John Dryden - Delphi Poets Series
Page 120
But what thou art; and find the Beggar there.
The End of the Fourth Satyr.
Aulus Persius Flaccus: The Fifth Satyr
Argument of the Fifth Satyr
The judicious Casaubon, in his Proem to this Satyr, tells us, that Aristophanes, the Grammarian, being ask’d, what poem of Archilochus his Iambicks he preferr’d before the rest; answer’d, the longest. His answer may justly be apply’d to this Fifth Satyr; which, being of a greater length than any of the rest, is also, by far, the most instructive. For this Reason I have selected it from all the others, and inscribed it to my Learned Master, Doctor Busby; to whom I am not only oblig’d myself for the best part of my own Education, and that of my two Sons, but have also receiv’d from him the first and truest Taste of Persius. May he be pleased to find in this Translation, the Gratitude, or at least some small Acknowledgment of his un-worthy Scholar, at the distance of 42 Years, from the time when I departed from under his Tuition.
This Satyr consists of two distinct Parts: The first contains the Praises of the Stoick philosopher Cornutus, Master and Tutor to our Persius. It also declares the Love and Piety of Persius, to his well-deserving Master; And the Mutual Friendship which continu’d betwixt them, after Persius was now grown a Man. As also his Exhortation to Young Noblemen, that they would enter themselves into his Institution. From hence he makes an artful Transition into the second Part of his Subject: Wherein he first complains of the Sloath of Scholars, and afterwards persuades them to the pursuit of their true Liberty: Here our Author excellently Treats that Paradox of the Stoicks, which affirms, that the Wise or Virtuous Man is only Free, and that all Vicious Men are Naturally Slaves. And, in the Illustration of this Dogma, he takes up the remaining part of this inimitable Satyr.
The Fifth Satyr
Inscrib’d to The Reverend Dr. Busby
The Speakers Persius and Cornutus.
PERS. OF ancient use to Poets it belongs,
To wish themselves an hundred Mouths and Tongues:
Whether to the well-lung’d Tragedians Rage
They recommend their Labours of the Stage,
Or sing the Parthian, when transfix’d he lies, 5
Wrenching the Roman Javelin from his thighs.
CORN.
And why wou’dst thou these mighty Morsels chuse,
Of Words unchaw’d, and fit to choak the Muse?
Let Fustian Poets with their Stuff be gone,
And suck the Mists that hang o’re Helicon: 10
When Progne’s or Thyestes’s Feast they write;
And, for the mouthing Actor, Verse indite.
Thou neither, like a Bellows, swell’st thy Face,
As if thou wert to blow the burning Mass
Of melting Ore; nor can’st thou strain thy Throat, 15
Or murmur in an undistinguish’d Note;
Like rowling Thunder, till it breaks the Cloud,
And rattling Nonsense is discharg’d aloud.
Soft Elocution does thy Stile renown,
And the sweet Accents of the peaceful Gown: 20
Gentle or sharp, according to thy choice,
To laugh at Follies, or to lash at Vice.
Hence draw thy Theme, and to the Stage permit
Raw-head and Bloody-Bones, and Hands and Feet,
Ragousts for Tereus or Thyestes drest; 25
’Tis Task enough for theet’ expose a Roman Feast.
PERS.
’Tis not, indeed, my Talent to engage
In lofty Trifles, or to swell my Page
With Wind and Noise; but freely to impart,
As to a Friend, the Secrets of my heart; 30
And, in familiar Speech, to let thee know
How much I love thee, and how much I owe.
Knock on my Heart: for thou hast skill to find
If it sound solid, or be fill’d with Wind;
And, thro the veil of words, thou view’st the naked Mind. 35
For this a hundred Voices I desire,
To tell thee what an hundred Tongues wou’d tire;
Yet never cou’d be worthily exprest,
How deeply thou art seated in my Breast.
When first my Childish Robe resign’d the charge; 40
And left me, unconfin’d, to live at large;
When now my golden Bulla (hung on high
To House-hold Gods) declar’d me past a Boy;
And my white Shield proclaim’d my Liberty;
When with my wild Companions, I could rowl 45
From Street to Street, and sin without controul;
Just at that Age, when Manhood set me free,
I then depos’d my self, and left the Reins to thee.
On thy wise Bosom I repos’d my Head;
And by my better Socrates was bred. 50
Then, thy streight Rule set Virtue in my sight,
The crooked Line reforming by the right.
My Reason took the bent of thy Command,
Was form’d and polish’d by thy skilful hand:
Long Summer-days thy Precepts I reherse; 55
And Winter-nights were short in our converse:
One was our Labour, one was our Repose;
One frugal Supper did our Studies close.
Sure on our Birth some friendly Planet shone:
And, as our Souls, our Horoscope was one 60
Whether the mounting Twins did Heav’n adorn,
Or with the rising Ballance we were born;
Both have the same Impressions from above;
And both have Saturn’s rage repell’d by Jove.
What Star I know not, but some Star I find, 65
Has given Thee an Ascendant o’re my Mind.
CORN.
Nature is ever various in her Frame:
Each has a different Will; and few the same:
The greedy Merchants, led by lucre, run
To the parch’d Indies, and the rising Sun; 70
From thence hot Pepper, and rich Drugs they bear,
Bart’ring for Spices their Italian Ware:
The lazy Glutton safe at home will keep,
Indulge his Sloth, and batten with his Sleep:
One bribes for high Preferments in the State; 75
A second shakes the Box, and sits up late
Another shakes the Bed; dissolving there,
Till knots upon his Gouty Joints appear,
And Chalk is in his crippled Fingers found;
Rots like a Doddard Oke, and piecemeal falls to ground. 80
Then, his lewd Follies he wou’d late repent;
And his past years, that in a Mist were spent.
PERS.
But thou art pale, in nightly Studies, grown,
To make the Stoick Institutes thy own;
Thou long, with studious Care, hast till’d our Youth, 85
And sown our well-purg’d Ears with wholesom Truth:
From thee both old and young, with profit, learn
The bounds of Good and Evil to discern.
CORN.
Unhappy he who does this Work ad-journ;
And to To Morrow would the search delay: 90
His lazy Morrow will be like to day.
PERS.
But is one day of Ease too much to borrow?
CORN.
Yes, sure: For Yesterday was once To Morrow.
That Yesterday is gone, and nothing gain’d:
And all thy fruitless days will thus be drain’d; 95
For thou hast more To Morrows yet to ask,
And wilt be ever to begin thy Task;
Who, like the hindmost Chariot Wheels, art curst;
Still to be near; but ne’re to reach the first.
O Freedom! first Delight of Humane Kind! 100
Not that which Bondmen from their Masters find,
The Priviledge of Doles; not yet’t inscribe
Their Names in this or t’other Roman Tribe:
That false Enfranchisement, with ease is found:
How, replies one, can any be more free?
Here’s Dama, once a Groom of low degree
Not worth a Farthing, and a Sot beside;
So true a Rogue, for lying’s sake he ly’d:
But, with a turn, a Freeman he became; 110
Now Marcus Dama is his Worship’s Name:
Good Gods! who wou’d refuse to lend a Sum,
If Wealthy Marcus Surety will become!
Marcus is made a Judge, and for a Proof
Of certain Truth, He said it, is enough. 115
A Will is to be prov’d; put in your Claim;
’Tis clear, if Marcus has subscrib’d his Name.
This is true Liberty, as I believe;
What farther can we from our Caps receive,
Than as we please, without Control to live? 120
Not more to Noble Brutus could belong.
Hold, says the Stoick, you Assumption’s wrong:
I grant true Freedom you have well defin’d:
But living as you list, and to your mind,
Are loosely tack’d; and must be left behind. 125
What, since the Prætor did my Fetters loose,
And left me freely at my own dispose,
May I not live without Control or Awe,
Excepting still the Letter of the Law?
Hear me with patience, while thy Mind I free 130
From those fond Notions of false Liberty:
’Tis not the Prætor’s Province to bestow
True Freedom; nor to teach Mankind to know
What to our selves, or to our Friends we owe.
He cou’d not set thee free from Cares and Strife; 135
Nor give the Reins to a lewd vicious life:
As well he for an Ass a Harp might string,
Which is against the Reason of the thing;
For Reason still is whisp’ring in your Ear,
Where you are sure to fail, th’ Attempt forbear. 140
No need of Publick Sanctions this to bind,
Which Nature has implanted in the Mind:
Not to pursue th Work, to which we’re not design’d.
Unskill’d in Hellebore, if thou shou’d’st try
To mix it, and mistake the Quantity, 145
The Rules of Physick wou’d against thee cry.
The High-shoo’d Ploughman, shou’d he quit the Land,
To take the Pilot’s Rudder in his hand,
Artless of Stars, and of the moving Sand,
The Gods wou’d leave him to the Waves and Wind, 150
And think all Shame was lost in Human-Kind.
Tell me, my Friend, from whence hadst thou the skill,
So nicely to distinguish Good from Ill?
Or by the sound to judge of Gold and Brass;
What piece is Tinkers Metal, what will pass? 155
And what thou art to follow, what to flye,
This to condemn, and that to ratifie?
When to be Bountiful, and when to Spare,
But never Craving, or oppress’d with Care?
The Baits of Gifts, and Money to despise, 160
And look on Wealth with undesiring Eyes?
When thou can’st truly call these Virtues thine,
Be Wise and Free, by Heav’n’s consent and mine.
But thou, who lately of the common strain,
Wert one of us, if still thou do’st retain 165
The same ill Habits, the same Follies too,
Gloss’d over only with a Saint-like show,
Then I resume the freedom which I gave,
Still thou art bound to Vice, and still a Slave.
Thou can’st not wag thy Finger, or begin 170
The least light motion, but it tends to sin.
How’s this? Not wag my Finger, he replies?
No, Friend; nor fuming Gums, nor Sacrifice,
Can ever make a Madman free, or wise.
“Virtue and Vice are never in one Soul: 175
“A Man is wholly Wise, or wholly is a Fool.
A heavy Bumpkin, taught with daily care,
Can never dance three steps with a becoming air.
PERS.
In spight of this, my Freedom still remains.
CORN.
Free, what and fetter’d with so many Chains? 180
Can’st thou no other Master understand
Than him that freed thee by the Prætor’s Wand?
Shou’d he, who was thy Lord, command thee now,
With a harsh Voice, and supercilious Brow,
To servile Duties, thou wou’d’st fear no more; 185
The Gallows and the Whip are out of door.
But if thy Passions lord it in thy Breast,
Art thou not still a Slave, and still opprest?
Whether alone, or in thy Harlot’s Lap,
When thou wou’dst take a lazy Morning’s Nap; 190
Up, up, says Avarice; thou snor’st again,
Stretchest thy Limbs, and yawn’st, but all in vain;
The Tyrant Lucre no denyal takes;
At his Command th’ unwilling Sluggard wakes.
What must I do? he cries: What? says his Lord: 195
Why rise, make ready, and go streight aboord:
With Fish, from Euxine Seas, thy Vessel freight;
Flax, Castor, Coan Wines, the precious Weight
Of Pepper, and Sabean Incense, take
With thy own hands, from the tir’d Camel’s back: 200
And with Post-haste thy running Markets make.
Be sure to turn the Penny: lye and swear;
’Tis wholesom sin: But Jove, thou say’st, will hear:
Swear, Fool, or starve; for the Dilemma’s even:
A Tradesman thou! and hope to go to Heav’n? 205
Resolv’d for Sea, the Slaves thy Baggage pack,
Each saddled, with his Burden on his back;
Nothing retards thy Voyage, now; unless
Thy other Lord forbids, Voluptuousness:
And he may ask this civil Question: Friend, 210
What do’st thou make a Shipboord? to what end?
Art thou of Bethlem’s Noble College free?
Stark, staring mad; that thou wou’dst tempt the Sea?
Cubb’d in a Cabin, on a Mattress laid,
On a Brown George, with lowsie Swobbers, fed, 215
Dead Wine, that stinks of the Borrachio, sup
From a foul Jack, or greasie Maple Cup?
Say, wou’d’st thou bear all this, to raise thy store
From Six i’ th’ Hundred, to Six Hundred more?
Indulge, and to thy Genius freely give; 220
For, not to live at ease, is not to live;
Death stalks behind thee: and each flying Hour
Does some loose Remnant of thy Life devour.
Live, while thou liv’st: For Death will make us all
A Name, a nothing but an Old Wife’s Tale. 225
Speak; wilt thou Avarice, or Pleasure chuse
To be thy Lord? Take one, and one refuse.
But both, by turns, the Rule of thee will have;
And thou, betwixt ‘em both, wilt be a Slave.
Nor think when once thou hast resisted one, 230
That all thy Marks of Servitude are gone:
The strugling Greyhound gnaws his Leash in vain;
If, when ’tis broken, still he drags the Chain.
Says Phædria to his Man, Believe me, Friend,
To this uneasie Love I’le put an End: 235
Shall I run out of all? My Friends disgrace,
And be the first lewd Unthrift of my Race?
Shall I the Neighbours Nightly rest invade
At her deaf Doors, with some vile Serenade?
Well hast thou freed thy self, his Man replies; 240
Go, thank the Gods, and offer Sacrifice.
Ah, says the Youth, if we unkindly part,
Will not the Poor fond Crea
ture break her Heart?
Weak Soul! And blindly to Destruction led!
She break her Heart! She’ll sooner break your Head. 245
She knows her Man, and when you Rant and Swear,
Can draw you to her with a single Hair.
But shall I not return? Now, when she Sues?
Shall I my own, and her Desires refuse?
Sir, take your Course: But my Advice is plain: 250
Once freed, ’tis Madness to resume your Chain.
Ay; there’s the Man, who loos’d from Lust and Pelf,
Less to the Prætor owes, than to himself.
But write him down a Slave, who, humbly proud,
With Presents begs Preferments from the Crowd; 255
That early Suppliant, who salutes the Tribes,
And sets the Mob to scramble for his Bribes:
That some old Dotard, sitting in the Sun,
On Holydays may tell, that such a Feat was done:
In future times this will be counted rare. 260
Thy Superstition too may claim a share:
When Flow’rs are strew’d, and Lamps in order plac’d,
And Windows with Illuminations grac’d,
On Herod’s Day; when sparkling Bouls go round,
And Tunny’s Tails in savoury Sauce are drown’d, 265
Thou mutter’st Prayers obscene; nor do’st refuse
The Fasts and Sabbaths of the curtail’d Jews.
Then a crack’d Eggshell thy sick Fancy frights,
Besides the Childish Fear of Walking Sprights.
Of o’regrown Guelding Priests thou art afraid: 270
The Timbrel, and the Squintifego Maid
Of Isis, awe thee: lest the Gods, for sin,
Shou’d, with a swelling Dropsie, stuff thy skin:
Unless three Garlick Heads the Curse avert,
Eaten each Morn, devoutly, next thy heart. 275
Preach this among the brawny Guards, say’st thou,
And see if they thy Doctrine will allow:
The dull fat Captain, with a Hound’s deep throat,
Wou’d bellow out a Laugh, in a Base Note;
And prize a hundred Zeno’s just as much 280
As a clipt Sixpence, or a Schilling Dutch.
The End of the Fifth Satyr.
Aulus Persius Flaccus: The Sixth Satyr
Argument of the Sixth Satyr
This Sixth Satyr Treats an admirable Common-place of Moral Philosophy; Of the true Use of Riches. They are certainly intended, by the Power who bestows them, as Instruments and Helps of living Commodiously our selves, and of Administring to the Wants of others who are oppress’d by Fortune. There are two Extreams in the Opinions of Men concerning them. One Error, though on the right hand, yet a great one, is, That they are no Helps to a Virtuous Life; The other places all our Happiness in the Acquisition and Possession of them: and his is undoutedly, the worse Extream. The Mean betwixt these, is the Opinion of the Stoicks: Which is, That Riches may be Useful to the leading a Virtuous Life; in case we rightly understand how to Give according to right Reason; and how to receive what is given us by others. The Virtue of Giving Well, is call’d Liberality; and ’tis of this Virtue that Persius writes in this Satyr: Wherein he not only shows the lawful Use of Riches, but also sharply inveighs against the Vices which are oppos’d to it: And especially of those, which consist in the Defects of Giving or Spending, or in the Abuse of Riches. He writes to Cæsius Bassus, his Friend, and a Poet also. Enquires first of his Health and Studies; and afterwards informs him of his own, and where he is now resident. He gives an account of himself, that he is endeavouring by little and little to wear off his Vices; and particularly, that he is combating Ambition and the Desire of Wealth. He dwells upon the latter Vice; And being sensible that few Men either Desire, or Use Riches as they ought, he endeavours to convince them of their Folly; which is the main Design of the whole Satyr.