A Naval History of World War I

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A Naval History of World War I Page 91

by Paul G. Halpern


  blockade, British, 48–50, 291–92, 299, 328

  blockade, German, 47, 340–42, 352, 369–70, 430

  Blum, Kapitänleutnant Ulrich, 291, 294

  Boedicker, Rear Admiral Friedrich, 313, 320

  Boer War, 4

  Bolsheviks: and Black Sea Fleet, 256–58; mentioned, 136, 137, 221, 223, 255

  Borkum, island, 101–3, 109, 110

  Born Deep, 101

  Borneo Squadron, 90

  Bosphorus, strait: and Turkish fleet, 111; bombarded by Russians, 113, 230–32; and Russian blockade, 223–24, 232, 235; and Russian mining, 226–28, 234, 247, 253; and projected Russian landing, 229–30, 236, 249

  Böszl, Linienschiffsleutnant Viktor, 267

  Boué de Lapeyrère, Vice Admiral Augustin: as Minister of Marine, 12; and transport from North Africa, 54–56; criticized, 57; and operations against Austrians, 59, 61; and shortage of destroyers and light craft, 146, 384; asks to be relieved, 384

  Boyle, Lieutenant Commander Edward C., 119

  Brazil, Navy, 15, 16, 18, 395

  Brest, 429, 435

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 136, 221, 223, 257, 284

  Brindisi, 140, 146, 150–51

  British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 22, 23, 28, 29, 35

  Brock, Vice Admiral Sir Frederick, 353

  Bronsart von Schellendorff, Colonel Friedrich, 226

  Browning, Vice Admiral Sir Montague, 358

  Bruges: and German submarines, 105, 294, 297, 411; and German destroyers, 347, 415; as objective for British and American air raids, 415–16, 426; mentioned, 350

  Brusilov offensive, 275

  Bryan, William Jennings, 298

  Buccari, Gulf of, 172

  Buchanan, Sir George, 130

  Büchsel, Korvettenkapitän, 221

  Bulgaria: enters war, 120, 152, 236, 271, 302; seeks armistice, 175, 285, 401, 423, 444; naval forces of, 236; claims part of Black Sea Fleet, 257; and offensive against Serbia, 271, 274

  Buller, Captain Henry T., 81

  Burney, Vice Admiral Sir Cecil, 24

  Bushire, 128

  Cadorna, General Luigi, 142, 167, 177

  Cagni, Rear Admiral Umberto, 147, 148

  Callaghan, Admiral Sir George, 23

  Calthorpe, Admiral. See Gough-Calthorpe

  Cameroons, 83, 95

  Campbell, Lieutenant Commander Gordon, 309

  Campbell, John, 318, 319, 321, 326, 327

  Canada, 86, 87

  Cape Helles, 116, 123. See also Dardanelles, campaign; Gallipoli

  Capelle, Vice Admiral Eduard von, 303, 306, 308, 339, 422

  Caporetto, battle of, 169, 170, 177

  Cardale, Commander Hubert S., 266, 270

  Carden, Vice Admiral Sir Sackville Hamilton, 63, 64, 110, 112, 114, 268

  Carpenter, Captain Alfred F. B., 413

  Carrington, Commander John W., 361

  Carson, Sir Edward, 360

  Caspian Sea, 496n. 75

  Castelorizo, island, 132

  Cattaro, gulf: Austrian base at, 14, 154; French operations against, 60; in Italian plans, 142, 151, 167; and British air attacks, 168, 398; and mutiny in Austrian fleet, 170–71; in U.S. plans, 171; and German submarines, 384, 397, 401

  Caucasus, mountains, 110, 131

  Channel Barrage Committee, 406, 407

  Channel Fleet, 21, 22, 24, 44, 87

  Chatfield, Captain Alfred Ernle Montacute, 31, 32

  Chaumet, Charles, 57

  Childers, Erskine, 21

  China Squadron, 85

  China Station, 70

  Churchill, Winston Spencer: as First Lord, 6, 7, 16, 23, 25; and Helgoland action, 30, 32; opposes mining, 34; and Antwerp, 35; and Fisher, 36; and Limpus, 63; and Emden, 73; and Coronel, 92, 94; and North Sea projects, 101–6, 109; and Dardanelles campaign, 109–11, 113, 114, 117, 229; and Alexandretta, 113; and Sabbioncello, 167, 171; and Danube, 268; and Lusitania, 299; and Q-ships, 300; names battleships in World War II, 326

  Clemenceau, Georges, 401

  codes and code books, 36–37, 185. See also Room 40

  Combes, Emile, 11

  Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Baron Franz, 53, 154, 167, 168

  Consett, Rear Admiral M. W. W. P., 210

  Constantine I, King of Greece, 529n. 53

  Constantinople, 230, 401

  Constanza, 247, 248, 278

  convoys: neglected, in favor of dispersion, 69–70; and major troop movements in 1914, 69, 75–76, 78, 82, 84, 86–88, 90, 95; as real antidote to cruiser warfare, 76–77, 372, 375; in Baltic, 204, 207–8; debate over, at Admiralty, 343, 355–56; and Dutch trade, 351; and French coal trade, 351–52; Scandinavian, 352–53, 379, 405, 417; objections to, 353–55; general system of, introduced, 360–64, 434; and percentage of loss, 364–65, 379–80; threat to, in coastal waters, 369, 405–6, 424, 426; German raids against Scandinavian, 376, 378–79, 403, 418–21; in Mediterranean, 385, 392–98, 400; protected by aircraft, 426; German concentration against routes of, 427; in U.S. coastal waters, 431, 432; and American troop ships, 435–37; and Northern barrage, 438–40; mentioned, 344

  Corbett, Sir Julian, 90, 104

  Corfu, island: French base on, 146, 166–67, 387; and Serbian army, 158, 160, 274; and U.S. submarine chasers, 171; naval conference at (1917), 392–93

  Coronel, battle of, 38, 92–93, 95–97, 100

  Corsi, Vice Admiral Camillo, 140, 152, 167

  Cowley, Commander Charles H., 130

  Cox, Sir Percy, 125

  Cradock, Rear Admiral Sir Christopher, 79, 91–93, 95

  Crampton, Captain Denis B., 156

  Cromarty, 10, 29

  Cromie, Lieutenant Commander Francis N. A., 201–3, 208

  cruiser warfare: and Emden, 74–76; and Königsberg, 77–78; and Karlsruhe, 78–79; and Dresden and Leipzig, 79–80; and German gunboats, 80–81; and large German liners, 81–82, 87, 94; and Spee’s squadron, 96, 97, 100

  Culley, Lieutenant S. D., 443

  Curzola, island, 141–42, 145, 167, 171–72

  Cutinelli-Rendina, Vice Admiral Emanuele, 156

  Cuxhaven, 10, 43, 44

  Cyrenaica, 109, 388. See also Libya; Tripolitania

  Daniels, Josephus, 362, 431, 432, 435

  D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 144, 172

  Danube: and British gunboats, 129, 268; and Dardanelles campaign, 232, 261, 267, 270; and supply of Serbia, 263, 264; as potential route to Russia, 264–65; proposed British operations in, 267–70; and British naval mission, 270–71, 273; importance of, for Central Powers, 274; and Romanian campaign, 275, 279–81, 283, 284; reached by French army, 285–86

  Dardanelles, campaign: and Fisher, 36, 104; opening shots of, 64; and ANZAC, 86; overshadows North Sea and Baltic projects, 103, 105; and defense of Egypt, 108, 109, 122; objectives of, 109–10; and the French, 110–11; and bombardment by Allied fleet, 111, 112; difficulties of minesweeping during, 114; and failure of naval attack, 114–15; and Allied landings, 116, 120; and Allied submarines in Marmara, 119; and evacuation, 120–24; mentioned, 106, 229, 239; compared to Operation Albion, 220, 221. See also Cape Helles; Churchill; Gallipoli; Suvla

  Dardanelles, strait: Turkish defenses at, 62–63, 493n. 39; and Anglo-French operations, 63–64, 106; and difficulties for submarines, 119; and German submarines, 381, 382; Allied plans for new mining of (1918), 399; Calthorpe enters, 401

  Dardanelles Commission, 104, 115

  Dare, Vice Admiral C. H., 424

  Dartige du Fournet, Vice Admiral Louis-René-Marie-Charles, 348

  Daveluy, Capitaine de vaisseau Marie-Isidore-René, 148, 152

  De Chair, Rear Admiral Dudley, 48, 50

  Delamain, Brigadier W. S., 124

  Delcassé, Théophile, 12

  Denmark: declares neutrality, 28, 179; is alarmed by British plans, 103; mines territorial waters, 183; and foreign submarines, 189; protests German violations of neutrality, 200–201; in Wegener’s plans, 289; and possibility of entering war, 337; mentioned, 188, 373

>   Denmark, Navy, 188, 200–201, 382

  de Robeck, Rear Admiral John Michael: commands 9th Cruiser Squadron, 95; in command at Dardanelles, 109, 114, 118; opposes renewal of naval attack, 115–17, 120–23; and Anatolian cattle raids, 132–33; and Malta conference (1916), 386

  Destremau, Lieutenant de vaisseau, 89

  Dewey, Admiral George, 136

  Diaz, General Armando, 177

  Djemal Pasha, Ahmed, 107

  Docteur, Admiral Jules Théophile, 59

  Dogger Bank, action (1915), 44–47, 195, 290, 317

  Dohna-Schlodien, Korvettenkapitän Nikolaus Graf und Burggraf zu, 309, 371

  Donauflottille: fires opening shots, 52, 262; strength of, 261–62; and mine danger, 265; and Serbian campaign, 265–67, 271–73; opens route to Bulgaria, 274; and Romanian campaign, 275, 277–83, 512n. 48; and final evacuation, 285, 286. See also Austria-Hungary, Navy

  Dover barrages: characteristics of, 346, 349–50; raided by German destroyers, 346–49, 408–10, 521n. 45; and passage of submarines, 350, 405–8; and Zeebrugge-Ostend, 411, 416; and threat of High Sea Fleet, 417; mentioned, 421

  Dover Patrol, 35, 105, 346, 350, 416, 425. See also Bacon; Keyes

  Downie, Lieutenant B. N., 222

  Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 291

  Duff, Rear Admiral Sir Alexander L., 343, 354, 356, 360

  Dunning, Commander E. H., 442

  Durazzo, 153–58, 169, 175–76

  Dvina, river, 136–37

  Eady, Sub-Lieutenant G. M., 437

  East Africa, German, 83, 84

  East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron, German, 66, 78. See also Spee

  East Indies Station, 75, 107

  Ebergard, Vice Admiral Andrei A.: plans of, 224; and operations against Turkish coast, 225; and assistance to Dardanelles campaign, 229; and projected landing at Bosphorus, 230; and operations on Bulgarian coast, 236; and operations on Lazistan coast, 242–43; replaced, 245

  Eckelmann, Korvettenkapitän, 428

  Egypt: defense of, 86, 106, 107, 110; threat to, from Senussi, 109, 128, 389; mentioned, 395. See also Suez Canal

  Ehrensvärd, Vice Admiral Count, 221

  Ekersund, Norway, 101

  Elliott, Captain Bertram N., 266

  Entente Cordiale. See Anglo-French Entente

  Enver Pasha: and Turkish entry into the war, 63; requests German submarines, 116; and troop movements by sea, 226, 241; asks Germans for coal, 338; and offensive in Caucasus, 239; mentioned, 114, 227, 232, 255

  Esbjerg, Denmark, 101

  Essen, Admiral Nicholas Ottovich: career of, 180–81; and Sweden, 181, 183–84; favors more aggressive strategy, 185; conducts mining offensive, 186–87; and British submarines, 189, 208; death of, 193; mentioned, 213, 236

  Etappe system, 67, 68, 82

  Euphrates, river, 126–28. See also Mesopotamia

  Evans, Commander E. R. G. R., 349

  Evan-Thomas, Vice Admiral Hugh, 315, 317–19, 321

  Ewe, Loch, 29, 33, 102, 188

  Ewing, Sir (James) Alfred, 37

  Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 278, 283, 302, 305

  Falkland Islands, 92, 97, 98; battle of, 38, 40, 92, 96, 98–100. See also Sturdee

  Fashoda crisis (1898), 1

  Fa vereau, Vice Admiral Charles-Eugène, 201, 202

  Fayle, C. Ernest, 308

  Feldkirchner, Oberleutnant zur See, 292

  Feldt, Kapitänleutnant, 432

  Felton, Mrs., 99

  Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 282

  Ferrarini, Capotimoniere, 170

  Finland, 221, 222

  Firle, Kapitänleutnant Rudolph, 117, 235

  Firman, Lieutenant Humphrey O. B., 130

  Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (John Arbuthnot Fisher): as First Sea Lord, 5, 6; prewar strategy of, 21; recalled as First Sea Lord, 36; building program of, 36, 120, 129; and pursuit of Spee, 38, 93–94, 100; and Baltic/North Sea projects, 103, 104, 105, 110, 187, 377, 441; and Dardanelles campaign, 110, 111, 114, 117

  Fisher, Captain William W., 343, 367, 415

  Fiume, 141, 142

  Flanders flotillas: development of, 297; operations of, 304, 329, 335; role of, disputed, 351, 406, 421; strength of, 306; and Dover barrage, 407–8, 410–11, 416; evacuated, 416, 444; mentioned, 105, 308, 309

  Flottenverein, 3

  Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 141, 447

  Fox, Captain Cecil, 35

  France: and Macedonian campaign, 106; interested in Syria, 107, 113, 132; and Dardanelles campaign, 110–11, 116, 120, 121; and Salonika, 392

  France, Army (units): XIXème Corps, 55; 7th Infantry Division, 285; 227th Infantry Regiment, 285

  France, Ministry of Marine, 54–55

  France, Ministry of War, 54–55

  France, Navy: as challenge to British, 1; and Mediterranean, 6–7, 11, 58; building program of, 11–12; strength of, 12–13; and Goeben, 15; role of, in northern waters, 25, 26; and repatriation of troops from North Africa, 54–55; and lack of colliers and oilers, 59; and naval convention with Italy, 143–44; provides assistance to Italians, 146, 153–55; and Salonika, 153–54, 385–86; and command in Adriatic, 167, 400; shifts base to Corfu, 146, 387; considers submarines for Baltic, 201–2; and mission to Serbia, 265–66, 273; and mission to Romania, 282, 284; and coal trade convoys, 352; and search for German raiders, 371; and shortage of light craft for escorts, 384–86; patrols in Mediterranean, 391, 395; establishes Direction générale de la guerre sous-marine, 393; and Otranto fixed barrage, 398; and Greek fleet, 529n. 53. See also Augagneur; Boué de Lapeyrère; Dartige du Fournet; Gauchet

  France, Navy (formations): 1ère Armée Navale, 12, 13, 54, 384; 2ème Escadre Légère, 25

  Franchet d’Esperey, General Louis-Félix, 175

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 11, 14, 71

  Franz Joseph I, Kaiser, 14, 60, 171

  Fremantle, Rear Admiral Sydney R., 133, 405

  French, David, 125

  French, General Sir John D. P., 105

  Fryatt, Captain Charles A., 296, 351

  Fuss, Dr. Richard, 337

  Gallipoli, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122. See also Cape Helles; Dardanelles, campaign

  Gallwitz, General Max von, 271, 272

  Gansser, Kapitänleutnant Konrad, 241

  Gauchet, Vice Admirai Dominique-Marie, 164, 167, 391–92, 401

  Gayer, Kapitänleutnant Albert, 294, 309

  Geddes, Sir Eric Campbell, 50, 403, 404

  George V, King, 403

  Germany: and trade with Sweden, 199, 208–10; and submarine blockade of Great Britain, 293, 298, 299; and Baralong affair, 301; and decision for unrestricted submarine warfare, 338; and the United States, 356–57; and Italy, 382, 385, 388; signs armistice, 447

  Germany, Army: high command of, and Danube route, 267; and Serbian campaign, 271–73; and Salonika, 274; and Romanian campaign, 276, 278–79, 283; requests that the navy support the Turks with submarines, 388–89, 396

  Germany, Army (units): Armeegruppe Lauenstein, 191, 194; Eighth Army, 214; Ninth Army, 278; Eleventh Army, 152, 271, 273; Niemen- Armee, 194; XXII Reserve Corps, 272; 42nd Infantry Division, 214; 217th Infantry Division, 283; 2nd Infantry Cyclist Brigade, 214; Donauwachtflottille, 284, 286; Kaiserliches Motorbootkorps, 272–73, 383–84

  Germany, Navy: as challenge to British, 2, 6, 8, 9; organization of, 2; building program of, 2–3, 4, 7; bases of, 10; prewar strategy of, 22–23; inability of, to hinder transport of BEF, 28–29; use of submarines by, 29, 33, 40, 47; and Mediterranean, 61, 109, 116; and forces abroad (1914), 66; use of auxiliary cruisers by, 66–68, 87; and North Russia, 135, 136; and submarines at Pola, 145; and Italy, 148; and Cattaro mutiny, 171; and Baltic, 180–84, 187, 193, 195–99, 205, 207, 211–12; antisubmarine methods of, in Baltic, 203–4, 207–8; and Operation Albion, 220; and Black Sea, 256–57; presence of, on Danube, 283, 513n. 57; search for strategy by, 287–91; submarine campaign of, 291–94, 296, 298–300, 302, 304, 306–8, 310, 338–39; submarine construction program of, 294–95, 306�
�7, 339–40, 370, 421–23; and reappearance of surface raiders, 309–10, 370–75; minesweeping operations of, 345, 349, 378; and Flanders, 346, 348–49; and support of Senussi, 388–89; operations of, in North American waters, 430; and armistice terms, 447–48. See also Admiralstab; High Sea Fleet; submarines, German

  Germany, Navy (formations): First Scouting Group, 44, 196, 315, 323–24, 329–30, 445; Second Scouting Group, 31, 44, 196, 214, 315, 320–21, 330, 377, 418, 445; Fourth Scouting Group, 192, 418, 445; First Squadron, 26, 196, 288, 447; Second Squadron, 26, 315, 330, 502n. 20; Third Squadron, 26, 199, 214–15, 217, 289, 315, 319–20, 322–23, 330, 333, 347; Fourth Squadron, 185, 192, 195, 214–15, 255, 289, 447; Seventh Battleship Division, 192; Second Destroyer Flotilla, 324, 378, 408, 418, 445; Third Destroyer Flotilla, 322, 333, 346–48; Sixth Destroyer Flotilla, 347–49; Ninth Destroyer Flotilla, 333, 346–47; Tenth Destroyer Flotilla, 211; Second Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 445; Third Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 378, 409; Fourth Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 333, 378–79, 409; First Zeebrugge Half-Flotilla, 348; Second Zeebrugge Half-Flotilla, 348; Eighth Torpedo Boat Flotilla, 196, 445; First Submarine Flotilla, 29; Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 384, 390; First Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 397; Second Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 397; U-Kreuzer-Verband, 428; Danube Half-Flotilla, 283. See also East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron; Flanders flotillas; High Sea Fleet; Mittelmeerdivision

  Germany, U-boat Inspectorate, 294–95, 306, 339

  Germany, U-boat Office, 370, 422

  Gibraltar, 6, 58, 394–96, 401

  Giolitti, Giovanni, 144

  Gleaves, Rear Admiral Albert, 435

  Glossop, Captain John, 76

  Godfrey, Captain William Wellington, 121

  Goltz, Generalmajor Rüdiger Graf von der, 221, 283

  Goodenough, Commodore William E.: and Helgoland action, 30–32; and Scarborough raid, 40–41; and Dogger Bank action, 45; and Jutland, 319

  Goodhart, Lieutenant Commander F. H. J., 200, 203

  Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Hon. Sir Somerset Arthur, 393–94, 397–99, 401

 

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