How to Think Straight: An Introduction to Critical Reasoning
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Design. See Argument to Design Differences of degree: 7.17–7.23, 7.28–7.30
Differences of principle: 7.31
Discrimination, direct vs. indirect: 4.16–4.19
Domino theory: 4.37
Double negation: 2.24
Ends. See Means vs. ends Environmentalism: 2.30–2.31, 2.37–2.38
Equality, of opportunity vs. of outcome: 4.18–4.19
Equivocation. See Ambiguity Evil, The Problem of: 1.26
Evolution, Darwinian: 4.2, 7.11–7.16
Expectation, descriptive vs. prescriptive: 5.14, 5.19, 6.18
Experience, subjective vs. objective: 7.6–7.9
Extremism: 2.30–2.36
Fallacies, and other argumentative misdemeanors: 1.49–1.54
These, nicknamed or traditionally named
(1) Affirming the Consequent: 2.8
(2) Begging the Question: 4.35
(3) The But-those-people-will-never-agree Diversion: 4.1–4.2
(4) The But-you-can-understand-why Evasion: 6.19
(5) The Fallacy of Many Questions: 7.2–7.6, 7.10
(6) The Fallacy of Pseudorefuting Description: 4.36–4.37, 5.1, 5.5
(7) The Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle: 1.48–1.49
(8) The Genetic Fallacy: 7.10–7.17
(9) The It-isn’t-true-only-because-of-why-it-is Objection: 3.25–3.26
(10) The Logically-black-is-white Slide: 7.17–7.20
(11) The Masked Man Fallacy: 1.62
(12) The Naturalistic Fallacy: 7.38–7.42
(13) The No-true-Scotsman Move: 3.1–3.8, 3.19–3.20, 3.25, 4.1
(14) The Pathetic Fallacy: 1.52, 7.3
(15) The Sorites (The Heaper): 7.21
(16) The Subject/Motive Shift: 4.3, 4.13–4.14, 4.17–4.18, 4.23–4.38, 6.19
(17) The Truth-is-always-in-the-middle Damper: 2.33–2.35
(18) The Un-American Fallacy: 1.48–1.50
(19) The Whatever-follows-must-be-the-consequence Fallacy: 1.53, 6.38
Fallibility: 8.24
Falsifiability and science: 3.18–3.26
Falsification: 2.9, 3.1
Falsification Challenge: 3.23
Feminism: 6.12–6.15, 6.45
Genetics: 2.28–2.31
God: 1.25–1.26, 2.1–2.3, 2.5–2.6, 2.9
Good as a means vs. good for itself: 8.11
Heresy: 5.3
Hypothetico-deductive method: 2.2–2.6, 2.9–2.11, 3.18–3.26
Iff: 2.21
Illogical vs. nonlogical: 7.24–7.27
Impossibility, logical vs. factual or physical: 1.25–1.26, 2.27
Inequalities: 6.12–6.23, 6.31–6.32, 6.35–6.37
Infallibility. See Fallibility
Invalidity. See Validity
Irrational vs. nonrational: 7.24–7.27
Is-there-a-third-way Questions: 7.24
Knowledge: 1.57–1.58, 2.12–2.13, 8.7–8.9, 8.26
Logic vs. logic: 1.32–1.37
Logical vs. illogical: 7.24–7.27
Logical vs. nonlogical: 7.24–7.27
Meaning, descriptive vs. evaluative: 5.38–5.47
Meaning vs. reference. See Sense vs. reference Means vs. ends: 8.11
Mental disease: 3.9–3.10, 8.13–8.17
Merely: 4.7–4.8, 5.9, 7.19
Mind and matter, the problem of: 5.26
Moral argument: 4.25, 5.41–5.46, 7.26
Natural vs. artificial: 5.43–5.44, 6.6–6.10, 7.28–7.30, 7.38–7.39, 7.42–7.43
Necessary truth. See Propositions, necessary vs. contingent Newspeak, 5.5–5.6
Obviousness: 5.25–5.26, 6.4
Omnipotence: 1.25–1.26
On-your-own-principles Maneuver: 4.25–4.27
Pascal’s Wager: 4.5–4.6
Percentages: 6.1–6.3, 6.10–6.12, 6.31–6.32, 7.33–7.35
Perjury: 8.8
Persuasive definition. See Definition, persuasive Poison: 7.43
Possibility, logical vs. factual or practical or physical: 1.25–1.26, 2.12–2.13, 2.25–2.27, 3.29, 4.39–4.40
Poverty, different criteria of: 6.22–6.23
Prejudice: 1.59–1.60, 5.11
Principle, matters of: 2.39–2.41, 7.31
Propositions: 1.2–1.4
Propositions, analytic vs. synthetic: 3.4–3.6, 3.12, 3.15, 3.19
Propositions, apriori vs. aposteriori: 3.4–3.7
Propositions, conditional: 2.5–2.7
Propositions, necessary vs. contingent: 3.4–3.7, 3.12, 3.15, 3.17, 3.19, 3.27–3.30
Propositions, universal: 1.13, 2.10
Psychoanalysis: 3.22, 4.29–4.31, 4.34
Public choice economics: 4.14
Racism: 1.44–1.47, 5.1–5.4
Rational vs. nonrational or irrational: 7.24–7.27
Rationality and personal integrity: 8.4–8.19, 8.24–8.26
Reasons as grounds vs. reasons as motives or as causes: 4.4–4.8
Redefinition, high vs. low: 3.7
Reference and referents: 1.61–1.62
Refutation: 1.4, 1.57–1.58, 5.11, 5.32
Relativism. See Subjectivism Religious knowledge: 5.20–5.21, 7.4–7.6
Root causes. See Causes, root
Seafight, the Problem of the: 3.27–3.30
Self-interest vs. selfishness and unselfishness: 3.13–3.14, 7.24
Self-interestedness vs. disinterestedness: 7.16
Sense vs. reference: 1.61–1.62
Sets: 1.45
Sincerity and rationality: 1.19–1.20, 5.35, 8.9–8.19
Sneer quotes: 1.57
Socialism: 1.28, 3.7, 4.33, 5.5–5.6, 5.23–5.24, 5.47–5.48
Social justice: 5.22–5.24
Society: 7.49–7.54
Sociology of knowledge: 4.32–4.33
Subjectivism: 5.43–5.46
Synthetic. See Propositions, analytic vs. synthetic Systematic ambiguity. See Ambiguity, systematic
Taxation, poll, proportiate or progressive: 6.17
Token. See Type/token distinction
Toxicology: 7.43
Truth vs. falsehood: 1.1–1.60, 4.13, 4.20–4.22
Truths, necessary vs. contingent: 3.4–3.6
Type/token distinction: 1.49, 6.42
Universal propositions. See Propositions, universal
Vagueness: 5.13–5.17
Validity vs. invalidity: 1.1–1.19, 1.38–1.56, 8.3
Verbal vs. substantial: 5.8–5.10
Vicious circles: 6.46
Wager Argument. See Pascal’s Wager
Witch-hunts: 4.39–4.41