A Naval History of World War I
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blockade, British, 48–50, 291–92, 299, 328
blockade, German, 47, 340–42, 352, 369–70, 430
Blum, Kapitänleutnant Ulrich, 291, 294
Boedicker, Rear Admiral Friedrich, 313, 320
Boer War, 4
Bolsheviks: and Black Sea Fleet, 256–58; mentioned, 136, 137, 221, 223, 255
Borkum, island, 101–3, 109, 110
Born Deep, 101
Borneo Squadron, 90
Bosphorus, strait: and Turkish fleet, 111; bombarded by Russians, 113, 230–32; and Russian blockade, 223–24, 232, 235; and Russian mining, 226–28, 234, 247, 253; and projected Russian landing, 229–30, 236, 249
Böszl, Linienschiffsleutnant Viktor, 267
Boué de Lapeyrère, Vice Admiral Augustin: as Minister of Marine, 12; and transport from North Africa, 54–56; criticized, 57; and operations against Austrians, 59, 61; and shortage of destroyers and light craft, 146, 384; asks to be relieved, 384
Boyle, Lieutenant Commander Edward C., 119
Brazil, Navy, 15, 16, 18, 395
Brest, 429, 435
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 136, 221, 223, 257, 284
Brindisi, 140, 146, 150–51
British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 22, 23, 28, 29, 35
Brock, Vice Admiral Sir Frederick, 353
Bronsart von Schellendorff, Colonel Friedrich, 226
Browning, Vice Admiral Sir Montague, 358
Bruges: and German submarines, 105, 294, 297, 411; and German destroyers, 347, 415; as objective for British and American air raids, 415–16, 426; mentioned, 350
Brusilov offensive, 275
Bryan, William Jennings, 298
Buccari, Gulf of, 172
Buchanan, Sir George, 130
Büchsel, Korvettenkapitän, 221
Bulgaria: enters war, 120, 152, 236, 271, 302; seeks armistice, 175, 285, 401, 423, 444; naval forces of, 236; claims part of Black Sea Fleet, 257; and offensive against Serbia, 271, 274
Buller, Captain Henry T., 81
Burney, Vice Admiral Sir Cecil, 24
Bushire, 128
Cadorna, General Luigi, 142, 167, 177
Cagni, Rear Admiral Umberto, 147, 148
Callaghan, Admiral Sir George, 23
Calthorpe, Admiral. See Gough-Calthorpe
Cameroons, 83, 95
Campbell, Lieutenant Commander Gordon, 309
Campbell, John, 318, 319, 321, 326, 327
Canada, 86, 87
Cape Helles, 116, 123. See also Dardanelles, campaign; Gallipoli
Capelle, Vice Admiral Eduard von, 303, 306, 308, 339, 422
Caporetto, battle of, 169, 170, 177
Cardale, Commander Hubert S., 266, 270
Carden, Vice Admiral Sir Sackville Hamilton, 63, 64, 110, 112, 114, 268
Carpenter, Captain Alfred F. B., 413
Carrington, Commander John W., 361
Carson, Sir Edward, 360
Caspian Sea, 496n. 75
Castelorizo, island, 132
Cattaro, gulf: Austrian base at, 14, 154; French operations against, 60; in Italian plans, 142, 151, 167; and British air attacks, 168, 398; and mutiny in Austrian fleet, 170–71; in U.S. plans, 171; and German submarines, 384, 397, 401
Caucasus, mountains, 110, 131
Channel Barrage Committee, 406, 407
Channel Fleet, 21, 22, 24, 44, 87
Chatfield, Captain Alfred Ernle Montacute, 31, 32
Chaumet, Charles, 57
Childers, Erskine, 21
China Squadron, 85
China Station, 70
Churchill, Winston Spencer: as First Lord, 6, 7, 16, 23, 25; and Helgoland action, 30, 32; opposes mining, 34; and Antwerp, 35; and Fisher, 36; and Limpus, 63; and Emden, 73; and Coronel, 92, 94; and North Sea projects, 101–6, 109; and Dardanelles campaign, 109–11, 113, 114, 117, 229; and Alexandretta, 113; and Sabbioncello, 167, 171; and Danube, 268; and Lusitania, 299; and Q-ships, 300; names battleships in World War II, 326
Clemenceau, Georges, 401
codes and code books, 36–37, 185. See also Room 40
Combes, Emile, 11
Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Baron Franz, 53, 154, 167, 168
Consett, Rear Admiral M. W. W. P., 210
Constantine I, King of Greece, 529n. 53
Constantinople, 230, 401
Constanza, 247, 248, 278
convoys: neglected, in favor of dispersion, 69–70; and major troop movements in 1914, 69, 75–76, 78, 82, 84, 86–88, 90, 95; as real antidote to cruiser warfare, 76–77, 372, 375; in Baltic, 204, 207–8; debate over, at Admiralty, 343, 355–56; and Dutch trade, 351; and French coal trade, 351–52; Scandinavian, 352–53, 379, 405, 417; objections to, 353–55; general system of, introduced, 360–64, 434; and percentage of loss, 364–65, 379–80; threat to, in coastal waters, 369, 405–6, 424, 426; German raids against Scandinavian, 376, 378–79, 403, 418–21; in Mediterranean, 385, 392–98, 400; protected by aircraft, 426; German concentration against routes of, 427; in U.S. coastal waters, 431, 432; and American troop ships, 435–37; and Northern barrage, 438–40; mentioned, 344
Corbett, Sir Julian, 90, 104
Corfu, island: French base on, 146, 166–67, 387; and Serbian army, 158, 160, 274; and U.S. submarine chasers, 171; naval conference at (1917), 392–93
Coronel, battle of, 38, 92–93, 95–97, 100
Corsi, Vice Admiral Camillo, 140, 152, 167
Cowley, Commander Charles H., 130
Cox, Sir Percy, 125
Cradock, Rear Admiral Sir Christopher, 79, 91–93, 95
Crampton, Captain Denis B., 156
Cromarty, 10, 29
Cromie, Lieutenant Commander Francis N. A., 201–3, 208
cruiser warfare: and Emden, 74–76; and Königsberg, 77–78; and Karlsruhe, 78–79; and Dresden and Leipzig, 79–80; and German gunboats, 80–81; and large German liners, 81–82, 87, 94; and Spee’s squadron, 96, 97, 100
Culley, Lieutenant S. D., 443
Curzola, island, 141–42, 145, 167, 171–72
Cutinelli-Rendina, Vice Admiral Emanuele, 156
Cuxhaven, 10, 43, 44
Cyrenaica, 109, 388. See also Libya; Tripolitania
Daniels, Josephus, 362, 431, 432, 435
D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 144, 172
Danube: and British gunboats, 129, 268; and Dardanelles campaign, 232, 261, 267, 270; and supply of Serbia, 263, 264; as potential route to Russia, 264–65; proposed British operations in, 267–70; and British naval mission, 270–71, 273; importance of, for Central Powers, 274; and Romanian campaign, 275, 279–81, 283, 284; reached by French army, 285–86
Dardanelles, campaign: and Fisher, 36, 104; opening shots of, 64; and ANZAC, 86; overshadows North Sea and Baltic projects, 103, 105; and defense of Egypt, 108, 109, 122; objectives of, 109–10; and the French, 110–11; and bombardment by Allied fleet, 111, 112; difficulties of minesweeping during, 114; and failure of naval attack, 114–15; and Allied landings, 116, 120; and Allied submarines in Marmara, 119; and evacuation, 120–24; mentioned, 106, 229, 239; compared to Operation Albion, 220, 221. See also Cape Helles; Churchill; Gallipoli; Suvla
Dardanelles, strait: Turkish defenses at, 62–63, 493n. 39; and Anglo-French operations, 63–64, 106; and difficulties for submarines, 119; and German submarines, 381, 382; Allied plans for new mining of (1918), 399; Calthorpe enters, 401
Dardanelles Commission, 104, 115
Dare, Vice Admiral C. H., 424
Dartige du Fournet, Vice Admiral Louis-René-Marie-Charles, 348
Daveluy, Capitaine de vaisseau Marie-Isidore-René, 148, 152
De Chair, Rear Admiral Dudley, 48, 50
Delamain, Brigadier W. S., 124
Delcassé, Théophile, 12
Denmark: declares neutrality, 28, 179; is alarmed by British plans, 103; mines territorial waters, 183; and foreign submarines, 189; protests German violations of neutrality, 200–201; in Wegener’s plans, 289; and possibility of entering war, 337; mentioned, 188, 373
> Denmark, Navy, 188, 200–201, 382
de Robeck, Rear Admiral John Michael: commands 9th Cruiser Squadron, 95; in command at Dardanelles, 109, 114, 118; opposes renewal of naval attack, 115–17, 120–23; and Anatolian cattle raids, 132–33; and Malta conference (1916), 386
Destremau, Lieutenant de vaisseau, 89
Dewey, Admiral George, 136
Diaz, General Armando, 177
Djemal Pasha, Ahmed, 107
Docteur, Admiral Jules Théophile, 59
Dogger Bank, action (1915), 44–47, 195, 290, 317
Dohna-Schlodien, Korvettenkapitän Nikolaus Graf und Burggraf zu, 309, 371
Donauflottille: fires opening shots, 52, 262; strength of, 261–62; and mine danger, 265; and Serbian campaign, 265–67, 271–73; opens route to Bulgaria, 274; and Romanian campaign, 275, 277–83, 512n. 48; and final evacuation, 285, 286. See also Austria-Hungary, Navy
Dover barrages: characteristics of, 346, 349–50; raided by German destroyers, 346–49, 408–10, 521n. 45; and passage of submarines, 350, 405–8; and Zeebrugge-Ostend, 411, 416; and threat of High Sea Fleet, 417; mentioned, 421
Dover Patrol, 35, 105, 346, 350, 416, 425. See also Bacon; Keyes
Downie, Lieutenant B. N., 222
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 291
Duff, Rear Admiral Sir Alexander L., 343, 354, 356, 360
Dunning, Commander E. H., 442
Durazzo, 153–58, 169, 175–76
Dvina, river, 136–37
Eady, Sub-Lieutenant G. M., 437
East Africa, German, 83, 84
East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron, German, 66, 78. See also Spee
East Indies Station, 75, 107
Ebergard, Vice Admiral Andrei A.: plans of, 224; and operations against Turkish coast, 225; and assistance to Dardanelles campaign, 229; and projected landing at Bosphorus, 230; and operations on Bulgarian coast, 236; and operations on Lazistan coast, 242–43; replaced, 245
Eckelmann, Korvettenkapitän, 428
Egypt: defense of, 86, 106, 107, 110; threat to, from Senussi, 109, 128, 389; mentioned, 395. See also Suez Canal
Ehrensvärd, Vice Admiral Count, 221
Ekersund, Norway, 101
Elliott, Captain Bertram N., 266
Entente Cordiale. See Anglo-French Entente
Enver Pasha: and Turkish entry into the war, 63; requests German submarines, 116; and troop movements by sea, 226, 241; asks Germans for coal, 338; and offensive in Caucasus, 239; mentioned, 114, 227, 232, 255
Esbjerg, Denmark, 101
Essen, Admiral Nicholas Ottovich: career of, 180–81; and Sweden, 181, 183–84; favors more aggressive strategy, 185; conducts mining offensive, 186–87; and British submarines, 189, 208; death of, 193; mentioned, 213, 236
Etappe system, 67, 68, 82
Euphrates, river, 126–28. See also Mesopotamia
Evans, Commander E. R. G. R., 349
Evan-Thomas, Vice Admiral Hugh, 315, 317–19, 321
Ewe, Loch, 29, 33, 102, 188
Ewing, Sir (James) Alfred, 37
Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 278, 283, 302, 305
Falkland Islands, 92, 97, 98; battle of, 38, 40, 92, 96, 98–100. See also Sturdee
Fashoda crisis (1898), 1
Fa vereau, Vice Admiral Charles-Eugène, 201, 202
Fayle, C. Ernest, 308
Feldkirchner, Oberleutnant zur See, 292
Feldt, Kapitänleutnant, 432
Felton, Mrs., 99
Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 282
Ferrarini, Capotimoniere, 170
Finland, 221, 222
Firle, Kapitänleutnant Rudolph, 117, 235
Firman, Lieutenant Humphrey O. B., 130
Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (John Arbuthnot Fisher): as First Sea Lord, 5, 6; prewar strategy of, 21; recalled as First Sea Lord, 36; building program of, 36, 120, 129; and pursuit of Spee, 38, 93–94, 100; and Baltic/North Sea projects, 103, 104, 105, 110, 187, 377, 441; and Dardanelles campaign, 110, 111, 114, 117
Fisher, Captain William W., 343, 367, 415
Fiume, 141, 142
Flanders flotillas: development of, 297; operations of, 304, 329, 335; role of, disputed, 351, 406, 421; strength of, 306; and Dover barrage, 407–8, 410–11, 416; evacuated, 416, 444; mentioned, 105, 308, 309
Flottenverein, 3
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 141, 447
Fox, Captain Cecil, 35
France: and Macedonian campaign, 106; interested in Syria, 107, 113, 132; and Dardanelles campaign, 110–11, 116, 120, 121; and Salonika, 392
France, Army (units): XIXème Corps, 55; 7th Infantry Division, 285; 227th Infantry Regiment, 285
France, Ministry of Marine, 54–55
France, Ministry of War, 54–55
France, Navy: as challenge to British, 1; and Mediterranean, 6–7, 11, 58; building program of, 11–12; strength of, 12–13; and Goeben, 15; role of, in northern waters, 25, 26; and repatriation of troops from North Africa, 54–55; and lack of colliers and oilers, 59; and naval convention with Italy, 143–44; provides assistance to Italians, 146, 153–55; and Salonika, 153–54, 385–86; and command in Adriatic, 167, 400; shifts base to Corfu, 146, 387; considers submarines for Baltic, 201–2; and mission to Serbia, 265–66, 273; and mission to Romania, 282, 284; and coal trade convoys, 352; and search for German raiders, 371; and shortage of light craft for escorts, 384–86; patrols in Mediterranean, 391, 395; establishes Direction générale de la guerre sous-marine, 393; and Otranto fixed barrage, 398; and Greek fleet, 529n. 53. See also Augagneur; Boué de Lapeyrère; Dartige du Fournet; Gauchet
France, Navy (formations): 1ère Armée Navale, 12, 13, 54, 384; 2ème Escadre Légère, 25
Franchet d’Esperey, General Louis-Félix, 175
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 11, 14, 71
Franz Joseph I, Kaiser, 14, 60, 171
Fremantle, Rear Admiral Sydney R., 133, 405
French, David, 125
French, General Sir John D. P., 105
Fryatt, Captain Charles A., 296, 351
Fuss, Dr. Richard, 337
Gallipoli, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122. See also Cape Helles; Dardanelles, campaign
Gallwitz, General Max von, 271, 272
Gansser, Kapitänleutnant Konrad, 241
Gauchet, Vice Admirai Dominique-Marie, 164, 167, 391–92, 401
Gayer, Kapitänleutnant Albert, 294, 309
Geddes, Sir Eric Campbell, 50, 403, 404
George V, King, 403
Germany: and trade with Sweden, 199, 208–10; and submarine blockade of Great Britain, 293, 298, 299; and Baralong affair, 301; and decision for unrestricted submarine warfare, 338; and the United States, 356–57; and Italy, 382, 385, 388; signs armistice, 447
Germany, Army: high command of, and Danube route, 267; and Serbian campaign, 271–73; and Salonika, 274; and Romanian campaign, 276, 278–79, 283; requests that the navy support the Turks with submarines, 388–89, 396
Germany, Army (units): Armeegruppe Lauenstein, 191, 194; Eighth Army, 214; Ninth Army, 278; Eleventh Army, 152, 271, 273; Niemen- Armee, 194; XXII Reserve Corps, 272; 42nd Infantry Division, 214; 217th Infantry Division, 283; 2nd Infantry Cyclist Brigade, 214; Donauwachtflottille, 284, 286; Kaiserliches Motorbootkorps, 272–73, 383–84
Germany, Navy: as challenge to British, 2, 6, 8, 9; organization of, 2; building program of, 2–3, 4, 7; bases of, 10; prewar strategy of, 22–23; inability of, to hinder transport of BEF, 28–29; use of submarines by, 29, 33, 40, 47; and Mediterranean, 61, 109, 116; and forces abroad (1914), 66; use of auxiliary cruisers by, 66–68, 87; and North Russia, 135, 136; and submarines at Pola, 145; and Italy, 148; and Cattaro mutiny, 171; and Baltic, 180–84, 187, 193, 195–99, 205, 207, 211–12; antisubmarine methods of, in Baltic, 203–4, 207–8; and Operation Albion, 220; and Black Sea, 256–57; presence of, on Danube, 283, 513n. 57; search for strategy by, 287–91; submarine campaign of, 291–94, 296, 298–300, 302, 304, 306–8, 310, 338–39; submarine construction program of, 294–95, 306�
�7, 339–40, 370, 421–23; and reappearance of surface raiders, 309–10, 370–75; minesweeping operations of, 345, 349, 378; and Flanders, 346, 348–49; and support of Senussi, 388–89; operations of, in North American waters, 430; and armistice terms, 447–48. See also Admiralstab; High Sea Fleet; submarines, German
Germany, Navy (formations): First Scouting Group, 44, 196, 315, 323–24, 329–30, 445; Second Scouting Group, 31, 44, 196, 214, 315, 320–21, 330, 377, 418, 445; Fourth Scouting Group, 192, 418, 445; First Squadron, 26, 196, 288, 447; Second Squadron, 26, 315, 330, 502n. 20; Third Squadron, 26, 199, 214–15, 217, 289, 315, 319–20, 322–23, 330, 333, 347; Fourth Squadron, 185, 192, 195, 214–15, 255, 289, 447; Seventh Battleship Division, 192; Second Destroyer Flotilla, 324, 378, 408, 418, 445; Third Destroyer Flotilla, 322, 333, 346–48; Sixth Destroyer Flotilla, 347–49; Ninth Destroyer Flotilla, 333, 346–47; Tenth Destroyer Flotilla, 211; Second Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 445; Third Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 378, 409; Fourth Destroyer Half-Flotilla, 333, 378–79, 409; First Zeebrugge Half-Flotilla, 348; Second Zeebrugge Half-Flotilla, 348; Eighth Torpedo Boat Flotilla, 196, 445; First Submarine Flotilla, 29; Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 384, 390; First Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 397; Second Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla, 397; U-Kreuzer-Verband, 428; Danube Half-Flotilla, 283. See also East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron; Flanders flotillas; High Sea Fleet; Mittelmeerdivision
Germany, U-boat Inspectorate, 294–95, 306, 339
Germany, U-boat Office, 370, 422
Gibraltar, 6, 58, 394–96, 401
Giolitti, Giovanni, 144
Gleaves, Rear Admiral Albert, 435
Glossop, Captain John, 76
Godfrey, Captain William Wellington, 121
Goltz, Generalmajor Rüdiger Graf von der, 221, 283
Goodenough, Commodore William E.: and Helgoland action, 30–32; and Scarborough raid, 40–41; and Dogger Bank action, 45; and Jutland, 319
Goodhart, Lieutenant Commander F. H. J., 200, 203
Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Hon. Sir Somerset Arthur, 393–94, 397–99, 401