The Velizh Affair
Page 30
34. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 20, l. 281ob.
35. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 20, ll. 282– 284ob, 304ob; “Gavriil,” in Pravoslavnaia entsiklopediia, vol. 10 (Moscow: Tserkovno- nauchnyi tsentr, 2005), 200– 201; and Sviatoi muchenik Gavriil Belostokskii: Nebesnyi pokrovitel’ detei i
nOtes tO Pages 142–148
193
podrostkov (Minsk: Belorusskaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’, 2009). On the genealogy of ritual murder, see Hsia, Trent 1475, 92– 94.
36. Kollman, Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia, 54– 58, 186– 187. For a thoughtful study of paperwork, see Ben Kafka, The Demon of Writing: Powers and Failures of Paperwork (New York: Zone Books, 2012).
37. Kollmann, Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia, 183– 191; and W. Bruce Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform: Russia’s Enlightened Bureaucrats 1825– 1861
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982), 1– 40.
38. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 20, l. 280ob.
39. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 8, ll. 6515– 6515ob, 6533, 6978, 7034, 7039– 7040.
40. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 8, ll. 6988– 6989ob, 7042– 7045ob.
41. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 8, ll. 7086– 7088.
42. Eugene M. Avrutin, “Returning to Judaism after the 1905 Law on Religious Freedom,” Slavic Review 65, no. 1 (2006): 93– 95. For a comparative perspective, see Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 83– 85.
43. John P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700– 1825 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 88– 89, 109–
112; and Richard S. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 54– 69.
44. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 25, ll. 386– 387.
45. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 25, ll. 390– 391.
46. This paragraph draws on Abby M. Schrader’s “Containing the Spectacle of Punishment: The Russian Autocracy and the Abolition of the Knout, 1817– 1845,”
Slavic Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 613– 614.
47. Kollmann, Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia, 248; and Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590– 1822 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 150.
48. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 25, ll. 391– 392.
49. RGIA, f. 1345, op. 235, d. 65, chast’ 25, ll. 393– 394.
50. Established on January 1, 1810, the State Council presided over the government as a legislative body and, on occasion, as with the Velizh case, Supreme Court. See George L. Yaney, The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Imperial Russia, 1711– 1905 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 194– 195.
51. Helma Repczuk, “Nicholas Mordvinov (1754–
1845): Russia’s Would-
Be
Reformer,” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1962), 4.
52. On Mordvinov and the debates over property, see Ekaterina Pravilova, A Public Empire: Property and the Quest for the Common Good in Imperial Russia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), 21– 22, 39– 40.
53. On the importance of Beccaria and other classical reformers of Russian judicial thought, see, for example, T. Cizova, “Beccaria in Russia,” Slavonic and East European Review 40, no. 95 (1962): 384– 408; and Sergii Zarudnii, Bekkariia o
194
194
nOtes tO Pages 148–155
prestupleniiakh i nakazaniiakh i russkoe zakonodatel’stvo (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia E. I. V. Kantseliariia, 1879).
54. Repczuk, “Nicholas Mordvinov,” 32.
55. Schrader, “Containing the Spectacle of Punishment,” 631– 632.
56. Nikolai S. Mordvinov, “Delo o velizhskikh evreev,” Arkhiv grafov Mordvinovykh, ed.
V. A. Bil’basova, vol. 8 (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Skorohodovykh, 1903), 120– 122.
57. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness, 60; and Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform, 12.
58. Repczuk, “Nicholas Mordvinov,” 21; and Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform, 1– 40.
59. Mordvinov, “Delo o velizhskikh evreev,” 125.
60. Elisa M. Becker, Medicine, Law, and the State in Imperial Russia (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2011), 31– 33.
61. Mordvinov, “Delo o velizhskikh evreev,” 131.
62. Quoted in Becker, Medicine, Law, and the State in Imperial Russia, 33.
63. Mordvinov, “Delo o velizhskikh evreev,” 133– 134.
64. Mordvinov, “Delo o velizhskikh evreev,” 134– 136.
65. “Mnenie Gosudarstvennago Soveta,” in Velizhskoe delo: Dokumenty (Orange, CT: Antiquary, 1988), 113.
Epilogue
1.
Spravka k dokladu po evreiskomu voprosu, part 5 (St. Petersburg: Kantseliariia Soveta ob”edinennykh dvorianskikh obshchestv, 1912), 173– 174; Velizhskoe delo: Dokumenty (Orange, CT: Antiquary, 1988), 113; and Simon Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland: From the Earliest Times until the Present Day, 3
vols., trans. I. Friedlander (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916– 1920), 2: 83.
2. On the Borisovo case, see Spravka k dokladu po evreiskomu voprosu, 5: 176– 207, quote on pp. 201, 205, 206; and GARF, f. 109, 4 ekspeditsiia, d. 68, ll. 100– 1030b (accessed at CAHJP).
3. Darius Staliunas, Enemies for a Day: Antisemitism and Anti- Jewish Violence in Lithuania under the Tsars (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015), 28– 32. See also GARF, f. 109, 4 ekspeditsiia, d. 164, ll. 150– 151ob, 164– 167
(accessed at CAHJP).
4. V. I. Dal’, Zapiska o ritual’nykh ubiistvakh (Moscow: “Vitiaz’,” 1995), 57– 60, quote on p. 57 (first published in 1844 as Rozyskanie o ubienii evreiami khristianskikh mladentsev i upotreblenii krovi ikh); and “Delo o trekh evreiakh, obviniae-mykh v urezanii u krest’ianina iazyka,” RGIA, f. 1151, op. 2– 1837, d. 81, ll. 2– 18.
See also M. D. Ryvkin, Iz istorii ritual’nykh del (Smolensk: Tipografiia gazeta Smolenskii vestnik, 1914), 2– 3.
5. Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823– 1861 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 21– 49; and Daniel Beer, “Decembrists, Rebels, and
nOtes tO Pages 155–157
195
Martyrs in Siberian Exile: The ‘Zerentui Conspiracy’ of 1828 and the Fashioning of a Revolutionary Genealogy,” Slavic Review 72, no. 3 (2013): 528– 551. On military-judicial procedure, see John P. LeDonne, “The Administration of Military Justice under Nicholas I,” Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 13, no. 2 (1972): 180– 191.
6. See, for example, Nikolai Vorodinov, ed., Istoriia Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, part 8 (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia vtorago otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kantseliarii, 1861); Gentes, Exile, Murder, and Madness in Siberia, 38– 46; and Nancy Shields Kollmann, Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 332– 355.
7. Christine D. Worobec, “Decriminalizing Witchcraft in Pre-
Emancipation
Russia,” in Späte Hexenprozesse: Der Umgang der Aufklärung mit dem Irrationalen, ed. Wolfgang Behringer, Sönke Lorenz, and Dieter R. Bauer (Gütersloh: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2016), 281– 307. See also Worobec’s Possessed: Women, Witches, and Demons in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 40. On medical observation, see Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom: A Russian Folktale (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 61.
8. Statisticians were called on to categorize the population by estate, occupation, religion, and nationality. Geographers and ethnographers assembled information about diverse cultures, customs, and resources, while forensic- medical experts assessed human bodies. On the rise of the
discipline of statistics, see Peter Holquist, “To Count, to Extract, to Exterminate: Population Statistics and Population Politics in Late Imperial and Soviet Russia,” in A State of Nations: Empire and Nation- Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 111– 144.
On ethnography, see Nathaniel Knight, “Science, Empire, and Nationality:
Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 1845– 1855,” in Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire, ed. Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 108– 141. For a broader perspective on accusations of ritual murder and other forms of criminality, see Hillel Kieval, “The Rules of the Game: Forensic Medicine and the Language of Science in the Structuring of Modern Ritual Murder Trials,” Jewish History 26, no. 3– 4 (2012): 287– 307; and Scott Spector, Violent Sensations: Sex, Crime, and Utopia in Vienna and Berlin, 1860– 1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
9. W. Bruce Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform: Russia’s Enlightened Bureaucrats, 1825– 1861 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982), 36, 69; and Alexander Etkind, “Whirling with the Other: Russian Populism and Religious
Sects,” Russian Review 62, no. 4 (2003): 570– 571. See also Anne J. Frederickson,
“The Dual Faces of Modernity: The Russian Intelligentsia’s Pursuit of Knowledge and the Publication History of ‘Note on Ritual Murder,’ ” MA thesis, Arizona State University, 2004. For an example of an ethnography devoted to Jewish
196
196
nOtes tO Pages 157–159
“sectarian” communities, see Vasilii Vasil’evich Grigor’ev, Evreiskie religioznye sekty v Rossii (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, 1847).
10. V. I. Dal’, “Issledovanie o skopcheskoi eresi,” in Neizvestnyi Vladimir Dal’ (Noginsk: Rossiiskii Osteon- fond, 2006), 13– 104. For a perceptive analysis of the report, see Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom, 58– 60.
11. Dal’, Zapiska o ritual’nykh ubiistvakh, 105.
12. Dal’s work went through numerous editions and enjoyed a long afterlife. The most exhaustive discussion can be found in Frederickson, “The Dual Faces of Modernity.”
13. Ippolit Liutostanskii, Vopros ob upotreblenii evreiami- sektatorami khristianskoi krovi dlia religioznykh tselei, v sviazi s voprosami ob otnosheniiakh evreistva k khris-tianstvu voobshche (Moscow, 1876), quoted in John D. Klier, Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 1855– 1881 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 426.
14. Quoted in Marcin Wodzinski, “Blood and Hasidim: On the History of Ritual Murder Accusations in Nineteenth- Century Poland,” Polin 22 (2009): 285.
15. Richard S. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 238.
16. On the internationalization of the Damascus case, see Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
17. On the Kutaisi case, see Klier, Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 427– 430. On sensational crime in the Russian imperial context, see Louise McReynolds, Murder Most Russian: True Crime and Punishment in Late Imperial Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013).
18. Kieval, “The Rules of the Game,” 306. See also Spector, Violent Sensations, 202–
243; and Marina Mogilner, “Human Sacrifice in the Name of a Nation: The
Religion of Common Blood,” Ritual Murder in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Beyond: New Histories of an Old Accusation, ed. Eugene M. Avrutin, Jonathan Dekel- Chen, and Robert Weinberg (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
2017), 130– 150.
seleCted BiBliograPhy
Archival Collections
Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People (CAHJP), Jerusalem, Israel Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv rossiiskoi federatsii (GARF), Moscow, Russia
• Fond 109, Tret’e otdelenie
Institute for Jewish Research Archives (YIVO), New York
• RG 80, Mizrakh Yidisher Historisher Arkhiv
Kauno Apskrities Archyve (KAA), Kovno, Lithuania
• Fond 76, Kovenskaia palata ugolovnovo suda, 1840– 1872
Natsional’nyi istoricheskii arkhiv Belarusi (NIAB), Minsk, Belarus
• Fond 1297, Kantseliariia general- gubernatora vitebskogo, mogilevskogo i
smo lenskogo
• Fond 1430, Kantseliariia vitebskogo grazhdanskogo gubernatora
• Fond 3309, Vitebskii povetovyi sud
Rossiiskaia natsional’naia biblioteka (RNB), St. Petersburg, Russia
• Fond 731, Mikhail Speranskii
Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv (RGIA), St. Petersburg, Russia
• Fond 560, Obshchaia kantseliariia ministerstva Finansov
• Fond 821, Departament dukhovnykh del inostrannykh ispovedanii
197
198
198
Selected BiBliography
• Fond 1151, Departament grazhdanskikh i dukhovnykh del Gosudarstvennogo
soveta
• Fond 1263, Komitet ministrov
• Fond 1281, Sovet ministra vnutrennikh del
• Fond 1287, Khoziaistvennyi departament MVD
• Fond 1290, Tsentral’nyi statisticheskii komitet MVD
• Fond 1293, Tekhniko- stroitel’nyi komitet MVD
• Fond 1345, Piatyi (ugolovnyi) departament Senata
Periodicals
Evreiskaia starina
Perezhitoe
Vitebskie gubernskie vedomosti
Zhurnal ministerstva vnutrennikh del
Books and Articles
Adams, Bruce F. The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863– 1917.
DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996.
Anisimov, Evgenii. Dyba i knut: Politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke.
Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999.
Ankarloo, Bengt, and Stuart Clark, eds. Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
Assaf, David, and Gadi Sagiv. “Hasidism in Tsarist Russia: Historical and Social Aspects.” Jewish History 27, no. 2 (2013): 241– 269.
Avrutin, Eugene M. “Jewish Neighborly Relations and Imperial Russian Legal
Culture.” Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 9, no. 1 (2010): 1– 16.
— — — . Jews and the Imperial State: Identification Politics in Tsarist Russia.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
— — — . “Returning to Judaism after the 1905 Law on Religious Freedom in
Tsarist Russia.” Slavic Review 65, no. 1 (2006): 90– 110.
Avrutin, Eugene M., Jonathan Dekel- Chen, and Robert Weinberg, eds. Ritual Murder in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Beyond: New Histories of an Old
Accusation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017.
Bartal, Israel. The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772– 1881. Translated by Chaya Naor.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
Bartov, Omer, and Eric D. Weitz, eds. Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
Becker, Elisa M. Medicine, Law, and the State in Imperial Russia. Budapest: Central European Press, 2011.
selecteD bibliOgraPhy
199
Beer, Daniel. “Decembrists, Rebels, and Martyrs in Siberian Exile: The ‘Zerentui Conspiracy’ of 1828 and the Fashioning of a Revolutionary Genealogy.” Slavic Review 72, no. 3 (2013): 528– 551.
— — — . The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile under the Tsars. New York: Knopf, 2017.
Bell, Dean Phillip. “Jews, Magic, and Community in Seventeenth- Century
Worms.” In Werewolves, Witches, and Wandering Spirits: Traditional Belief and Folklore in Early
Modern Europe. Edited by Kathryn A. Edwards, 93– 118.
Kirksville, MO: Truman State University, 2002.
Berlin, Moisei. Ocherk etnografii evreiskago narodonaseleniia v Rossii. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia V. Bezobrazova, 1861.
Biale, David. Blood and Belief: The Circulation of a Symbol between Jews and Christians. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Birnbaum, Pierre. A Tale of Ritual Murder in the Age of Louis XIV: The Trial of Raphael Levy, 1669. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Bolbas, M. F. Razvitie promyshlennosti v Belorussii (1795– 1861 gg.). Minsk: Akedemiia nauk BSSR, 1966.
Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Bremmer, Jan N., ed. The Strange World of Human Sacrifice. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2007.
Breyfogle, Nicholas. Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire in the South Caucasus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
— — — . “The Religious World of Russian Sabbatarians (Subbotniks).” In Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe. Edited by Glenn Dynner, 359– 392. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.
Briggs, Robin. Witches and Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. London: Penguin, 1996.
Brook, Timothy, Jérôme Bourgon, and Gregory Blue. Death by a Thousand Cuts.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Brooks, Peter. Troubling Confessions: Speaking Guilt in Law and Literature.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Brown, Kate. A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Burbank, Jane. “An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, no. 3
(2006): 397– 431.
— — — . Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905– 1917.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Buttaroni, Susanna, and Stanislaw Musial, eds. Ritual Murder: Legend in European History. Krakow: Association for Cultural Initiatives, 2003.