p. 645), but this is probably incorrect. Greek preserves the same distinction as does English between “a lordly supper”—kuriakon deipnon—and “the Lord’s supper”—deipnon tou Kuriou; Paul uses the former. According to Hyam Maccoby in The Mythmaker (New York: Harper and Row, 1986, 116), “The same expression was used in the mystery religions for the sacred meals dedicated to the saviour-god.... The early Fathers of the Church became embarrassed by it, and they substituted for it the name ‘Eucharist,’ which had Jewish rather than pagan associations. Thus the Fathers sought to align the Christian ceremony with the non-mystical, non-magical Kiddush of the Jews, in which the wine and the bread were ‘blessed’ (or, more accurately, God was blessed for providing them).”
200 1 Corinthians 15:5—8.
201 Eusebius, Quaestiones ad Marinum, available online in Greek and French at http://www2.unil.ch/cyberdocuments/pratique/acces/theologie/theses_theologie.html as pdf attached to thesis by Claudio Zamagni.
202 The practice began following a decree of the Roman emperor Elagabalus before his death in A.D. 222. The earliest known record of Jesus’ birthday being celebrated on December 25 dates to 243. See Wikipedia entry on Sol Invictus.
203 Chadwick, Early Church, 25, footnote.
204 Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 204.
205 Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 40.
206 Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests (Philadelphia: Perseus Books, 2007), 83.
207 Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren, Crossroads to Islam (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003), 234.
208 David B. Cook, “Islam: Age of Conquest,” in Encyclopedia of Religion and War, ed. Gabriel Palmer-Fernandez (London: Routledge, 2004), 203.
209 Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 23.
210 Patricia Crone, “What Do We Actually Know about Mohammed?” www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp August 30, 2006.
211 G. R. Hawting, “John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism,” in The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, ed. Ibn Warraq (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), 522.
212 Al-Bukhari, quoted in Bernard Lewis, Islam, vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 2.
213 John Wansbrough, “Res Ipsa Loquitur: History and Mimesis,” lecture reprinted in The Sectarian Milieu (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006), 162.
214 John Wansbrough, Quranic Studies (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2004 [first published 1977]), 179.
215 Estelle Whelan, “Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of the Qur‘an,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 118 (1998): 1-14.
216 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 248.
217 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 279.
218 Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, 203—30; quoted in Ibn Warraq, “Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam,” in The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, ed. Ibn Warraq (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), 29.
219 Ibid.
220 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 230.
221 Whelan, “Forgotten Witness:’
222 Volker Popp, ”The Early History of Islam, Following Inscriptional and Numismatic Testimony,” in The Hidden Origins of Islam, ed. Karl-Heinz Ohlig and Gerd-R. Puin (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Press, 2009), 35-36, 62.
223 Christoph Luxenberg, ”A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock,” in Ohlig and Puin, eds., The Hidden Origins of Islam , 131—32.
224 Karl-Heinz Ohlig, ”Why ‘Shadowy Beginnings’ of Islam?“, in ibid., 10.
225 Philip Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity, (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 193.
226 Luxenberg, “New Interpretation,” 143.
227 Ibid.
228 Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, 5th ed. (Florence, Kentucky: Wadsworth, 1997), 76.
229 Max Weber, The Sociology ofreligion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), 1.
230 This account of the Kula exchange is based on Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1984 [first published 1922]).
231 Ibid., 83.
232 Details of this picturesque male fantasy would doubtless tire most readers, so are relegated to this footnote: Malinowski writes (223), ” ... Kaytalugi is aland of women only, in which no man can survive. The women who live there are beautiful, big and strong, and they walk about naked, and with the bodily hair unshaven (which is contrary to the Trobriand custom). They are extremely dangerous to any man through the unbounded violence of their passion. The natives never tire of describing graphically how such women would satisfy their sensuous lust, if they got hold of some luckless, shipwrecked man. No one could survive, even for a short time, the amorous yet brutal attacks of these women. The natives compare this treatment to that customary at the yousa, the orgiastic mishandling of any man, caught at certain stages of female communal labour in Boyowa. [Malinowski here refers to the report that men who disturbed women ritually weeding their gardens in the south of the main Trobriand island were liable to be raped and otherwise abused by the women.] Not even the boys born on this island of Kaytalugi can survive a tender age. It must be remembered that the natives see no need for male co-operation in continuing the race. Thus the women propagate the race, although every male needs must come to an untimely end before he can become a man.”
233 Marcel Mauss, The Gift (London : Routledge, 1990), 37.
234 Mary Douglas, Foreword to ibid., ix.
235 Roy A. Rappaport, ”The Sacred in Human Evolution,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2 (1971): 23-44.
236 Robert Bellah, “The R Word,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, Spring 2008.
237 Oliver Goodenough and Monika Gruter Cheney, in Moral Markets, ed. Paul J. Zak (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), xxiii.
238 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 192.
239 Ibid., 17-18.
240 www.http:avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.
241 Will Herberg, Protestant Catholic Jew (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 84.
242 Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 38.
243 Francis Fukuyama, Trust (New York: Free Press, 1995), 7.
244 Ibid., 319.
245 Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003), 172.
246 Renee RoseShield, Diamond Stories (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002), 1.
247 www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/affinity.htm.
248 Robin Pogrebin, ”For Jews, Madoff’s Scandal Brings Feelings of Betrayal and Shame,” New York Times, December 24, 2008, 1.
249 Richard Sosis, ”Does Religion Promote Trust? The Role of Signaling, Reputation and Punishment,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1 (2005): article 7.
250 Deuteronomy 23:20; Luke 6:35; Koran, Surah 2:275.
251 Marc Hauser, Moral Minds (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 421.
252 Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 227.
253 Deuteronomy 13:8-10.
254 Sam Harris, The End of Faith (New York: Norton, 2006), 15-18.
255 Christopher Hitchens, god Is Not Great (New York: Hachette, 2007), 106.
256 http://come-and-hear.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_61.html/.
257 Vernon Reynolds and Ralph Tanner, The Social Ecology of Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 69.
258 Ibid., 38-39.
259 The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey 2008, 68. Available online at http://religions.pewforum.org/.
260 Samuel Huntin
gton, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 265.
261 RodneyStark, The Rise of Christianity (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 128.
262 Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (New York: Simon &Schuster, 1976), 141.
263 Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 99-102.
264 Erik Eckholm, ”Boys Cast Out by Polygamists Find New Help,” New York Times, September 7, 2007, A1.
265 J. B. Peires, The Dead Will Arise (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 99.
266 Ibid., 145.
267 Ibid., 158.
268 Revelation 11:3: ”And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.”
269 en.wikipedia. org/wiki/” Heaven’s Gate”
270 Lisa J. Lucero, “The Politics of Ritual,” Current Anthropology 44 (2003), 523-58.
271 J. Stephen Lansing, Priests and Programmers (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007 [1st edition 1991]), 75.
272 Roy Rappaport, Pigs for the Ancestors (Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2000 [first published 1984]),126.
273 Ibid., 3-4.
274 Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (London: Longmans, Green, 1884), 25.
275 Deuteronomy 20:1 and 16-17.
276 Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests (Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2007), 50.
277 Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 100.
278 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 114.
279 Noah Feldman, The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 79.
280 Ibid., 136.
281 Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993.
282 Geoffrey W. Conrad and Arthur A. Demarest, Religion and Empire (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1984), 38.
283 Quoted in ibid., 28-29.
284 Ibid., 47.
285 Ibid., 69.
286 Richard Sosis, Howard C. Kress, and James S. Boster, “Scars for War: Evaluating Alternative Signaling Explanations for Cross-cultural Variance in Ritual Costs,” Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007): 234-47.
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