287 Quoted in William H. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995),104.
288 Dominic Johnson, “Gods of War—The Adaptive Logic of Religious Conflict,” in The Evolution of Religion, ed. Joseph Bulbuliaet al. (Santa Margarita, California: Collins Foundation Press, 2008), 111—17.
289 Johnson, “Gods of War,” 112.
290 McNeill, Keeping Together in Time, 127.
291 Sam Harris, The End of Faith (New York: Norton, 2004), 26.
292 McNeill, Keeping Together in Time, 105.
293 Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 249-50.
294 Greg Austin, Todd Kranockand Thom Oommen, “God and War: An Audit & an Explanation,” Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, unpublished. http://news.bbc.co.uk/shared/spl/hi/world/04/war_audit_pdf/pdf/war_audit.pdf/.
295 Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ War (Philadelphia: Basic Books, 1999), xii—xiii.
296 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), 314.
297 Economist, December 23, 1999.
298 Phillips, Cousins’ War, 21.
299 Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 17.
300 Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America 1776—2005 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 175.
301 Quoted in ibid., 124.
302 The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey 2008, 6. Obtainable from http://religions.pewforum.org/religions
303 Finke and Stark, Churching of America, 246.
304 Ibid., 23.
305 PippaNorris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 100.
306 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 22.
307 Ibid., 5.
308 Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” reprinted in The Robert Bellah Reader, ed. Robert N. Bellah and Steven M. Tipton (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 229.
309 Robert Booth Fowler, Allen D. Hertzke, Laura R. Olson, and Kevin R. Den Dulk, Religion and Politics in America, 3rd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2004), 301.
310 Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?: The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 68-69.
311 George McKenna, The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), xiii.
312 Noah Feldman, Divided by God (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 59-60.
313 Ibid., 170.
314 Ibid., 183.
315 Lambert, Religion in American Politics, 107.
316 Figures taken from Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular, 72.
317 Figures taken from ibid., 90.
318 Ibid., 17.
319 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 47.
320 Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, 22—49.
321 Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 184.
322 Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong!. (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 152.
323 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (New York: Pearson, 2008), 77.
324 Samuel Huntington, Who Are We!.’ The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 59.
325 Todd Bersaglieri et al., “Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene,” American Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 74:111-1120.
326 The Yanomamo, a tribal people who live in villages in the border forests of Brazil and Venezuela, engage in frequent warfare with their neighbors. Some 30 percent of adult men die violently. Those who have killed other men—called unokais, after the purification ceremony they must go through—have more wives and three times more children than do non-unokais. Napoleon A. Chagnon, ”Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science 239 (1988): 985-92.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book grew out of an earlier one, Before the Dawn, which examined the last 50,000 years of human evolution in the light of new explorations of the human genome. In writing that book it became clear to me that religious behavior had played a greater evolutionary role in shaping human societies than could be described at the time. The Faith Instinct is an attempt to remedy that neglect.
I thank Peter Matson of Sterling Lord Literistic for shaping the idea of the book and Vanessa Mobley, its first editor at Penguin Press, for her unfailing encouragement and advice. I am much indebted to Laura Stickney, its second editor, for her fine judgment and many deft suggestions and improvements.
I am most grateful to the Templeton Foundation, both for a generous grant and for the advice of its expert reviewers, who scrutinized the project at its outline and first-draft stages. The reviewers were anonymous so I cannot thank them by name, with the exception of Christopher Boehm of the University of Southern California, who kindly let his name be known to me. Further conversation with him allowed me to close several significant conceptual gaps in the argument.
I have benefited greatly from the advice of friends who read early drafts of the book and saved me from many errors, obscurities and infelicities. These include Caleb Crowell, Nicholas W. Fisher, David H. Levey, Jeremy J. Stone, Richard L. Tapper, and my wife Mary V. Wade. I thank them for their considerable help in improving the book. I am also indebted to Jonathan Haidt of the University of Virginia for reviewing the chapter on morality.
Erica Harris, of Boston University, and Prometheus Press were kind enough to make important books available to me in advance of publication.
My religious education I owe to Henry VI, who founded a school for poor scholars in 1440. He built at Eton one of England’s most beautiful chapels, in which I attended services every day and twice on Sunday during my school years.
INDEX
Abbasids
‘Abd al-Malik
Abdulhamid II, Caliph
abortion
Abu Bakr, Caliph
action principle
adaptation
Adonis
affinity frauds
Afghanistan
Africa
human dispersal from
see also !KungSan; Nuer
African Americans
agnostics
agriculture
ecology of religion and
festivals and
Ahuitzotl, Aztec emperor
Akkermans, Peter
Alexander, Richard
Alexandria
Allah
altruism
Ambrose, bishop of Milan
American Civil Religion
American Indians
Amish
ancestor worship
ancestral religion
Andaman Islanders and
Australian Aborigines and
features of
hunter gatherer preservation of
! Kung San and
legacy of
modern religion compared with
origin of religion and
suppression of
transformation of, see transformation of
religion
Andaman Islanders
Anglican church
animism
Antioch
ants
apes
Applewhite, Marshall
Arabia
Arabs
Arians, Arianism
Armstrong, Karen
Army, U.S.
Arunta
Assyria
Athanasius, patriarch of Alexandria atheists
Atran, Scott
Attis
Augsburg, Peace of (1555)
Augustine, Saint
Aurelian, Roman emperor
Australian Aborigines
conception and
dreamworld of
genetic analysis of
religious practices of
Azande
Aztecs
Ba‘al (Ba’al Hammon)
Babylonia, Babylonians
Bali
Baptists
Basil, Saint
Becker, Thomas
bees
belief
Bellah, Robert
Bering, Jesse
Berkey, Jonathan
Berndt, Ronald
Bible
Hebrew (Old Testament)
higher criticism of
New Testament
Septuagint
Biesele, Megan
Bishops’ Wars
Blake, William
blood, redness of
Blunt, John Henry
blushing
Boas, Franz
Boehm, Christopher
Boers
Bourguignon, Erika
Bowles, Samuel
Boyer, Pascal
Bradford, University of
brain
facerecognition and
morality and
size of
trance and
Brown, Donald
Brown, Peter
Buddhism
Bulkeley, Kelly
Byzantines
Calvinism
camels
Canaanites, Canaan
capitalism
Carthage, Carthaginians
Catholicism
contraception and
crusades and
Protestants vs.
Second Vatican Council and
splits in
in the U.S.
celibacy
Chadwick, Henry
Chadwick, Owen
Chagnon, Napoleon
Charismatic Movement
Charles I, king of England
Chemel, Benjamin
Cheney, Monika Gruter
children
adopted
evolution of religion and
killing of
language learning of
morality and
mother’s protection of
natural selection and
twins
warfare and
chimpanzees
hierarchy of
warfare and
China
Christianity
Arab
Chalcedonian
church’s struggle with ecstatic religion in
ecology of religion and
festivals in
future of
Melkite
Monophysite
Nestorian
persecution and
rise of
in Roman empire
sacrifice in
shaping of
splitsin
tree of religion and
virgin birth and
warfare and
see also specific sects
Christmovement
church attendance
circumcision
civilizations, fault lines between
Clark, Gregory
colonialism
conception
Confucianism
Congregationalism
Conrad, Geoffrey
Constantine, Roman emperor
Constantinople
Constitution, U.S.
contact principle
contraception
Cook, Michael
cooperation
Coptic church
coronation rites
Cortés, Hernán
Cousins’ Wars, The (Phillips)
Crone, Patricia
crusades
cults, suicide path of
cultural differences
culture
evolution and
Cybele
Cyril, Egyptian patriarch
Damascus
dance
of Andaman Islanders
healing
kaiko
social cohesion and
suppression of
trance
transformation of religion and
“Dancing at the Dawn of Agriculture”
(Garfinkel)
Dancing in the Streets (Ehrenreich)
Darwin, Charles
music as viewed by
survival of the fittest and
Darwin’s Cathedral (D. S. Wilson)
David, King
Dawkins, Richard
death
Natufians and
from warfare
Declaration of Independence, U.S.
Demarest, Arthur
dervish orders
Descent of Man, The (Darwin)
Deuteronomy
Dever, William
de Waal, Frans
de Wette, Wilhelm
Dewi Danu
Di
Didache (“The Teaching of the Twelve
Apostles”)
dimorphic features
Diocletian, Roman emperor
Dionysus
Diplomacy (Kissinger)
disgust
divination
divine retribution, fear of
DNA
Dodds, E. R.
Douglas, Mary
dreams, dreamworld
of Australian Aborigines
dress
drugs
drums, drumming
Durkheim, Émile
Evans-Pritchard’s views on
Easter
ecology of religion
fertility control and
natural resources and
population size and
reproduction and
warfare and
economics, economy
see also trade
Economist
ecstatic religion
egalitarianism
Egypt, ancient
exodus from
Egypt, modern
Ehrenreich, Barbara
Eisenhower, Dwight
Ekstein, David
El/elohim
Elementary Forms of Religious Life, The (Durkheim)
Eleusinian mysteries
emotion
bonding and
empathy
End of Faith, The (Harris)
England
Engwura ceremony
enthousiasmos
Ephesus, Council of (431)
Episcopal church
ethnicity
Etruscans
eucharist (communion)
European Union
Eusebius
evangelical churches
Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
evolution, biological
human choice and
morality and
rejection of theory of
evolution of religion
as adaptation vs. by-product
common or universal features and
emergence of religious behavior and
genetics and
group selection and
from male dominance to egalitarianism
membership costs and
supernatural realm and
faces
Falun Gong movement
Feldman, Noah
Finke, Roger
Finkelstein, Israel
Fitch, Tecumseh
Flannery, Kent V.
flutes
food
distribution of
eucharist and
Jewish dietary laws and
sacrifice and
Foot, Philippa
Forel, Auguste
Fowler, Robert
Fox, George
FOXP2 gene
France
Frazer, James G.
freeloading
Fukuyama, Francis
fundamentalism, Christian
fundamentalism, Islamic
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Fundamentals, The
Gage, Phineas
G
arfinkel, Yosef
//Gauwa
//gauwasi
Genesis
genetics, genes
evolution of religion and
kin selection and
language development and
morality and
music and
preservation of ancestral religion and
Germany, Germans
biblical analysis by
Gibbon, Edward
Gilgamesh, Epic of
Gillen, F. J.
God
belief in
chosen people of
evolution of religion and
messenger of
obituary of
trust and
Yahweh
God-fearers
Golden Bough, The (Frazer)
Goodenough, Oliver
Good Friday experiment
Great Britain
Greeks, ancient
Greenberg, Toby
Gregory I “the Great,” Pope group selection music and Guyana, cult deaths in
Haidt, Jonathan
Hamilton, William
Harris, Sam
Hart, Mickey
Hauser, Marc
Hawting, G. R.
healing
Heaven’s Gate cult
Hebrew
Hendrix, Jimi
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor
hierarchy
primate
religious; see also priests
higher criticism
Hijaz
Hinduism
Hitchens, Christopher
Hobbes, Thomas
Holland
Holy Roman Empire
homosexuality
honor
Horus
Hoshea, king of Israel
Hubert, Henri
Huldah
Hume, David
hunter gatherers
dance of
egalitarianism of
infant killing and
music of
punishment and
trance and
warfare of
see also ancestral religion; Andaman Islanders; Australian Aborigines; !Kung San
hunting
Huntington, Samuel
Huntington’s disease
Iannaccone, Laurence
Ibn Ishaq
incest
India
Industrial Revolution
infanticide
Inglehart, Ronald
initiation rites
of Andaman
of Australian Aborigines
music and
Innocent I, Pope
intention principle
interest, prohibitions on
Iran
Iraq
Irons, Williams
Isis
Islam
alternative hypothesis about
ecology of religion and
future of
origins of
Sunni-Shia split in
tree of religion and
warfare and
The Faith Instinct Page 34