A Naval History of World War I

Home > Other > A Naval History of World War I > Page 90
A Naval History of World War I Page 90

by Paul G. Halpern


  Shankland, Peter. The Phantom Flotilla: The Story of the Naval Africa Expedition, 1915–1916. London: Collins, 1968.

  Shankland, Peter, and Anthony Hunter. Dardanelles Patrol. London: Collins, 1964.

  Snook, David. “British Naval Operations in the Black Sea, 1918–1920.” Warship International 26, nos. 1 and 4 (1989): 36–50, 331–56.

  Sokol, Hans. “Der Krieg auf der Donau, 1914–1918.” Marine Rundschau 65, no. 6 (December 1968): 403–11.

  Spencer-Cooper, Commander H. The Battle of the Falkland Islands. London: Cassell, 1919.

  Tschischwitz, Lieutenant General von. The Army and Navy during the Conquest of the Baltic Islands in October 1917. Eng. trans. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Command and General Staff School Press, 1933.

  Van der Vat, Dan. The Grand Scuttle; The Sinking of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow in 1919. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1982.

  Wilson, Michael. Destination Dardanelles: The Story of HMS E7. London: Leo Cooper, 1988.

  GENERAL

  Belot, R. de, and André Reussner. La Puissance navale dans l’histoire. Vol. 3, De 1914 à 1959. Paris: Editions Maritimes et d’Outre-Mer, 1960.

  Birnbaum, Karl E. Peace Moves and U-Boat Warfare. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1958.

  Breyer, Siegfried. Battleships and Battlecruisers, 1905–1970. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973.

  Campbell, N. J. M. Battle Cruisers: The Design and Development of British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War Era. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1978.

  Castex, Amiral. Théories stratégiques. 5 vols. Paris: Société d’Editions Maritimes, Géographiques et Coloniales, 1929–35.

  Chack, Paul, and Jean-Jacques Antier. Histoire maritime de la première guerre mondiale. 3 vols. Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1969–74.

  Coletta, Paolo E. Sea Power in the Atlantic and Mediterranean in World War I. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1989.

  Compton-Hall, Richard. Submarines and the War at Sea, 1914–1918. London: Macmillan, 1991.

  Consett, Rear Admiral M. W. W. P. The Triumph of Unarmed Forces (1914–1918). Rev. ed. London: Williams and Norgate, 1928.

  Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.

  Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985.

  Cowie, Captain J. S. Mines, Minelayers and Minelaying. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.

  Friedman, Norman. Submarine Design and Development. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1984.

  Gibson, R. H., and Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War, 1914–1918. London: Constable, 1931.

  Grant, Robert M. U-Boats Destroyed: The Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare, 1914–1918. London: Putnam, 1964.

  Grant, Robert M. U-Boat Intelligence, 1914–1918. London: Putnam, 1969.

  Gray, Edwyn. The Killing Time: The U-Boat War, 1914–1918. New York: Scribner’s, 1972.

  Guichard, Louis. Histoire du blocus navale. Paris: Payot, 1929.

  Halpern, Paul G. “The Anglo-French-Italian Naval Convention of 1915.” Historical Journal 13, no. 1 (March 1970): 106–29.

  ———. The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908–1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.

  ———. The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1914–1918. London and Annapolis: Allen & Unwin and Naval Institute Press, 1987.

  Hewison, W. S. This Great Harbour Scapa Flow. 2d ed. Kirkwall: Orkney Press, 1990.

  Hezlet, Vice Admiral Sir Arthur. Aircraft and Sea Power. London: Peter Davies, 1970.

  ———. Electronics and Sea Power. New York: Stein and Day, 1975.

  ———. The Submarine and Sea Power. London: Peter Davies, 1967.

  Hough, Richard. The Great War at Sea, 1914–1918. London: Oxford University Press, 1983.

  Jane, Fred T., ed. Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1914. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1914. Reprint. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1968.

  Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1919. Edited by O. Parkes and Maurice Prendergast. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1919. Reprint. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1969.

  Jose, Arthur W. The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918. “The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Vol. 9,” 11th ed. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1943. Reprint. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1987.

  Kaarsted, Tage. Great Britain and Denmark, 1914–1920. Odense: Odense University Press, 1979.

  Kahn, David. The Code Breakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Macmillan, 1967.

  Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914. London: Allen & Unwin, 1980.

  Koblik, Steven. Sweden: The Neutral Victor. Lund: Läromedelsförlagen, 1972.

  Larcher, Commandant M. La Guerre turque dans la guerre mondiale. Paris: Etienne Chiron and Berger-Levrault, 1926.

  Laurens, Adolphe. Histoire de la Guerre Sous-Marine Allemande (1914–1918). Paris: Société d’Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1930.

  Lautenschläger, Karl. “The Dreadnought Revolution Reconsidered.” In Naval History: The Sixth Symposium of the U.S. Naval Academy, edited by Daniel M. Masterson, 121–36. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1987.

  Layman, R, D. Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels, 1849–1922. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989.

  Leon, George B. Greece and the Great Powers, 1914–1917. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1974.

  Lundeberg, Philip K. “Undersea Warfare and Allied Strategy in World War I.” Smithsonian Journal of History 1, nos. 1 and 2 (1966–67): 1–30, 49–72.

  McKercher, B. J. C. Esme Howard: A Diplomatic Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  McKercher, B. J. C., and Keith E. Neilson. “‘The Triumph of Unarmed Forces’: Sweden and the Allied Blockade of Germany, 1914–1917.” Journal of Strategic Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1984): 178–99.

  McKillip, Robert W. H. “Undermining Technology by Strategy: Resolving the Trade Protection Dilemma of 1917,” Naval War College Review 44, no. 3 (Summer 1991): 18–37.

  Padfield, Peter. The Great Naval Race: The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry, 1900–1914. New York: David Mckay, 1974.

  ———. Guns at Sea. London: Hugh Evelyn, 1973.

  Parmalee, Maurice. Blockade and Sea Power: The Blockade, 1914–1919, and Its Significance for a World State. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1924.

  Preston, Anthony. Battleships of World War I. New York: Gallahad Books, 1972.

  Price, Alfred. Aircraft versus Submarine: The Evolution of Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1972. London: William Kimber, 1973.

  Riste, Olav. The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War. Oslo and London: Universitetsforlaget and Allen & Unwin, 1965.

  Robinson, Walton L. “The Brazilian Navy in the World War.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 62, no. 12 (December 1936): 1712–20.

  Siney, Marion C. The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1914–1916. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.

  Tarrant, V. E. The U-Boat Offensive, 1914–1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989.

  Terraine, John. Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945. London: Leo Cooper, 1989.

  Vincent, C. Paul. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985.

  Weyer, B., ed. Taschenbuch der Kriegsflotten, 1914. Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1914. Reprint. 1968.

  Williamson, Samuel R. The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

  Winton, John. Below the Belt: Novelty, Subterfuge and Surprise in Naval Warfare. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1981.

  INDEX

  NOTE: Officers are cited with the rank held when first mentioned. Warships, including auxiliaries, raiders, and armed merchant cruisers, a
re listed under “warships”; steamers, including liners, hospital ships, freighters of all sorts, and tankers, are listed under “merchant ships.”

  Abadan, island, 124

  Abrolhos, rocks, 94, 98

  Abruzzi, Vice Admiral Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of the: career of, 141–42; strategy of, 142, 145, 150, 151, 167, 171; operations of, 146, 147; and Lagosta, 147–49, 167; and relief of Serbia, 153, 155, 158; relinquishes command, 168; mentioned, 152

  Ackermann, Kapitän zur See Richard, 232

  Acton, Rear Admiral Alfredo, 163, 164, 165

  Addison, Captain A. Percy, 164, 165

  Admiralstab: prewar strategy of, 22–23; and Austrians, 54; and Spee, 80, 96, 97; and Baltic, 183, 193, 198, 207, 219, 222; and Black Sea, 241, 244; and submarine warfare, 293, 306, 308, 309, 357, 369, 434; and Flanders, 297; and submarine construction, 370; and Scheer, 376; and Mediterranean, 381, 383, 388, 396, 397; mentioned, 272, 306, 341, 368, 422

  Admiralty: and mine warfare, 34, 344–45; discontent with, 34, 35; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Northern Patrol, 48, 49; and Goeben, 56, 57; plans for defense of trade, 69; and convoys, 69, 70, 86–87; and expeditions against German colonies, 69; and cruiser warfare, 76, 77; and west coast of North America, 80; and agreements with Japanese, 90–91; and pursuit of Spee, 73, 85, 89, 91–96, 100; and Zeebrugge, 105; and Alexandretta, 113, 122; and Dardanelles, 63, 64, 114, 117, 122; and Persian Gulf, 124; and Mesopotamia, 132; and Anatolian cattle raids, 133; and operations on Syrian coast, 133, 134; and supplies to North Russia, 134, 135; and assistance to Italians, 151; and Otranto, 160, 166; and Baltic, 188, 199, 200, 202, 206, 219–20; and Serbia, 266, 271; and Danube, 269, 270; and Q-ships, 301; and air operations, 311, 312, 441, 442; and German raids, 313; and Jutland, 315, 316, 325; and Grand Fleet, 331, 332, 404; and British submarines, 333; and defense against submarines, 342, 343; and Dover barrage, 346–47, 405–7; and convoy system, 351–55, 360–64, 366, 424, 427; and submarine hunting operations, 367–68; and threat from surface raiders, 371–73, 375; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 379, 420; and Helgoland action (1917), 378; and Mediterranean, 386, 389, 391, 393–94, 397; and Aegean, 401; and Ostend, 414; and Air Ministry, 415; and large liners, 436; and Northern barrage, 439, 440; and German evacuation of Flanders, 444; and armistice with Germany, 446, 447

  Adriatic: and French operations, 59–62; and French assistance to Italians, 139; geographic features of, 139, 140; submarines cause stalemate in, 151–52, 168; and assistance to Serbia, 153–54, 155, 157–58; and action of 29 December 1915, 156–57; and British drifters, 158, 159; and action of 15 May 1917, 162–65; and question of command, 166–67, 175; naval guerrilla war in, 168–69, 172–73; in American plans, 171–72; and action of 23 April 1918, 173; sinking of Szent István in, 174–75; and bombardment of Durazzo, 175–76; and situation after armistice, 177–78

  Aegean: Greco-Turkish naval race in, 15, 16; and British operations, 59, 133; mining projects in, 399; reinforced by Allies, 401, 529n. 53

  Agadir crisis (1911), 22

  airships, British, 425

  Åland Islands, 191, 221, 222

  Albania, 153, 155, 159, 175. See also Durazzo; San Giovanni di Medua; Valona

  Albion, Operation, 213–21, 421

  Albrecht, Korvettenkapitän Conrad, 349

  Alexandretta, 107, 113, 122, 123. See also Ayas Bay

  Allenby, General Edmund H. H., 396

  Allied Naval Council, 172, 395, 447, 448

  Altham, Captain E., 137

  Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of Aosta, 141

  Ameland, island, 101, 102

  Amery, Captain Leopold S., 269, 270

  Amet, Vice Admiral Jean-François-Charles, 401

  Anatolia, 132, 133

  Ancona, 144, 172

  Anglo-French Entente (1904), 4–6, 25, 70

  Anglo-French-Italian Naval Convention (1915), 117, 143–44

  Anglo-French Mediterranean Convention (1914), 58, 144

  Anglo-German naval race, 2–7, 10–11

  Anglo-Japanese Agreement (1902), 4

  Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 124

  Anglo-Russian Entente (1907), 5

  Antivari, 153

  Antwerp, 35

  ANZAC. See Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

  Apia (German Samoa), 83–85, 88, 92

  Arbuthnot, Rear Admiral Sir Robert Keith, 42, 321

  Archangel, 134–37

  Argostoli, 146, 387

  Armistice (11 November 1918), 447–48

  Arnauld de la Perière, Kapitänleutnant Lothar von, 384, 386–88

  Arz von Straussenberg, General Arthur Baron, 276, 278

  Asquith, Herbert Henry, 83, 103, 117

  Assmann, Korvettenkapitän Kurt, 349

  Aston, Major General Sir George, 101

  Augagneur, Victor, 57, 110, 202

  Australia, 83–85, 88

  Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), 85, 87, 111, 116

  Australian Squadron, 84, 90, 96. See also Patey

  Austria-Hungary, 385, 341, 401

  Austria-Hungary, Armeeoberkommando (AOK): and Albania, 154, 159; and Haus, 168; and Donauflottille, 274, 275, 277, 285

  Austria-Hungary, Army (units): First Army, 276, 278; Third Army, 152, 271, 272; VIII Corps, 272; XIX Corps, 157; Pioneer Corps, 262

  Austria-Hungary, Navy: and decision to build dreadnoughts, 7, 11; personnel of, 14; strength of (1914), 14–15; and Danube, 52, 262, 275; and Constantinople, 53, 59; and Dardanelles campaign, 60, 61, 115; as “fleet-in-being,” 139, 159, 168; and operations against Italians, 144–45, 149, 150, 169, 170; and Serbian campaign, 154, 158–59; raids drifters, 161–66; and mutiny at Cattaro, 170–71; and rejuvenation of command, 171; and action of 23 April 1918, 173; nationality difficulties of, 173–74; dissolves, 177; in South Russian waters, 284–85; and submarine construction, 382–83; assists Germans, 390, 396, 400, 526n. 19. See also Donauflottille; Haus; Horthy de Nagybánya; Njegovan

  Austria-Hungary, Navy (formations): Fifth Division, 157; First Torpedo Flotilla, 150; First Torpedo Division, 154; Twelfth Torpedo Division, 150; First Monitor Division, 277, 285; Second Monitor Division, 277; Flottenabteilung Wulff, 284

  Auxiliary Patrol, British, 25–26

  Averescu, General Alexandru, 279, 280, 281

  Ayas Bay, 122, 123. See also Alexandretta

  Babcock, Commander J. V., 358

  Bachmann, Vice Admiral Gustav, 47, 288, 295, 299, 302

  Bacon, Vice Admiral Sir Reginald H. S.: plans for Zeebrugge, 105, 350; lays barrage, 346; and German destroyer raids, 346–48; and Dover barrage, 406, 407; bombards Zeebrugge, 411

  Baden, Prince Max von, 444, 445

  Baghdad, 125–26, 128, 129, 131–32

  Bakhirev, Rear Admiral M. K., 192, 194, 195, 215, 218, 219

  Balescu, Rear Admiral C., 282

  Balfour, Arthur James, 117, 121, 146, 268

  Ballard, Rear Admiral George A., 24, 389

  Ballin, Albert, 293

  Baltic: and Russian navy, 17, 186–87; and German navy, 26, 183–85, 191–93, 195–96; and British naval operations, 102–4, 106; and British submarines, 102, 186–90, 192, 195, 200–203, 213, 218–19, 222; and Fisher, 120, 377; geographical characteristics of, 179–80; and situation at end of 1914, 187; in Wegener’s strategy, 289. See also Essen; Russia, Baltic Fleet; Russia, Navy

  Barrett, Lieutenant General Sir Arthur, 125

  Bartenbach, Korvettenkapitän Karl, 297, 332

  Basra, 125, 128, 130

  Battenberg, Admiral Prince Louis of, 35, 36, 58, 63, 92

  battle cruiser, 5, 6, 7

  Battle Cruiser Fleet, 46, 312, 313

  Bauer, Korvettenkapitän Hermann, 291, 293, 296, 309, 368

  Bauer, Colonel Max, 423

  Bayly, Vice Admiral Sir Lewis: and Channel Fleet, 44; and Churchill’s projects, 101, 102; and Zeebrugge, 105, 411; as C-in-C coast of Ireland, 359, 366

  Beatty, Vice Admiral Sir David: and Helgoland action, 30–32; on Fisher, 36; and Scarborough raid, 40–42;
and Dogger Bank action, 45–46; and Richmond’s proposals for Syrian coast operations, 133; and operations in North Sea, 311, 312, 314; and Jutland, 314–24, 326; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; strategy of, 331–32, 403–4; and mine warfare, 344–45; and Scandinavian convoy, 353, 376, 378–79, 420; and submarine hunting operations, 366, 367; and design defects, 404; and U.S. battleships with Grand Fleet, 404–5; opposes diversion of battleships to Swin, 417; and Northern barrage, 439; plans air attack on German fleet, 441–42, 444; and possibility of Flottenvorstoss, 446; and internment of German fleet, 448, 449; mentioned, 356, 403, 409, 412

  Behncke, Vice Admiral Paul, 217, 218, 320

  Behring, Rear Admiral Ehler, 184, 187

  Belene Canal, 275, 277–78, 281–83, 286

  Belgium, 104, 105

  Belgrade, 152, 262, 265, 266, 272–73

  Belknap, Captain Reginald R., 439

  Bellini, Rear Admiral Silvio, 156, 157

  Belloy, Capitaine de vaisseau de, 282

  Bennett, Captain Geoffrey, 100

  Benson, Admiral William Shepherd: is suspicious of British, 357, 358; is skeptical of convoys, 361; and submarine chasers, 399; and protection of troop transports, 429; and Northern barrage, 438; and armistice terms, 447

  Berardinelli, Tenente di vascello, 169

  Berchtold, Leopold Graf von, 53

  Berehaven, 430, 436

  Berthelot, General Henri, 284

  Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von: and submarine warfare, 295, 299, 305, 306; temporary victory of, over admirals, 302; accepts unrestricted submarine warfare, 338; mentioned, 290, 309, 337, 368

  Bienaimé, Vice Admiral Amédée-Pierre-Léonard, 57

  Bismarck archipelago, 83

  Black Sea: and Russian aspirations, 17; Souchon initiates hostilities in, 63–64; and German submarines, 233, 235, 237–38, 241–45, 248–49, 252–54. See also Black Sea Fleet; Souchon

  Black Sea Fleet: is attacked, 63; and Dardanelles campaign, 113, 229, 232; strength of, 223, 235; prewar plans of, 223–24; and blockade of Bosphorus, 223–24, 232, 235; and problem of Goeben, 224–25, 227, 232, 236; is initially on defensive, 226; and mining operations against Bosphorus, 226–28, 234, 247, 251–53; attacks Turkish coal traffic, 232–34, 238, 248, 254; and antisubmarine measures, 235; dreadnoughts enter service with, 236, 237; and operations against Bulgarian coast, 236–37, 247; and operations on Lazistan coast, 238–46; and operations against Turkish shipping, 245–46; and assistance to Romania, 247–49; effect of revolution on, 250–52; and air operations, 252; projected landing of, 254; fate of, after armistice with Germans, 255–59; as potential threat to Aegean, 401

 

‹ Prev