Stalin and the Scientists
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Muralov, Alexander Ivanovich (1886–1937): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Musiyko, Alexander Samsonovich (1903–80), 1
mutation: and variation, 1; artificially induced, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
rates of, 1
See also genes
nature, plans to repurpose, 1, 2, 3 See also Stalin Plan for the Great Transformation of Nature
nature reserves, 1, 2, 3, 4
NEP, 1, 2, 3, 4
Newtonian mechanics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5n2, 6n22
Nicholas I (1796–1855), 1, 2
Nicholas II (1868–1918), 1, 2, 3, 4
NKVD (Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 1, 2; in the Great Purge of 1937, 1;
agents in the Bureau of Applied Botany 1.
See also sharashki
nomenklatura, 1, 2
nöosphere, 1
Novikov, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1876–1965), 1
Nodzhin, Nikolai Dmitrievich (1841–66), 1
nuclear physics, 1, 2; fission chain reactions, 1
See also atom bomb
nuclear reactors, 1, 2, 3, 4n20
Nuzhdin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1904–72), 1, 2
Object 0211, 1, 2
Odessa Institute, see Institute of Plant Breeding, Odessa
Office of Human Heredity and Constitution, see Medical–Biological Institute
Oldenburg, Sergei Fedorovich (1863–1934): in the Haven Brotherhood, 1; minister of education, 1, 2;
saves V. Vernadsky from arrest, 1;
secures funding for Academy of Sciences, 1;
persuades V. Vernadsky to return to Russia, 1;
interviewed during 1921–2 famine, 1;
secretary of Academy of Sciences 1, 2, 3, 4
‘On Plant Breeding and Seed Production’ (Pravda, 3 August 1931), 1
Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich (1894–1980), 1, 2, 3
Orbeli, Levon Abgarovich (1882–1958), 1, 2, 3, 4
orphans, 1, 2. See also White Nursery
Palchinsky, Peter Akimovich (1875–1929), 1
Panshin, Boris (?–?), 1
Pantheon of Brains, 1, 2. See also Moscow Institute for Brain Research
Parin, Vasily Vasilievich (1903–71), 1
‘partyness’ (partiinost), 1
Pasteur Institute, 1, 2
patronage, Russian culture of, 1, 2
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849–1936), 1; in famine of 1921–2, 1, 2;
at Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1;
fines assistants for using mental terms, 1;
surgical technique, 1, 2;
and ‘psychic secretion’, 1;
and conditional reflexes, 1, 2;
and V. Bekheterev, 1;
requests permission to emigrate, 1;
receives government support, 1;
theory of higher nervous activity, 1, 2;
forays into human psychology 1;
work adopted as state dogma, 1, 2;
altercation with A. Luria, 1;
investigates inheritance of acquired behaviours, 1;
argues for independence of Academy of Sciences, 1, 2;
reconciled with Soviet authorities, 1;
posthumous reputation, 1
Pavlova, Serafima Vasilievna (born Karchevskaya, 1859–1947), 1, 2
‘Pavlovian session’ (special joint session of Academy of Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences on ‘the development of Pavlov’s Doctrine’, 28 June–4 July 1950), 1
Pavlovsk (botanical research station), 1
Payne, Fernandus (1881–1977), 1n4
peasantry: culture adapted to famine, 1, 2, 3, 4; internal discipline among, 1, 2, 3;
impoverished by emancipation, 1;
1905 revolt of, 1;
in First World War, 1;
land redistributed among, 1;
in civil war, 1, 2;
food supplies requisitioned by government, 1, 2;
as factory workers, 1, 2;
cultural developments under socialism, 1;
mobilised to transform agriculture, 1, 2, 3.
See also collectivisation
Peasants’ Gazette, 1
pedology, 1; banned by decree, 1, 2
People’s Will (revolutionary movement), 1
Peter the Great (1672–1775), 1, 2
Petrzhak, Konstantin (1907–88), 1
philosophers, employed to arbitrate scientific disputes, 1, 2, 3, 4
physics: in Leningrad, 1, 2, 3;
professionalisation of, 1; accusations of ‘idealism’, 1;
B. Hessen defends, 1, 2;
effects of Great Purge on, 1;
industrial applications, 1
See also nuclear physics
physiology, 1, 2; ‘Pavlovian’ campaign in, 1, 2, 3
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich (1856–1918), 1
Pletnev, Dmitri Dmitriyevich (1872–1953), 1, 2n11
Polikarpov, Gennady Grigoryevich (1929–2012), 1
Potsdam Conference, 1
practice, see science, ‘criterion of practice’ in
Prezent, Isaak Izrailevich (1902–69), 1; at Communist Academy, 1;
advocates the transformation of nature, 1, 2, 3;
hostile to mathematics, 1;
classroom vigilante, 1;
equivocates over chromosomal genetics, 1;
denounces Boris Raikov, 1;
partisan approach to philosophy, 1;
and ‘criterion of practice’, 1, 2;
advocates acclimatisation of exotic species, 1;
and T. Lysenko, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;
accused of misleading T. Lysenko, 1, 2, 3;
accuses N. Koltsov of fascism, 1, 2;
leads investigation into N. Koltsov’s institute, 1;
victim of the ‘Doctors’ Plot’, 1
primate research, 1
Priroda (journal), 1
production lines, see Taylorism
Proletkult, 1
Pryanishnikov, Dmitry Nikolaevich (1865–1948), 1, 2
psychiatric hospitals, 1, 2
psychiatry, punitive: 1
psychoanalysis: L. Trotsky and, 1; A. Luria and, 1;
decline and prohibition, 1
psychology, 1; considered as fusing psychoanalysis and physiology, 1, 2;
V. Bekhterev’s pluralistic approach to, 1;
I. Pavlov and, 1;
Marxist, 1, 2, 3;
of art, 1;
developmental, 1;
cultural–historical, 1
See also Luria, A.
Psychoneurological Institute of Leningrad (later Academy of Psychoneurological Sciences), 1
psychotechnics, 1n19
public health, 1. See also Semashko, N.
literature, scientific: efforts to supply from abroad, 1; restrictions and censorship, 1;
international exchange of, 1, 2, 3
Pulkovo (astronomical observatory), 1
purges, see Great Purge, Red Terror
quantum mechanics, 1, 2
rabfak (workers’ faculty), 1
radiation biology, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Radium Institute, 1
Raikov, Boris Evgenevich (1880–1966), 1
Rapoport, Yakov Levovich (?–?), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Rapoport, Iosif Abramovich (1912–90), 1
Razenkov, Ivan Petrovich (1888–1954), 1, 2
Red Terror, 1, 2
reflexes, 1; conditional, 1, 2
Regel, Robert Ėduardovich (1867–1920), 1
rejuvenation therapies, 1, 2
Remeslo, Vasily Nikolaevich (?–1983), 1
revolution of 1905, 1
revolution of 1917, 1, 2, 3
revolutionary tribunals, 1
Riazanov, David (1870–1938), 1
Riehl, Nikolaus (1901–90), 1, 2; recruited in Berlin, 1;
wins Stalin Prize, 1;
directs work at Object 0211, 1
Roskin, Grigory Iosifovich (1892–1964), 1, 2
Rukhkian, A. A. (?–?), 1
Russian Association
of Physicists, 1; Sixth National Congress, 1, 2n23
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 1
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich (1881–1938), 1, 2, 3; embroiled in Shakhty trial, 1, 2, 3
Sabinin, Dmitry Anatolievich (1889–1951), 1
Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich (1921–89), 1, 2, 3, 4
Salamandra (1928), 1
Saratov Prison No. 1, 2, 3
schizophrenia, diagnostic criteria for, 1
Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich (1884–1963), 1
science: Soviet organisation of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; popular accounts of, 1, 2, 3;
Bolshevisation of, 1;
as tool of diplomacy, 1;
‘criterion of practice’ in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
professionalisation of, 1, 2
Scopes trial, 1, 2
Sechenov, Ivan Mikhaylovich (1829–1905), 1
Second World War, 1, 2, 3
Semashko, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1874–1949), 1, 2, 3, 4
Serebrovsky, Alexander Sergeevich (1892–1948), 1, 2, 3, 4n14; at Institute of Experimental Biology, 1, 2, 3;
studies genetics of poultry, 1, 2, 3, 4;
promotes chromosomal genetics, 1, 2;
‘Human Genetics and Eugenics in a Socialist Society’ (1929), 1, 2, 3, 4;
accused of ‘Menschevising idealism’, 1;
helps plan collectivisation of agriculture, 1;
at 4th session of Lenin Academy, 1
serfs, see peasantry
Shakhty trial, 1
Shaniavsky University (Moscow City People’s University), 1, 2
sharashki (specialist prison camps), 1, 2, 3
shelterbelts, see forestry
Shepilov, Dmitri Trofimovich (1905–95), 1, 2
Sherrington, Charles Scott (1857–1952), 1
Shlykov, Grigory Nikolaevich (1903–77), 1, 2
Shmidt, Vera Fedorovna (1889–1937), 1, 2
Shostakovich, Dmitri Dmitriyevich (1906–75), 1, 2, 3n9; Michurin (score), 1, 2;
Song of the Forests, 1
Shtern, Lina Solomonovna (1878–1968), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5n14
Shundenko, Stepan N. (?–?), 1, 2
Smith, Walter Bedell (1895–1961), 1
Snezhnevsky, Andrei Vladimirovich (1904–87), 1
Society of Materialist Biologists, 1, 2, 3
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich (1918–2008), 1
Spatz, Hugo (1888–1969), 1, 2
specialist-baiting (spetseedstvo), 1, 2
specialists: V. Lenin’s attitude towards, 1, 2, 3; victims of Red Terror, 1;
sidelined in new institutes, 1;
rightist support for, 1, 2;
improved post-war status, 1, 2;
discipline maintained by courts of honour, 1.
See also intellectuals, sharashki
Spielrein, Sabina Nikolayevna (1885–1942), 1, 2, 3
Stakhanov, Alexey Grigoryevich (1906–77), 1
Stakhanovism, 1; hostility towards, 1
Stalin, Joseph Vissiarionovich (born Jughashvili, 1878–1953), 1; and V. Lenin, 1, 2, 3;
announces ‘Great Break’ in socialist construction, 1;
as patron, 1, 2, 3;
‘Great Scientist’, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
extinguishes opposition through show trials, 1, 2;
nihilist approach to science, 1;
and Lamarckism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7n9;
dissatisfied with N. Vavilov, 1, 2;
and T. Lysenko, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
and M. Gorky, 1;
extinguishes Leningrad as political centre, 1, 2, 3;
and N. Bukharin, 1;
elected honorory member of Academy of Sciences, 1;
as war leader, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
and A. Zhdanov, 1;
and KR affair, 1;
extinguishes genetics in Soviet Union, 1, 2;
shields atomic physicists from political interference 1;
and Doctors’ Plot, 1
Stalin, Vasily Iosifovich (1921–62), 1
Stalin Plan for the Great Transformation of Nature, 1, 2
Stalin Prize, 1
Staroselsky (biological research station), 1, 2
State Museum for Social Hygiene, 1
Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich (1862–1911), 1
stroiki (big engineering projects), 1, 2
students: treatment by Tsarist authorities, 1; revolutionary role, 1, 2
See also education, higher
Studentsov, Nikolai Petrovich (1873–1934), 1
Sturtevant, Alfred Henry (1891–1970), 1, 2, 3
Sukachev, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1880–1967), 1, 2
Supreme Certifying Commission, 1
Supreme Council of the National Economy, 1, 2
syndicalism, 1
Szilard, Leo (1898–1964), 1
Tactical Centre affair, 1
Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich (1895–1971), 1, 2
Taylorism, 1
The New Earth (Harwood), 1
Theremin, Leon (born Leo Sergeyevich Termen, 1896–1993), 1
Timiryazev, Arkady Klimentyevich (1880–1955), 1, 2
Timiryazev, Kliment Arkadyevich (1843–1920), 1, 2
Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 1
Timiryazev Biological Institute, 1, 2, 3
Timofeev-Ressovsky, Dmitry (1923–45), 1, 2
Timofeev-Ressovsky, Elena Alexandrovna (born Fiedler, 1898–1973), 1, 2, 3, 4; at Institute of Experimental Biology, 1, 2, 3;
at Institute for Brain Research, Berlin-Buch, 1, 2, 3
Timofeev-Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich (1900–81), 1, 2, 3; steals for the Moscow Practical Institute, 1;
at Institute of Experimental Biology 1, 2, 3;
marries E. Fiedler, 1;
leaves for Berlin, 1;
at Institute for Brain Research, Berlin-Buch, 1, 2;
target theory, 1;
Three-man paper (‘On the nature of gene mutation and gene structure’, 1935), 1;
head of genetics department, 1, 2;
and H. Muller, 1, 2;
declines offer of German citizenship, 1;
directs Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 1;
resists Nazi interference 1;
role in German war effort, 1, 2;
radiological studies, 1;
surrenders Institute of Genetics and Biophysics to Soviets, 1;
arrested and repatriated, 1;
convicted of collaboration, 1;
imprisoned, 1;
develops dystrophy, 1;
at Object 0211, 1, 2;
speaks at Moscow University, 1;
summer schools at Lake Miassovo, 1;
and cybernetics, 1
Tokin, Boris Petrovich (1900–84), 1n9
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1
troikas, 1
Trotsky, Leon Davidovich (born Bronstein, 1879–1940), 1, 2; negotiates Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1;
and psychoanalysis, 1, 2, 3;
opposes Stalin, 1, 2;
on the transformability of human nature, 1
Trubetskoy, Sergei Nikolaevich (1863–1905), 1
TsEKUBU (Central Commission to Improve the Living Conditions of Scholars), 1, 2, 3, 4
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (1857–1935), 1
Tsion, Ilia Fadeevich (1842–1912), 1
Tsitsin, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1898–1980), 1, 2; vice-president of Lenin Academy, 1, 2;
elected to Academy of Sciences, 1;
writes to leadership attacking Lysenko, 1
Tsushima, Battle of (1905), 1
Tupolev, Andrei Nikolayevich (1888–1972), 1
Turbin, Nikolai Vasilievich (1912–?), 1n2
Under the Banner of Marxism, 1, 2
Union of Liberation, 1
Uralets, Alexander Konstantinovich, 1
uranium: Soviets acquire, 1, 2; purification of, 1, 2
Uranium Commission, 1
utopianism: of A. Gastev, 1, 2; of A. Serebrovsky, 1;
of M. Gorky, 1;
&nbs
p; of N. Fedorov, 1
VARNITSO, 1, 2
Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1887–1943), 1, 2; director of Bureau of Applied Botany, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
and I. Michurin, 1, 2;
employs I. Prezent, 1;
inspects Askania Nova for Commissariat of Agriculture, 1;
and First Five-Year Plan, 1, 2;
support for T. Lysenko, 1, 2, 3, 4;
and vernalisation, 1, 2, 3;
and T. Dobzhansky, 1, 2;
denounced in absentia by A. Kol, 1;
attends 6th International Genetics Congress, 1, 2, 3;
criticised in light of famine of 1932–3, 1, 2;
at 2nd International Congress of the History of Science, 1;
and H. Muller, 1, 2;
denies false reports of arrest, 1;
elected president of 7th International Genetics Congress, 1, 2, 3;
and A. Muralov, 1, 2;
at 4th session of Lenin Academy, 1;
institutional attacks on, 1, 2, 3, 4;
interview with Stalin, 1;
arrested, 1;
imprisoned and interrogated, 1, 2;
disappearance causes scandal, 1
See also Bureau of Applied Botany; Lenin Academy; E. I. Barulina (wife)
Vavilov, Sergei Ivanovich (1891–1951), 1; defends contemporary physics, 1;
on his brother’s arrest, 1, 2;
supports brother’s family, 1;
joins Uranium Commission, 1;
ambiguous role in suppression of genetics 1, 2
Vernadovka, 1, 2, 3, 4
Vernadsky, George (1887–1973), 1, 2, 3, 4
Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich (1863–1945), 1; childhood, 1;