Alexandria, Egypt, 181–2
Ali Effendi, 173
Allies (Prussia-Russia-Austria-Britain): military strength and plans, 566; reject N’s offer to negotiate, 570; pause at Rhine, 576; continue advance, 578
Alvinczy, Field Marshal Baron Jozef, 139, 140–1, 143, 146–7
Amiens, Treaty of (1801), 302, 312–13, 327–8, 334–5
Ancona, 148–9, 426
Andigné, Louis, comte d’, 211, 248–9
Andréossy, General Antoine, 332, 335
Angoulême, Louis Antoine, duc d’, 609
Anhalt Coethen, Augustus Christian Frederick, Prince of, 510
Anna, Grand Duchess of Russia, 472, 493
Antommarchi, Dr Francesco, 641
Antraigues, Louis-Alexandre, comte d’, 158, 343
Archambault, Achille and Joseph (N’s grooms), 626
Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of (1814), 583
Arcole, 141, 142–4
Aréna, Barthélemy, 284
Aréna, Joseph, 284, 292
Arish, El, 197; Convention of (1800), 269
Armed Neutrality, 301
army (French): view of N, 289–90, 317; reaction to N’s new status as emperor, 353–4; marshals in, 375–6
Army of Batavia, 317
Army of England: N commands, 7, 167, 170, 172; N reconstitutes (1803–5), 339–40, 361, 375–6; see also Grande Armée, La
Army of Italy: N’s regiment stationed with, 65; contingent at Toulon, 68; N given command of artillery, 76; N drafts plans for attack on Vienna (1795–6), 103; N given overall command, 103–4, 107; condition and low morale, 108–10; N reforms and disciplines, 109–10, 116–17; strength, 110–11; inadequate and makeshift dress, 125, 135; victories over Austrians, 134–8; sense of comradeship, 136; casualties and replacements, 139–40
Army of the Orient, 174
Army of Spain, 586
Arnault, Antoine-Vincent, 154, 178
Arnott, Dr Thomas, 642
Artois, Charles, comte d’ (later King Charles X), 49, 283, 315, 604
Aspern, 452
Aspern-Essling, battle of (1809), 452, 456
Aubry, François, 82–3
Auerstadt, battle of (1806), 404
Augereau, Marshal Charles-Pierre: in Army of Italy, 107, 110; in action against Austrians in northern Italy, 112–14, 135, 142–3, 148; leadership at Castiglione, 136; attacks Würmser, 138; as rival to N, 162, 317; commands troops in Paris region, 163; given command of Army of Germany, 164–5; snubs N, 168; as potential dictator, 211; and Brumaire coup, 230, 232; in Netherlands, 283; made marshal, 357, 375; commands troops for invasion of England, 361; and proposed invasion of Ireland, 364; opposes Austrians, 377; N criticises, 379; in Poland, 408; and Catalonian separatism, 461; on war against Russians and Prussians, 560; criticises N at Leipzig, 570; reserve stationed at Lyon, 573, 582; message from N encouraging action, 581; surrenders Lyon, 584; and fall of Paris, 586; meets N on way to Elba, 598–9; N proclaims a traitor, 606
Augusta, princess of Bavaria: marriage to Eugène, 385
Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 383–4
Austria: war with France (1792–5), 54, 103; supports Sardinia, 80; in Italy, 111; N first engages in Piedmont, 112–14; aims to recover Lombardy, 133, 146; military practices, 135; N agrees to French negotiations with, 144–5, 158; renews campaign in Italy, 148; N negotiates peace with (1797), 151, 164–7; rearms, 161; rejects N’s peace offer, 270; offensive against Masséna, 271; Marengo defeat, 274–7; signs subsidy treaty with Britain, 277–8; conflict with Papal States, 291; peace treaty with France (1801), 297; territorial expansion, 299; cedes territory at Recess of Ratisbon, 333; population, 337; negotiates alliance with Russia and Britain, 362; arms for war, 364; N’s offensive against, 377–81; Austerlitz defeat, 383–4; cedes territories under Treaty of Pressburg, 385; N’s lack of regard for, 385; pays indemnity to France, 385, 388; in new coalition against France, 402; resents post-Austerlitz terms, 436; prepares for war against N (1809), 444, 448; Wagram defeat, 454–6; concessions in Treaty of Vienna, 468; cost of campaign against, 491; hopes to strengthen position in Balkans, 497; and N’s war with Russia, 507; proposes mediating in French peace negotiations with Russia, 550; in alliance against N, 564–5; proposes treating with N on condition of abdicating, 613
Autun: Joseph attends seminary at, 19, 23
Auxonne, 38–9, 42, 47
Babeuf, François Noël (‘Gracchus’), 93, 170
Bacciochi, Élisa see Bonaparte, Élisa
Bacciochi, Félix, 155, 207
Bachasson de Montalivet, Jean-Pierre, 48
Bacler d’Albe, Louis Abert, 393
Badajoz, Peace of (1801), 302
Baden, Karl I, Grand Duke of, 510
Bagration, General Piotr Ivanovich, 514, 520–1, 523
Bailén, battle of (1808), 434–5, 446, 456
Bailly, Dr Joseph, 369
Balashov, General Alexander, 518
Balcombe, Betsy, 628, 631, 640
Balcombe, William, 628, 633, 640
Balmain, Count Alexandre Antonovich, 635
Balzac, Honoré de, 14
Banque de France, 267, 387–8
Baraillon, Jean-François, 223
Barante, Amable de, 210, 267
Barbé-Marbois, François, 387–8
Barclay de Tolly, General Mikhail Bogdanovich: plans strike against Poland, 497; opposes N’s Russian campaign, 513–14, 518, 520–1, 523, 526; N writes to, 526; commands Russians in alliance, 566
Bard, 273
Baring Brothers (bankers), 477
Barlow, Joel, 533
Barras, Paul François: praises N, 5–6; and N’s replacement of Carteaux, 70; and siege of Toulon, 72; purge in Toulon, 73–4; career, 83; protects and promotes N, 83, 88, 95–8; keeps Josephine as mistress, 99–101; and N’s infatuation with Josephine, 103–5, 118; and N’s campaign in Italy, 122; persuades Josephine to join N in Italy, 131; letters to Josephine, 132; and Josephine’s improving relations with N, 155; suppresses right-wing deputies, 157–8; and N’s silence over Directors’ coup, 164; N demands to be discharged from army, 165; N meets in Paris, 169–70; Josephine enquires about N in Egypt, 187; and N’s wish to divorce Josephine, 216; N’s relations with, 218–20; removed from power in Brumaire coup, 226–7; associates, 262; in plot against N, 549
Bartenstein, Convention of (1807), 413
Bassano, 138
Batavian Republic (Netherlands), 297, 334; see also Holland
Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl, 634, 636
Bausset, Louis, 399, 450, 469, 527, 574, 597
Bautzen, battle of (1813), 558–60
Bavaria: Austria invades, 376, 449; in coalition against France, 402
Bayonne, 430–2, 444
Beauharnais, Alexandre de, 99
Beauharnais, Eugène de: N’s relations with, 102, 187, 305; visits N in Milan, 155; leaves Milan with N, 167; travels to Toulon with N, 177; in Egypt, 183; black mistress in Cairo, 192; in Jaffa, 198; acting, 320; N appoints viceroy in Italy, 372; opposes Austrians in Italy, 379, 413; marriage to Augusta, 385; ordered to despatch Polish staff officers to Polish legion, 407; in Russian campaign, 414, 520, 531, 536; victories against Austrians (1809), 452–3; at battle of Wagram, 454; discusses N’s divorce from Josephine, 470; proposes to Marie-Louise on N’s behalf, 473; announces Louis’ giving up Dutch throne, 478; in retreat from Moscow, 538–40; replaces Murat and withdraws troops to Elbe, 554; forms Army of Italy against allies, 567, 582; falls back on Milan, 573; Austrian offensive against in Italy, 578; Josephine frees from loyalty on N’s abdication, 597
Beauharnais, Hortense de: N’s relations with, 102, 105, 169, 177, 305, 336; accompanies Josephine to meet N on return from Egypt, 214; marriage and child with Louis, 305, 308, 365; acting, 320; at Malmaison, 320; denied coffee, 389; and N’s decision to divorce Josephine, 468–9, 471; teaches N to dance, 474; on prudishness of N’s court, 481; on N’s charm, 483; on N after Russian campaign, 548; meets Bernadotte, 597; N sees in Paris on return from
Elba, 609–10
Beauharnais, Rose de see Josephine, Empress
Beaulieu, Field Marshal Jean-Pierre de, 111–14, 119, 121, 128, 134
Beauregard, Colonel Costa de, 115–16, 123, 454
Becker, General Nicolas Léonard, 622–3
Bekri, Sheikh El-, 207
Belgium: France invades (1792), 299; in Metternich’s peace proposals, 576
Bellerophon, HMS, 623–6
Belliard, General Augustin Daniel, 302, 354, 561, 586
Bellisle, Marguerite-Pauline (‘Bellilotte’), 192–3, 206
Belly de Bussy, General David-Victor, 33, 583
Bennigsen, General Levin August von, 408, 411–13
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de, 210
Berezina, river, 541–3
Berg, Grand Duchy of, 460, 491
Berlin: N enters (1806), 404
Berlin Decrees, 406, 427
Bernadotte, Désirée, 216, 219, 305
Bernadotte, Marshal Jean-Baptiste (later King Charles XIV of Sweden): in Italian campaign, 149; as ambassador in Austria, 176; as potential dictator, 211; marriage to Désirée, 216, 219, 305; differences with N, 219, 222; and Brumaire coup, 225, 227; commands Army of the West, 271; suggested as successor to N, 279, 583; Joseph’s friendship with, 305; in plot against N, 318; made marshal, 357, 375; opposes Austrians, 377; N criticises, 379, 404, 455; as prince of Pontecorvo, 398; at Wagram, 454–5; sent to counter British landing at Walcheren, 467; Sweden invites to take throne, 495–6; arranges Swedish treaty wih Russia, 506; leads Swedish-Prussian corps against N, 568, 581; plots for power in France, 575, 581; N attempts to win over to French side, 582
Bernadotte, Oscar, 258
Bernier, Étienne-Alexandre, abbé, 292, 307
Bernoyer, François, 189
Berry, Mary, 326
Berthezène, General Pierre, 506, 514
Berthier, Marshal Alexandre: as N’s chief of staff in Italy, 108–9, 113; at Lodi, 120; in Milan, 125; and N’s actions against Italian civilians, 127; with N in Paris (December 1797), 169; in Egypt, 185; informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187; pleads for clemency at Jaffa, 198; leaves Egypt with N, 206; and Brumaire coup, 225; made minister for war, 237; N presses to purge and improve army, 246, 260, 317; commands Reserve Army, 271, 272; profits from rumours, 279; and anti-N feeling in army, 317; made grand huntsman, 357; N writes to on invasion of Ireland, 364; travels in N’s coach, 372; made marshal, 375; as prince of Neuchâtel, 398; with N at Bayonne, 444; in Spain with N, 444–5; at Wagram, 454; made Prince of Wagram, 473; stands as proxy for N’s marriage with Marie-Louise, 473; organises hunts, 486; as nominal commander in Spain, 492; in Russian campaign, 516, 522, 524, 525; N insults and rebukes, 525, 569; at Borodino, 529; in retreat from Moscow, 538; on Murat, 547; urges concentrating forces on Rhine, 561; decline, 568; N dictates orders to, 582; advises N to abdicate, 587; remains with N after abdication, 592
Berthollet, Claude, 128, 171, 206
Bertrand, Fanny, 616, 623, 626, 630–1, 641
Bertrand, General Henri, comte: and N’s entry into Vienna, 379; on excellence of army, 556; with N at Fontainebleau, 593; accompanies N to exile on Elba, 596, 598, 600; and N’s return to Paris, 609; with N on St Helena, 626, 628, 630, 635, 637; and N’s illness and death, 640–1, 643
Bessières, Marshal Jean-Baptiste, 434, 455
Beugnot, Jacques-Claude, 441, 460, 502, 566, 572
Bigot de Préameneu, Félix-Julien, 286
Binasco, Italy, 127
Blois, 589, 595–6
Blücher, Prince Gebhard von: reports on French threat to Hanover, 402; in offensive against France (1813), 556; commands army in Silesia, 566; N’s plans against, 567; avoids N, 568; describes Bernadotte as traitor, 568; surprises N at Leipzig, 570; crosses Rhine, 578; counters N’s attack near Brienne, 579–80; N defeats at Vauchamps and Craonne, 580–1, 583; opposes N in final campign, 616; defeated at Ligny, 617; at Waterloo, 618
Bocagnano (Corsica), 52
Boisgelin, Monsignor de, Archbishop of Tours, 313
Bologna, 148
Bonaparte (Buonaparte) family: ennobled, 16; condemned in Corsica, 63; N’s commitment to, 85–6; N advances, 258; hostility to Josephine, 319, 366; in imperial structure, 364; see also Buonaparte
Bonaparte, Caroline (later Murat; formerly Maria Nunziata; N’s sister): N first meets as child, 36; flees home with mother, 62; visits N in Milan, 155; marriage to Murat, 259; N suggests Moreau marry, 294; made princess, 365; and Éléonore de la Plaigne, 394; affair with Junot, 424; affair with Metternich, 436; and Talleyrand-Fouché plan to have Murat succeed N, 447; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474; and treaty of alliance with Austria, 578; takes refuge on British ship in Naples, 614
Bonaparte, Charlotte (‘Lolotte’; Lucien’s daughter), 427
Bonaparte, Christine (née Boyer; Lucien’s wife), 77, 105
Bonaparte, Élisa (formerly Maria-Anna; later Bacciocchi; N’s sister): birth and christening, 18; schooling, 25, 43, 55, 57; appearance, 55; Truguet attracted to, 59; flees home with mother, 62; moves to Paris, 259; as Duchess of Lucca and Piombino, 398; N awards Grand Duchy of Tuscany to, 426; breaks off relations with France, 578
Bonaparte, Geronimo see Bonaparte, Jérôme
Bonaparte, Jérôme (N’s brother): 36, 62, 85; birth, 28; excluded from Paris court life, 74; marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, 366, 427; naval career, 366, 373, 458; returns to France, 372–3; institutes Order of the Union, 399; as King of Westphalia, 416, 458–9; flouts N’s anti-British blockade, 441; in Austrian campaign (1809), 457; marriage to Princess Catherine of Württemberg, 458; on N’s unwillingness to go to war with Russia, 504; N proposes as King of Poland, 513; in Russian campaign, 520; statue in Kassel, 551; flees Kassel, 572; actions after N’s abdication, 589; plans to take Marie-Louise to refuge with Soult’s army, 596; joins N in Paris on return from Elba, 609; at Waterloo, 617–18; raises troops, 621; Catherine’s father attempts to engineer divorce, 629; refused permission to visit St Helena, 641
Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon (Jerome/Elizabeth’s son), 372
Bonaparte, Joseph (N’s brother): birth, 13, 17; Church career planned, 18–19; attends Autun seminary, 19, 23; changes career to military, 25; N disparages as potential soldier, 25–6; impracticality, 35; N re-encounters during visit to Corsica, 36–7; letters from N, 40, 42; political offices in Ajaccio, 44–5, 50; meets Paoli, 46; and uncle Luciano’s death, 51; on Paoli’s rejection of Buonaparte, 53; N advises on political direction, 55; and N’s remaining in France, 57; Paoli dismisses, 58; in Paris to petition for Corsican exiles, 64–5; appointed commissary to army, 65; in Nice, 76; marriage, 79, 86; N visits in Marseille, 80; sends consumer goods to N in Paris, 85; N attempts to find consulate in Italy for, 91, 98; N sends money to, 98; and N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; takes captured standards to Paris, 117; secures family estate in Corsica, 146; visits N in Milan, 155; as French ambassador to Holy See, 156; informs N of Josephine’s affair with Charles, 176; buys land around Ajaccio, 207; wishes N to divorce Josephine, 216; plots to bring Bernadotte and N together, 219; in Brumaire coup, 229; political role under N’s consulship, 259; as potential successor to N, 271, 280, 284–5, 357, 371; reports on consuls to N during absence, 272; intercedes over Lucien’s dismissal, 293; brokers peace with USA, 299; negotiates Treaty of Amiens, 302; intellectual pretensions, 305; wealth, 305; brings Treaty of Amiens to N, 312; exhumes and reinters father, 337; urges supreme authority for N, 350; made grand elector, 357; N offers throne of Italy to, 364–5, 371; takes charge in N’s absence on campaign, 376, 380; and financial crisis (1805), 380, 386; in Council of State, 390; as King of Naples, 395–6, 398, 426, 432; institutes new orders of chivalry, 399; N presses to invade Sicily, 425, 428; confers with N in Venice, 427; as King of Spain (José I), 430–4, 461; and N’s visit to Spain, 444–5; renounces rights to Spanish throne, 445; re-enters Madrid (1810), 461; and French defeats in Spain, 462; and military situation in Spain, 492; differences with Soult in
Spain, 551; Wellington defeats at Vitoria, 563; N urges to abdicate in Spain, 573; instructions from N during allied threat to Paris, 581–2; surrenders Paris, 586; actions after N’s abdication, 589; and allied advance on Paris, 594–5; joins N in Paris on return from Elba, 609; letters from N on Waterloo defeat, 618; and N’s attempted flight to America, 623
Bonaparte, Julie see Bonaparte, Marie-Julie
Bonaparte, Letizia (née Ramolino; N’s mother): marriage, 12; Marbeuf’s infatuation with, 16–17; children, 17; qualities and character, 17; visits N at Brienne, 24; letters from N, 40; flees Corsica for France with children, 62–3; hardships in France, 75; accepts N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; disapproves of Josephine, 155, 214; visits N in Milan, 155; refurbishes home in Ajaccio, 207; N’s generosity to, 258–9; intercedes over Lucien’s dismissal, 293; accompanies Josephine to spa at Plombières, 304; given own court and title (‘Madame Mère’), 365; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; settles in Elba with N, 602; opposed to N’s plot to return to France from Elba, 605; joins N in Paris, 609; writes to N in St Helena, 635; disbelieves N’s condition in St Helena, 641
Bonaparte, Louis (N’s brother): N first meets as child, 36; in Ajaccio, 43; accompanies N on return to France, 47; flees home with mother, 62; as ADC to N on campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; accompanies N to Paris, 82; N installs in officers’ school at Châlons, 85; as aide to N in Paris, 97; on poor quality of French replacement troops in Italy, 139; returns from Egypt, 216; N esteems and favours, 259, 305, 365; courtship and marriage to Hortense de Beauharnais, 305, 308; N sees as successor, 308; neuroses, 320, 365; takes title of Connétable, 357; refuses throne of Italy, 371; as King of Holland, 396–8, 477; institutes new orders of chivalry, 399; flouts N’s anti-British blockade in Holland, 441; entertains N and Marie-Louise, 477; abdicates Dutch throne and flees to Gratz, 478–9; offers to return to Holland, 551; Louis, ou les peines de l’amour, 551
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