No One Cares About Crazy People

by Ron Powers

  4. Ibid.

  5. Susan Piddock, “A Space of Their Own: Nineteenth Century Lunatic Asylums in Britain, South Australia and Tasmania” (thesis, 2002), http://studymore.org.uk/asyarc.htm#LandscapesBethlemMoorfields, a Middlesex University resource.

  6. W. R. Street, A Chronology of Noteworthy Events in American Psychology (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1994).

  7. Urbane Metcalf, The Interior of Bethlehem Hospital: Humbly Addressed to His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex and to the Other Governors, 1818, http://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/mad-doctors-mad-house-keepers-alienists.htm.

  8. As described by Carla Yanni in The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007).

  9. Ibid.

  10. Quoted by Dr. Andrew Prescott in Masonic Papers: Godfrey Higgins and his Anacalypsis, Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, copyright 1996–2014, used by permission.

  11. Gerald N. Grob, The State and the Mentally Ill: A History of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966).

  12. As quoted in E. Fuller Torrey and Judy Miller, The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001).

  13. Grob, The State and the Mentally Ill.

  14. Dorothea Dix, “Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts 1843,” Old South Leaflets 6, no. 148, as quoted by Grob in The State and the Mentally Ill.

  15. Thomas S. Kirkbride, On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane. Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment, Yale Medical Library, http://archive.org/stream/39002086342939.med.yale.edu/39002086342939.med.yale.edu_djvu.txt.

  16. Josh Clark, “6 of the Scariest Abandoned Mental Asylums in America,” Stuff You Should Know, http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/blog/gallery/6-scariest-abandoned-mental-asylums-america/.

  17. Paul Levy, “We Are All Shamans-in-Training,” All Things Healing, http://www.allthingshealing.com/Shamanism/We-Are-All-Shamans-In-Training-Parts-1/12825#.V2hfF7grK71.

  Chapter 5: Eugenics: Weeding Out the Mad

  1. As reported by David Fenn on AboutDarwin.com.

  2. HMS Beagle Project, http://www.hmsbeagleproject.org/timeline/robert-fitzroy-takes-his-own-life/.

  3. Martin Brune, “Theory of Mind—Evolution, Ontogeny, Brain Mechanisms and Psychopathology,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30, no. 4 (2006), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763405001284.

  4. Charles Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809–1882, ed. Nora Barlow (New York: Norton, 1993).

  5. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (London: Murray, 1859).

  6. Abdul Ahad, “Darwin’s Theory Is the Mixture of Malthus’s Theory and Lyell’s Theory and Darwin Use [sic] Wrong [sic] Lamarck’s Theory as Well as Believe [sic] as a Mechanism of Evolution,” American Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (2014), http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20140203.12.pdf.

  7. Dialogue from Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol, originally published in London by Chapman and Hall, 1843, widely reprinted.

  8. Darwin, On the Origin of Species.

  9. Andrew Carnegie, American Experience, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande03.html.

  10. Francis Galton, The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa (London: Murray, 1853), http://www.abelard.org/galton/galton.htm.

  11. Francis Galton, Memories of My Life (Ulan Press, 2012); originally published in London: Methuen, 1908.

  12. Paraphrased from a 1913 letter to Charles Davenport, the eugenics-friendly director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. An image of the typed letter with handwritten corrections is available courtesy of the DNA Learning Center, http://www.dnalc.org/view/11219-T-Roosevelt-letter-to-C-Davenport-about-degenerates-reproducing-.html.

  13. Quoted by Jonathan Peter Spiro in Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2009).

  14. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), quoted by Spiro in Defending the Master Race.

  15. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race.

  16. Spiro, Defending the Master Race.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Statistics for the sterilization and killing of the mentally ill are drawn from several sources, including skepticism.org/timelines/tag/nazis/eugenics/order… 4/tmpl_suffix:_table/; the Holocaust Encyclopedia, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005200; http://tiergartenstrasse4.org/Nazi_Euthanasia_Programme_in_Occupied_Poland_1939-1945.html; and the University of Minnesota Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies, http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/documentary/hadamar/the_occurrence.html.

  20. “The ‘Final Solution’: Estimated Number of Jews Killed,” Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/killedtable.html.

  21. Margaret Sanger, in “My Way to Peace,” a speech delivered to the New History Society, January 17, 1932, retrieved from “The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger,” http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=129037.xml.

  22. Margaret Sanger, “The Function of Sterilization,” from “The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger.”

  23. Margaret Sanger, “The Morality of Birth Control,” from “The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger.”

  24. Sanger, “My Way to Peace.”

  Chapter 7: “When They Were Young”

  1. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company, 1876), republished by Oxford University Press, 1996, as part of The Oxford Mark Twain series, ed. Shelley Fisher Fishkin.

  2. As noted by the blogger and former childhood denizen of the park Chuck Miller, http://blog.timesunion.com/chuckmiller/storytown-er-the-great-escape-in-kodachrome/4116/.

  Chapter 8: Madness and Genius

  1. R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (London: Penguin, 1969).

  2. R. D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness (London: Penguin, 1965).

  3. Nancy Andreasen, “Secrets of the Creative Brain,” The Atlantic, July/August 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/07/secrets-of-the-creative-brain/372299/.

  4. Sandra Bruno, “Creativity as a Necessity for Human Development” (AAAI Publications, 2013), http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/SSS/SSS13/paper/viewPaper/5795.

  5. Susan K. Perry, Writing in Flow (New York: Writers Digest Books, 1999), https://www.amazon.com/Writing-Flow-Mihaly-Csikszentmihalyi/dp/0898799295/ref=sr_1_1_twi_har_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1469990783&sr=1-1&keywords=susan+k+perry.

  6. James C. Kaufman, ed., Creativity and Mental Illness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

  7. C. G. Jung, The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature (London: Routledge, 2003).

  8. Nancy Coover Andreasen, Arthur Canter, “The Creative Writer: Psychiatric Symptoms and Family History,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (March–April 1974), http://www.comppsychjournal.com/article/0010-440X(74)90028-5/abstract.

  9. Scott Barry Kaufman, “The Real Link Between Creativity and Mental Illness,” Scientific American (October 3, 2013), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-real-link-between-creativity-and-mental-illness/.

  10. Robert A. Power et al., “Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Predict Creativity,” Nature Neuroscience 18 (July 2015), http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v18/n7/index.html.

  11. As quoted by Arielle Duheim-Ross in The Verge, June 8, 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/8/8746011/creativity-genetics-schizophrenia-bipolar-decode.

  12. As quoted in Ian Sample
, “New Study Claims to Find Genetic Link Between Creativity and Mental Illness,” Guardian, June 8, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/08/new-study-claims-to-find-genetic-link-between-creativity-and-mental-illness.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Loren Eisley, The Mind as Nature (New York: Harper and Row, 1962).

  Chapter 9: “If Only, If Only, If Only…”

  1. Our sources were a letter that Amy wrote to her lawyer, and a book that the family published two years after the accident.

  Chapter 10: Chaos and Heartbreak

  1. Fernanda Santos and Erica Goode, “Police Confront Rising Number of Mentally Ill Suspects,” New York Times, April 1, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/02/us/police-shootings-of-mentally-ill-suspects-are-on-the-upswing.html.

  2. Fernanda Santos, “Justice Dept. Accuses Albuquerque Police of Excessive Force,” New York Times, April 10, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/11/us/albuquerque-police-report-justice-department.html.

  3. Ryan Boetel, “City Settles Boyd Shooting Case for $5 Million,” Albuquerque Journal, July 10, 2015, http://www.abqjournal.com/610827/albuquerque-reaches-settlement-in-lawsuit-over-james-boyds-death.html.

  4. Department of Justice Semiannual Crime Report, 2014, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/preliminary-semiannual-uniform-crime-report-january-june-2014/tables/table-3.

  5. Peter Wagner and Bernadette Rabuy, “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2016,” Prison Policy Initiative, March 14, 2016, http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2016.html.

  6. Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections: May 2015, “Consequences of Growth in the Federal Prison Population,” http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000221-Consequences-of-Growth-in-the-Federal-Prison-Population.pdf.

  7. Nicholas Kristof, “Inside a Mental Hospital Called Jail,” New York Times, February 8, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/opinion/sunday/inside-a-mental-hospital-called-jail.html.

  8. Jim Dwyer, “Mentally Ill, and Jailed in Isolation at Rikers Island,” New York Times, November 19, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/nyregion/mentally-ill-and-jailed-in-isolation-at-rikers-island.html.

  9. Jennifer Gonnerman, “Kalief Browder Learned How to Commit Suicide on Rikers,” New Yorker, June 2, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/kalief-browder-learned-how-to-commit-suicide-on-rikers.

  10. Michael Winerip and Michael Schwirtz, “Rikers: Where Mental Illness Meets Brutality in Jail,” New York Times, July 14, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/nyregion/rikers-study-finds-prisoners-injured-by-employees.html.

  11. As reported by Christopher Mathias in “Here’s Kalief Browder’s Heartbreaking Research Paper on Solitary Confinement,” Huffington Post, June 23, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kalief-browder-solitary-confinement-research-paper_n_7646492.

  12. Blythe Bernhard, “Family devastated by son’s suicide in Farmington Jail,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 8, 2014, http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/health-med-fit/health/family-devastated-by-son-s-suicide-in-farmington-jail/article_6ef5a107-0f13-5d42-847e-5200fca72408.html.

  13. “My Son Killed Himself: Josh Deserved Better!” Pete Earley website, November 4, 2014, http://www.peteearley.com/2014/11/04/son-killed-josh-deserved-better/.

  14. Pete Earley, “Suicide in Jail Spurs Action After Mother Shares Son’s Story,” Pete Earley website, November 20, 2015, http://www.peteearley.com/2015/11/20/suicide-in-jail-spurs-action-after-mother-shares-sons-story/.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid.

  Chapter 11: The Great Unraveler

  1. Thomas S. Szasz, preface to The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, 50th anniv. ed. (New York: Harper, 2010).

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Jeffrey Schaler, introduction of Thomas Szasz at the 1995 Conference for Treaty 6 First Nations of Alberta, titled “Alternative Approaches to Addictions & Destructive Habits,” Edmonton, Alberta, November 7, 1995, http://www.szasz.com/albertaintro.html.

  5. Ron Leifer, “Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, V. XXIII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1997,” http://ronleifer.zenfactor.org/writings/psychiatric-repression-of-thomas-szasz.htm.

  6. Paul J. Harrison, “The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia: A Critical Review of the Data and Their Interpretation,” Brain 122, no. 4 (1999), http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/122/4/593.

  7. Martha E. Shenton, Thomas J. Whitford, and Marek Kubicki, “Structural Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia from Methods to Insights to Treatments,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (September 2010), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181976/.

  8. Rael Jean Isaac, “Thomas Szasz: A Life in Error,” Scientific American, September 23, 2012, http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2012/09/thomas_szasz_a_life_in_error.html?cpage=2.

  9. Alfred Kazin, An American Procession: The Major American Writers from 1830 to 1930—The Crucial Century (New York: Knopf, 1984).

  10. Szasz, Myth of Mental Illness.

  11. As quoted by Melanie Hirsch in the Syracuse Post-Standard on February 19, 1992.

  12. E. Fuller Torrey and Judy Miller, The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001).

  Chapter 12: Surcease

  1. Molly K. Larson, Elaine F. Walker, and Michael T. Compton, “Early Signs, Diagnosis and Therapeutics of the Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders,” National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930984/.

  Chapter 13: Debacle

  1. President John F. Kennedy, Special Message to the Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation, February 5, 1963, http://www.jfklink.com/speeches/jfk/publicpapers/1963/jfk50_1963.html.

  2. Olga Loraine Kofman, “Deinstitutionalization and Its Discontents: American Mental Health Policy Reform” (Claremont McKenna College senior thesis, January 2012), http://scholarship.claremont.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Kofman%22%20author_fname%3A%22Olga%22&start=0&context=1652366.

  3. As quoted in “About Dr. Thomas Szasz,” CCHR International: The Mental Health Watchdog, https://www.cchrint.org/about-us/co-founder-dr-thomas-szasz/about-dr-thomas-szasz/.

  4. Kathleen Stone-Takai, “Mandating Treatment for the Mentally Ill: Why So Difficult?” (thesis, California State University, Sacramento, 2009), http://www.csus.edu/ppa/thesis-project/bank/2009/stonetakai.pdf.

  5. As quoted by Ellen Dewees, Lanterman’s former administrative assistant, in “Legislation for the Mentally Ill,” letter to the Los Angeles Times, December 5, 1987, http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-05/local/me-6108_1_mental-health-lanterman-petris-short-act-commitment-procedures.

  6. Vera Graham, “Peninsula’s ‘Little Lady’ to Let Psychiatric Community Have It,” San Mateo Times, August 25, 1977, https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/39052999/.

  7. As quoted by NAMI, referencing the PBS documentary When Medicine Got It Wrong, May 4, 2010, http://www.nami.org/Press-Media/Press-Releases/2010/Mother-s-Day-and-the-Myth-of-the-Schizophrenogenic.

  8. Robert Whitaker, Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill (New York: Basic Books, 2010).

  9. Darrell Steinberg, David Mills, and Michael Romano, “When Did Prisons Become Acceptable Mental Healthcare Facilities?” Stanford Law School Three Strikes Project, February 19, 2015, https://law.stanford.edu/publications/when-did-prisons-become-acceptable-mental-healthcare-facilities-2/.

  10. Ibid.

  11. Ram Subramanian, Ruth Delaney, Stephen Roberts, Nancy Fishman, and Peggy McGarry, “Incarceration’s Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America,” Vera Institute of Justice, February 2015, http://archive.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/incarcerations-front-door-report.pdf.

  12. Steve Forbes, “Why the Treatment of Our Nation’s Mentally Ill Is an American Disgrace,” Forb
es, January 21, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2013/01/02/an-american-disgrace/#430a37e128e2.

  13. Dominic Sisti, Andrea Segal, and Ezekiel Emanuel, of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, quoted in “Penn Medicine Bioethicists Call for Return to Asylums for Long-Term Psychiatric Care,” Penn Medicine news release, January 20, 2015, http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/2015/01/sisti/.

  Chapter 15: Antipsychotics

  1. Ronald P. Rubin, “A Brief History of Great Discoveries in Pharmacology: In Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Founding of the American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,” Pharmacological Reviews, December 2007, http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/59/4/289.full#title7.

  2. As reported in Bovet’s New York Times obituary, written by Dennis Hevesi and published on April 11, 1992.

  3. Steve D. Brown and Paul Stenner, Psychology Without Foundations: History, Philosophy and Psychosocial Theory (New York: SAGE, 2009).

  4. Philip Seeman and Shitij Kapur, “Schizophrenia: More Dopamine, More D2 Receptors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 1997, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33999/.

  5. “Chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Largactil) Advertising,” https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=thorazine%20advertising%201954.

  6. “Thorazine Advertisement, 1954,” http://prescriptiondrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=005734.

  7. “Clozapine,” World eBook Fair, sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia, http://worldebookfair.org/articles/Clozapine.

  8. As reported by Robert Litan and Hal Singer in “Unlocking Patents: Costs of Failure, Benefits of Success,” Economists Incorporated, November 2014, http://walkerinnovation.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Litan-EI-Inc-Study-November-2014.pdf.

  9. Roy Levy, “The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Discussion of Competitive and Anti-Trust Issues in an Environment of Change,” Bureau of Economics Staff Report, Federal Trade Commission, 1999, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=unDWS8j7ZRoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=The+Pharmaceutical+Industry:+A+Discussion+of+Competitive+and+Antitrust+…&ots=DRVg7ORFZx&sig=usjUjKdwkG2Fs9ceVjUR_9WVxlc#v=onepage&q=The%20Pharmaceutical%20Industry%3A%20A%20Discussion%20of%20Competitive%20and%20Antitrust%20…&f=false.