The White Planet: The Evolution and Future of Our Frozen World
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Vimeux, Françoise, 119
Vincent, Christian, 20
volcanoes/volcanic activity: during the Holocene period, 78; effects of volcanic eruptions on the climate, 151–52; and increases in the greenhouse effect, 151; lava analysis, 126; volcanic eruptions, 71–72; volcanism and solar activity, 150–52
Vosges Mountains, 63; Grand Pile of, 146
Vostok/Vostok Station, 7, 108, 110, 112, 125, 126, 153, 154, 165, 176, 253, 254, 255; CO2 concentrations at, 114–15; destruction of the generator at, 101; discovery of a subglacial lake below Vostok Station, 102, 120–21, 252, 255–56, 258; information gathered from ice cores of, 118–19; initial ice drilling at by French and Soviet teams, 92–94, 96, 101–3; mean annual temperature of, 112; variations in temperature at, 114, 115–16; warming of, 118. See also Lake Vostok
water (H2O), 170, 210, 257; chemical composition of, 55; energy redistribution and the water cycle, 163; evaporation of, 16, 60, 163; and the fractionation process, 55–57; freezing point of seawater, 3; freshwater, 3, 62, 148, 149; heavy water (D2O), 83; isotopes of, 82; isotopic composition of seawater, 77; isotopic forms of the water molecule, 55, 70; polar waters, 8; in the stratosphere, 170; transition between water vapor and ice, 16. See also oceans; water vapor
water vapor, 3–4, 16, 40, 55, 79, 115, 116, 146, 163, 170, 174–75, 176, 187, 203, 212
weather forecasting, 174–75
Weddell Sea, 26, 133
Wegener, Alfred, 28
West Africa, 44
West Antarctica, 34, 35–36, 194, 199, 213, 221; ice shelves of, 13–14
West Antarctica Ice Sheet (WAIS), 105
Western Europe, 146, 149, 180, 215, 216; rapid cooling in, 150
White, Jim, 132
Wilkes Coast, 34
wind, and the transfer of impurities, 72
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), 177
World Conference on Climate, 177
“World Energy Outlook” (International Energy Agency [IEA]), 230, 237
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 177, 178, 249, 251
World Research Program, Climate and Cryosphere (CLIC) initiative of, 248
Yiou, Françoise, 79, 119
Younger Dryas period, 130–31, 132, 136–37, 149; identification of in North America and Central Europe, 131
Zotikov, Igor, 255
Zuchelli, Mario, 99