A Naval History of World War I

by Paul G. Halpern

  129.Beatty to his wife, 22 September 1918, Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:554.

  130.On this point both Roskill and Marder agree. See Roskill, Beatty, 260–61, 271–72; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:172 n. 11.

  131.A very full account in English is in Horn, German Naval Mutinies. Short accounts are in Philbin, Hipper, 163–73; Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 249–53; and Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:172–75.

  132.Accounts of the negotiations of the naval terms from different perspectives are in Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:370–77, 413–18; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:175–87; Trask, Captains & Cabinets, chap. 9; Klachko, Benson, 120–26; Roskill, Beatty, 269–75; Lady Wemyss, Wemyss, 383–95.

  133.A detailed account conveying the atmosphere is in Roskill, Beatty, 276–79. See also “Procedure regarding carrying out of naval terms of armistice,” n.d. (November 1918), and Beatty to Eugénie Godfrey-Faussett, 26 November 1918, in Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:562–69, 572–74.

  134.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:380–81; Patterson, Tyrwhitt, 209–10; Gibson and Prendergast, German Submarine War, 330–33; Tarrant, U-Boat Offensive, 77; Rössler, The U-Boat, 88.

  135.Quoted in Philbin, Hipper, 174–76.

  136.Good descriptions are in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:190–94; Lord Chatfield, The Navy and Defence, 173–77. Chatfield was Beatty’s flag captain; Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 254–55; and Chalmers, Beatty, 346–49. Chalmers reproduces Beatty’s orders for Operation ZZ, 440–45, appendix v.

  SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

  UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

  A broad survey such as this must by its very nature be based largely on published sources. There are, however, a number of places where archival material has been used and cited in the notes.

  Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Rome (cited as ACS). British Library, London.

  Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg im Breisgau (cited as BA/MA).

  Imperial War Museum, London (Cited as IWM).

  Kriegsarchiv, Vienna.

  National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C. (cited as NARS). In addition to American records, the National Archives contain Microfilm Publication T-1022, Records of the German Navy, 1850–1945.

  National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England (cited as NMM).

  Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, London. Public Record Office, London (cited as PRO).

  Service Historique de la Marine, Vincennes, France (cited as SHM).

  Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, Rome (cited as USM).

  BRITISH NAVAL STAFF STUDIES AND TECHNICAL HISTORIES

  Copies of these studies may be found at the Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, London.

  Historical Section. The Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939–1945. 2 vols. (1956).

  Naval Staff, Gunnery Division. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Memoranda on Naval Actions, 1914–1918 (April 1922).

  Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. Historical Monographs. Mediterranean Staff Papers Relating to Naval Operations from August 1917 to December 1918 (January 1920); Naval Operations in Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf (July 1921); The Eastern Squadrons, 1914 (April 1922); The Baltic, 1914 (August 1922); The Atlantic Ocean: From the Battle of the Falklands to May 1915 (October 1922); The Mediterranean, 1914–1915 (March 1923); Home Waters. 9 vols. (1924–39).

  Review of German Cruiser Warfare, 1914–1918 (1940).

  Technical History Section, Admiralty. TH 4. Aircraft v. Submarine. Submarine Campaign, 1918 (March 1919); TH 7. The Anti-Submarine Division of the Naval Staff, December 1916–November 1918 (July 1919); TH 8. Scandinavian and East Coast Convoy Systems, 1917–1918 (July 1919); TH 14. The Atlantic Convoy System, 1917–1918 (October 1919); TH 15. Convoy Statistics and Diagrams (February 1920); TH 30. Control of Mercantile Movements. Part I. Text (August 1920); TH 39. Miscellaneous Convoys (June 1920).

  Waters, D. W. “Notes on the Convoy System of Naval Warfare, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries.” Part 2: “First World War, 1914–1918” (March 1960).

  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

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  Baumgartner, Lothar. “Österreich-Ungarns Dünkirchen? Ein Gegenüberstellung von Berichten zum Abtransport der serbischen Armee aus Albanien im Winter 1915/16.” Marine—Gestern, Heute 6, no. 2 (June 1982): 46–53.

  Baumgartner, Lothar, ed. Denn Österreich lag einst am Meer: Das Leben des Admirals Alfred von Koudelka. Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag, 1987.

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  Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von, et al. Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg, 1914–1918. 7 Vols. and 10 supplements. Vienna: Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1930–38.

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  Lukas, Karl von. “Das Gefecht in der Otrantostrasse am 15 Mai 1917: Versuch einer kritischen Betrachtung.” Marine—Gestern, Heute 4, no. 2 (June 1977): 34–40.

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  Oedl, Franz. “50 Jahr Otranto.” Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift (1967): 244–48.

  Pawlik, Georg, and Lothar Baumgartner. S.M. Unterseeboote: Das k.u.k. Unterseebootswesen, 1907–1918. Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag, 1986.

  Pawlik, Georg, Heinz Christ, and Herbert Winkler. Die k.u.k. Donauflottille, 1870–1918. Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag, 1989.

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  ———. “Phänomene sozialer und nationaler Krisen in der k.u.k. Marine 1918.” In Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Freiburg im Breisgau (ed), Vorträge zur Militärgeschichte. Vol. 2: Menschenführung in der Marine, 50–68. Herford and Bonn: E. S. Mittler, 1981.

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  Schupita, Peter. Die k.u.k. Seeflieger: Chronik und Dokumentation der Österreichisch-ungarischen Marineluftwaffe. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1983.

  Sieche, Erwin. Die ‘Radetzky’ Klasse: Österreich-Ungarns letzte Vor-Dreadnoughts. Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag, 1984.

  Sokol, Anthony E. The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1968.

  Sokol, Hans Hugo. Österreich-Ungarns Seekrieg. 2 vols. Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1933. Reprint. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1967.

&nb
sp; Sokol, Hans Hugo. Des Kaisers Seemacht: Die k.k. Österreichische Kriegsmarine, 1848 bis 1914. Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1980.

  Tomicich, Edgar. “Die Versenkung des k.u.k. Schlachtschiffes Szent István am 10 Juni 1918.” Marine—Gestern, Heute 6, nos. 1 and 2 (March and June 1979).

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  FRANCE

  Auphan, Amiral. L’Honneur de servir: mémoires. Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1978.

  Béarn, Hector de. Souvenirs d’un marin. Geneva and Paris: La Palatine, 1960.

  Bienaimé, Vice-Amiral. La Guerre navale, 1914–1915: fautes et responsabilités. Paris: Jules Tallandier, 1920.

  Blois, Hubert de. La Guerre des mines dans la marine française. Brest and Paris: Editions de la Cité, 1982.

  Cassar, George H. The French and the Dardanelles. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.

  Christienne, Charles, and Pierre Lissarague. A History of French Military Aviation. Translated by Francis Kianka. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986.

  Coutau-Bégarie, Hervé. Castex, le stratège inconnu. Paris: Economica, 1985.

  ———. La puissance maritime: Castex et la stratégie navale. Paris: Fayard, 1985.

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  ———. Les Porte-avions français des origines (1911) à nos jours. Brest and Paris: Editions de la Cité, 1978.

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  Guépratte, Vice-Amiral P.-E. L’Expédition des Dardanelles, 1914–1915. Paris: Payot, 1935.

  Guerre navale racontée par nos amiraux, La. 4 vols. Paris: Schwarz, n.d.

  Guichard, Louis. Au large (1914–1918). Paris: La Renaissance du Livre, 1919.

  Joffre, J. J. C. Mémoires du Maréchal Joffre. 2 vols. Paris: Plon, 1932.

  King, Jere Clemens. Generals and Politicians. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951.

  Labayle-Couhat, Jean. French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan, 1974.

  La Bruyère, René. Notre marine marchande pendant la guerre. Paris: Payot, 1920.

  Laurens, Adolphe. Le Commandement naval en Méditerranée, 1914–1918. Paris: Payot, 1931.

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  Le Masson, Henri. Histoire du torpilleur en France. Paris: Academie de la Marine, [1966].

  ———. Du Nautilus (1800) au Redoutable. Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1969.

  ———. Propos maritimes. Paris: Editions Maritimes et d’Outre-Mer, 1970.

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  ———. Histoire de la marine. 2 vols. Paris: Lavauzelle, 1982–83.

  Moreau, Laurent. À bord du cuirassé “Gaulois”: Dardanelles-Salonique, 1915–1916. Paris: Payot, 1930.

  Randier, Jean. La Royale: l’éperon et la cuirasse. Brest and Paris: Editions de la Cité, 1972.

  Raphael-Leygues, Jacques. Georges Leygues: Le “Père” de la marine. Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1983.

  Ropp. Theodore. The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904, edited by Stephen S. Roberts. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987.

  Roux, Louis. La Marine marchande. Paris: Payot, 1923.

  Salaun, Vice-Amiral. La Marine française. Paris: Les Editions de France, 1934.

  Taillemite, Étienne. Dictionnaire des marins français. Paris: Editions Maritimes et d’Outre-Mer, 1982.

  ———. L’Histoire ignorée de la marine française. Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1988.

  Tanenbaum, Jan Karl. General Maurice Sarrail, 1856–1929. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1974.

  Thomazi, A. La Guerre navale dans la zone des Armées du Nord. Paris: Payot, 1924.

  ———. La Guerre navale dans l’Adriatique. Paris: Payot, 1925.

  ———. La Guerre navale aux Dardanelles. Paris: Payot, 1926.

  ———. La Guerre navale dans la Méditerranée. Paris: Payot, 1929.

  Walser, Ray. France’s Search for a Battle Fleet: Naval Policy and Naval Power, 1898–1914. New York: Garland, 1992.

  GERMANY

  Alexander, Roy. The Cruise of the Raider “Wolfe.” New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939.

  Assmann, Kurt. Die Kämpfe der Kaiserlichen Marine in den Deutschen Kolonien. Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1935.

  Bauer, Hermann. Als Führer der U-Boote im Weltkrieg. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1943.

  ———. Reichsleitung und U-Bootseinsatz 1914 bis 1918. Lippoldsberg: Klosterhaus Verlag, 1956.

  Bergen, Claus, ed. U-Boat Stories: Narratives of German U-Boat Sailors. London: Constable, 1931.

  Berghahn, Volker R. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.

  Burdick, Charles. The Frustrated Raider: The Story of the German Cruiser Cormoran in World War I. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.

  Chatterton, E. Keble. The Sea-Raiders. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1931.

  Doenitz, Admiral Karl. Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days. Cleveland and New York: World Publishing, 1959.

  Dohna-Schlodien, Nikolaus Burggraf und Graf zu. Der Möwe zweite Fahrt. Gotha: Verlag Friedrich Andreas Perthes, 1919.

  Falkenhayn, Erich von. General Headquarters and Its Critical Decisions. London: Hutchinson, 1919.

  Firle, Rudolph, Heinrich Rollman, and Ernst von Gagern. Der Krieg in der Ostsee. 3 vols. Berlin (Vol. 3 Frankfurt-on-Main): E. S. Mittler, 1922–64.

  Gagern, Ernst von. See Firle, Rudolph, Der Krieg in der Ostee.

  Gayer, A. “Summary of German Submarine Operations in the Various Theaters of War from 1914 to 1918.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 52, no. 4 (April 1926): 621–59.

  ———. Die Deutschen U-Boote in ihrer Kriegführung, 1914–1918. Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1930.

  Gemzell, Carl-Axel. Organization, Conflict and Innovation: A Study of German Naval Strategic Planning, 1888–1940. Lund: Esselte Studium, 1973.

  Gladisch, Walther. See Groos, Otto, and Walter Gladisch, Der Krieg in der Nordsee.

  Gorlitz, Walter, ed. The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918. London: Macdonald, 1961.

  Gröner, Erich. German Warships, 1815–1945. Vol. 1, Ma
jor Surface Vessels. Rev. Eng. ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

  Groos, Otto, and Walther Gladisch. Der Krieg in der Nordsee. 7 vols. Berlin (Vol. 7 Frankfurt-on-Main): E. S. Mittler, 1920–65.

  Hase, Commander Georg von. Kiel & Jutland. London: Skeffington & Son, [1921].

  Hersing, Otto. U.21 rettet die Dardanellen. Zurich, Leipzig, and Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1932.

  Herwig, Holger H. The German Naval Officer Corps: A Social and Political History, 1890–1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

  ———. The Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1889–1941. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.

  ———. “Luxury Fleet”: The Imperial German Navy, 1888–1918. London: Allen & Unwin, 1980.

  Herzog, Bodo. 60 Jahre Deutsche U-Boote, 1906–1966. Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1968.

  Herzog, Bodo, and Günter Schomaekers. Ritter Der Tiefe—Graue Wölfe: Die erfolgreichsten U-Boot-Kommandanten der Welt des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieges. Munich: Verlag Welsermühl, 1965.

  Hohenzollern, Joseph, Prince of. Emden: My Experiences in S.M.S. Emden. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1928.

  Hopman, Admiral. Das Kriegstagebuch eines deutschen Seeoffiziers. Berlin: August Scherl, [1925].

  Horn, Daniel. The German Naval Mutinies of World War I. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

  Hubatsch, Walther. Die Ära Tirpitz: Studien zur deutschen Marinepolitik 1890–1918. Göttingen: Musterschmidt Verlag, 1955.

  ———. Die Admiralstab und Die Obersten Marinebehörden in Deutschland, 1848–1945. Frankfurt-on-Main: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1958.

  Imrie, Alex. German Naval Air Service. London: Arms and Armour, 1989.

  Jeschke, Hubert. U-Boottaktik: Zur deutschen U-Boottaktik, 1900–1945. Freiburg: Verlag Romach, 1972.

  Kennedy, Paul M. “The Development of German Naval Operations Plans against England, 1896–1914.” In The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914, edited by Paul M. Kennedy. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.