Bonaparte, Lucien (formerly Luciano; N’s brother): birth, 17; admitted to Autun seminary, 25; trains at Brienne military academy, 26; N helps find place at seminary, 37; judicial post in Ajaccio, 43; unemployed in Ajaccio, 43; and N’s attitude to Paris mob, 55; revolutionary ideas, 56; Paoli rejects as secretary, 58; Sémonville engages as secretary, 59; speech denouncing Paoli, 60–1; in Toulon, 64; changes name to Brutus and marries Christine, 76–7, 105; in Saint-Maximin (‘Marathon’), 76; N appoints as commissary to Army of the North, 98; Josephine dislikes, 155; discussion with N on return from Egypt, 215–16; wishes N to divorce Josephine, 216; Sièyes colludes with, 218; and Brumaire coup, 222, 226, 229, 231–5; as minister of interior, 245; sister Élisa acts as hostess, 259; speech on greatness of France, 281; and assassination plot against N, 283; impressed by N in Council of State, 288; dismissed from post as interior minister, 293; negotiates peace treaties, 300; art collection, 305; denounces N as tyrant, 305–6; returns from ambassadorship in Spain, 305; returns to Tribunate, 311; proposes changes to Tribunate, 313; and succession to N, 319, 357; urges supreme authority for N, 350; secret marriage and children, 365, 427; refuses N’s demands to divorce, 427; captured by Royal Navy and imprisoned in England, 479; meets N in Mantua, 527; offers Castlereagh peace negotiations, 551; on N’s physical deterioration, 609; objects to costume for Champ de mai, 611; advises and supports N after Waterloo defeat, 619–21; Parallèle entre César, Cromwell, Monck et Bonaparte, 292
Bonaparte, Marie-Julie (née Clary; Joseph’s wife), 79, 86, 98, 259
Bonaparte, Napoléon-Charles (Hortense-Louis’ son), 343, 365; death, 437
Bonaparte, Pauline (Maria Paolina; later Leclerc; then Princess Borghese; N’s sister), 36, 62; steals figs in France, 75; Fréron falls for, 83, 98, 105; marriage to Leclerc, 155; visits N in Milan, 155; education, 216; anxiety over N’s fate in Brumaire coup, 235; accompanies husband to Saint-Domingue, 331; nurses dying husband, 341; remarries (Borghese), 341; made princess, 366; and N’s dalliance with Christine Ghilini, 468; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474; meets N on way to Elba, 599; visits N on Elba, 602; denied visit to St Helena, 641
Borghese, Prince Camillo, 341
Borghese, Princess Pauline see Bonaparte, Pauline
Borisov, 541–2
Borodino: battle of (1812), 526–9; wounded evacuated, 536
Boswell, James, 12–13, 16; An Account of Corsica, 13, 28
Bottot, Carlo, 164, 225
Bou, Claudine-Marie, 33
Bougainville, Admiral Louis-Antoine de, 26, 30, 169
Bouillé, Louis-Amour, marquis de, 355
Boulart, General Jean-François, 209–10, 368, 410, 441, 584
Boulogne, 360–2, 371, 374, 376
Bourbon family: prospective restoration, 164, 583, 586; restoration and unpopularity after N’s downfall, 604–5, 608, 610; see also Louis XVIII, King of France
Bourbonne-les-Bains, 24
Bourgeois, Dr René, 540
Bourgogne, Sergeant Adrien, 530, 540
Bourgoing, Lieutenant Armand Charles Joseph de, 525
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de Fauvelet de: friendship with N, 23, 54; in diplomatic service, 54; and N’s finances, 98; and N’s negotiations with Cobenzl, 166; and N’s expedition to Egypt, 175, 177; leaves Egypt with N, 206; with N in Brumaire coup, 227, 230, 235; as N’s secretary, 239, 304; on N’s singing, 245; organises staff at Tuileries, 252; walks Paris streets with N, 262; accompanies N to war against Austria, 272; acting, 320; dismissed, 321; as commissioner in Hamburg, 441
Boyer, Christine see Bonaparte, Christine
Boyer, Claude (pharmacist), 201–2
Brandt, Heinrich, 525
Brienne: N studies at military academy, 21–3; N revisits, 372
Britain: France declares war on (1793), 60, 103; occupies Corsica, 81; gains colonies from French, 160; peace talks with France (1797), 164; prospective French invasion of, 172–5; finances coalition, 268, 278, 299, 405; rejects N’s peace offer (December 1799), 268–70; Napoleon blames for preventing peace terms, 277; loses Austria as ally in Treaty of Lunéville, 297; extends overseas dominions, 298; N isolates, 300–2; hostility to France, 301; opposes French in Egypt, 301–2; union with Ireland, 301; peace treaty with France (1802), 312–13, 327; tourists in Paris and on continent, 325–6; commercial rivalry with France, 327; caricatures and slanders N, 332, 340, 369; N mistrusts, 332; alarm at French expansionism, 334–5; population, 337; declares war on France (1803), 338; N plans invasion, 339, 360–2, 364, 371, 374–5; Austria negotiates alliance with, 362; imposes blockade on European countries, 396, 401; new ministry under Grenville, 396; peace negotiations with France (1806), 401; and N’s blockade (Continental System), 405–6, 416, 441–2, 493, 496–8, 506; bombards French ports, 419; N’s economic war against, 421; supports Portugal, 425; orders seizure of neutral ships, 427; N plans action against eastern empire, 428; clandestine trade with Europe during blockade, 441; raids on French coastal forts, 467; sends troops to Cuxhaven and Walcheren, 467; economic effect of war on, 493, 496; trade with France, 493; poor harvest (1810), 496; N makes peace offer (1812), 509; Metternich makes approaches to, 553; joins alliance against France (1813), 566; declines to ratify Treaty of Fontainebleau, 604
Brittany: British land émigré force in, 93
Broglie, Achille de, 465
Brueys, Admiral François Paul de, 176, 178, 188
Bruix, Admiral Eustache, 217, 225–6, 232, 360
Brumaire coup (1799): planned, 221–4; execution and success, 227–35
Brune, General Guillaume, 94, 96, 213, 279, 283, 317, 335, 361
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, Duke of, 404, 456
Brunswick-Oels, Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of, 58, 456
Brussels, 616–17
Bubna, General Ferdinand, 549–50, 557–8
Bunbury, Sir Henry, 625
Buonaparte, Carlo Maria (N’s father): in Corsica, 10–14; legal career, 14–18; and N’s birth and christening, 14, 16; claim to nobility, 18–19; lifestyle, 18; presented to Louis XVI, 20; sits in Corsican Estates, 23; landownership and enterprises, 24–5, 35, 51; health decline and death, 28–9; holds office in Corsica, 46; social ambitions, 224–5
Buonaparte, Filippo, 19, 129
Buonaparte, Gabriele (16th century), 10
Buonaparte, Geronimo (Gabriele’s son), 10
Buonaparte, Giuseppe Maria (N’s grandfather), 11
Buonaparte, Luciano (N’s great uncle), 11–12, 17–18, 23, 35–6, 41, 51
Buonaparte, Napoleone (N’s great uncle), 11, 13–14
Buonaparte, Paola Maria (N’s great aunt), 11
Buonaparte, Sebastiano (N’s ancestor), 11
Buonaparte, Sebastiano (N’s great uncle), 11
Buonarroti, Filippo, 45, 111
Burke, Edmund, 301
Burney, Fanny, 326
Buttafocco, Matteo, 43, 46
‘Ça Ira’ (revolutionary song), 235
Cabanis, Pierre, 243
Cabarrus, Thérèse de (Notre Dame de Thermidor), 88
Cádiz, 434
Cadoudal, Georges, 250, 283, 295, 340, 342–5, 349, 354
Cagliari, Sardinia, 59
Cairo: French occupy, 187, 191–2; Institute, 189, 203; revolt in, 193–4; Napoleon returns to from Syrian campaign, 201–3
calendar: Gregorian reintroduced, 376
Calmelet, Étienne, 104
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques: N consults, 217; N retains as justice minister, 237; moderates anti-Jacobin proposals, 238, 295; as consul, 242; background and character, 243–4; Abrial succeeds as justice minister, 245; warns N of Talleyrand, 247; and move to Tuileries, 251–2; financial management, 267; and N’s peace negotiations, 270; on Italian campaign, 272; and intrigues against N, 279; and Mollien’s suggestions for economic reforms, 285; opposes N’s religious reforms, 291; issues senatus-consulte, 295; and Civil Code, 308; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and succession to N, 319; on Treaty of Amiens, 327; an
d N’s belief in popularity in Britain, 333; and royalist plotters, 344–5; and execution of Enghien, 346; on N’s status as consul, 351; addresses N as emperor, 352; and N’s confusion over status as emperor, 356, 370; named arch-chancellor, 357; proposes bee as dynastic symbol, 358; and N’s plans for invasion of England, 361–2; takes charge in N’s absence on campaign, 376, 419; and financial crisis (1805–6), 386; in Council of State, 390; and N’s return from Tilsit, 418; warns against alliance with Spain, 429; and N’s Erfurt meeting with Tsar, 438; orders customs-free ham from Berg, 441; and N’s victory at Ratisbon, 450–1; drafts constitution for Westphalia, 458; on declining public support for N, 462; ineffectiveness in countering British landing at Walcheren, 467–8; on N’s birthday celebrations in Paris, 467; arranges N’s divorce from Josephine, 469–70; and N’s remarriage, 473; homosexuality, 481; unease at N’s obsession with grandeur, 482; and N’s plans against Russia, 512; messages from N on Russian campaign, 520; and N’s return from Russia, 546; and proposed peace negotiations with Russia, 550; ordered to advance conscription in France, 573; on pessimism in Paris, 574; and N’s fury at Assembly, 578; on grave national situation under threat from allies, 583; advises N to return to Paris, 584; leaves Paris with Marie-Louise, 585; in Blois, 589; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619; sends delegation to allied headquarters, 621
Cambronne, General Pierre, 597
Campan, Henriette, 105, 169, 216, 262
Campbell, Colonel Sir Neil, 597–9, 603–5
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797), 167–8, 170
Canada: France loses to British, 160
Canova, Antonio, 484
Carnot, Lazare: orders levée en masse, 67; Toulon plan, 72; calls off Sardinia operation, 80; disparages N and Italian operation, 103; N reports to from Italy, 109, 117, 119, 121–2; hostility to N, 169–70; N reappoints to War Ministry, 271; suggested as successor to N, 279; opposes declaring France an empire, 351; appointed minister of interior on N’s return from Elba, 608; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619, 621
Carteaux, General Jean-François, 67–70, 94, 256
Castaños, General Francisco, 434, 445
Castellane, Boniface de, 510
Castiglione, 134, 136
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 551, 578, 592–3, 604
Catalonia, 461
Catherine, Grand Duchess of Russia, 415, 439
Catherine, Queen of Westphalia see Württemberg, Catherine, Princess of
Catholic Church: status recognised, 292, 306–8, 313–15; acknowledges N’s elevation to emperor, 355; see also Pius VII, Pope
Caulaincourt, Louis de, duc de Vicence: accompanies N to crowning in Italy, 372; on Josephine at Eugène’s marriage, 386; and N’s dismissal of Prussia, 402–3; on muddy conditions on march to Warsaw, 409; on unpopularity of Tilsit treaty in Russia, 437; and N’s wish to marry Russian royal, 472; and impending war with Russia, 495, 511; N instructs to order Russia to raise tariffs, 496; consults with N in Paris, 498; in Russian campaign, 515, 522–6, 531, 533, 534; in retreat from Moscow, 538–9, 541, 545; accompanies N back to Paris from Russia, 543–4, 546; and peace negotiations with Russia, 550, 558; at peace congress with Russia and Austria, 564–5; replaces Maret as foreign minister, 577; allies impose peace conditions on, 580; negotiates with allies, 580–2, 592–3; mission to Alexander in Paris, 586–9; advises N to abdicate, 587; and acceptance of new government, 589; reports to N, 589; and N’s reconsidering abdication, 592; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; N calls after taking poison, 594; meets Maria Walewska at Fontainebleau, 595; N thanks for loyal service, 597; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 607–8; writes Metternich with assurances of French peaceful intentions, 612; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20; and N’s entourage in St Helena, 641
Cavaignac, Jean-Baptiste, 335
Ceracchi, Joseph, 284, 292
Cesari, Colonel Pietro Paulo Colonna, 43–4, 60
Champagny, Jean-Baptiste, 361–2, 421, 468, 494–5
Champaubert, battle of (1814), 580
Champion de Nansouty, Étienne-Marie, 22
Championnet, General Jean-Étienne, 169
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine: relations with N, 257–8; on N’s daily routines, 260; devises new administrative structure, 265; replaces Lucien as interior minister, 293; at election of N as president of Cisalpine Republic, 310; supports protectionism, 328; on N’s consciousness of low birth, 443; and N’s charitable acts, 483
Charles IV, King of Spain, 298, 421, 424, 429–31
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 149, 150, 376, 379–80, 449, 451–3, 454–5
Charles, Father (Brienne chaplain), 272
Charles, Lieutenant Hippolyte: affair with Josephine, 118, 131–3, 144, 173, 176
Charles XIII, King of Sweden, 495
Chastenay, Victorine de, 82, 481, 502
Château-Sallé, Antibes, 76
Chateaubriand, René de, 259, 326; Génie du Christianisme, 315, 326
Châtillon: negotiations (1814), 580–2
Chaumont, Treaty of (1814), 583
Chauvet, Félix, 71, 105, 112
Chénier, Marie-Joseph, 6, 170
Cherasco, armistice of (1796), 118
Chernyshev, General Alexander, 498
Chłapowski, Dezydery, 512, 558
Christianity: rejected in Europe, 123
Cipriani (N’s butler), 626, 628, 640
Cisalpine (later Italian) Republic, 159, 297, 309, 334; N elected president, 310–11
Cispadane Republic, 146, 151, 159
Civil Code (Code Civil des Français; Code Napoléon), 285–7, 308, 426, 458, 469
Clarke, General Henri-Jacques, 144–6, 151, 549
Clary family: move to Genoa, 85
Clary, Bernardine Eugénie Désirée: N courts, 80, 81, 86, 91; moves to Genoa, 86–7; N withdraws from, 98; and N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; marriage to Bernadotte, 216, 219, 305, 404
Clausewitz, Karl Marie von, 545
Club des Amis de la Constitution, 49
Cobenzl, Count Ludvig, 164–6, 297
Cockburn, Rear Admiral Sir George, 626–7, 629–30, 632–4
Code Napoléon see Civil Code
Coignet, Captain Jean-Roch, 598
Coigny, Aimée de, 88
coinage: bears N’s effigy, 325, 336
Colli, Field Marshal Michael, baron de, 111, 115
Collot, Jean-Pierre, 105, 112, 117, 156, 216
Colombier, Caroline du, 34
Colombier, Madame du, 34, 48
Comeau de Charry, Sébastien, 378
Commercial Code, 418
Committee of Public Safety, 78
Concordat: agreed with Catholic Church, 307–8, 313; weakened, 463; revised, 554, 574
Condé, Louis-Joseph, prince de, 283
Confederation of the Rhine: N forms, 397; French rule, 436, 460; rulers at Erfurt, 438, 440; questionable loyalty to France, 499; rulers join allies, 552; Alexander aims to overthrow, 553; see also Germany
Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, 307
Constant, Benjamin, 240, 264, 305, 306, 610, 614–15, 620–1
Constant, Louis, 412, 466, 543, 593
Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia, 415
Constitution of Year VIII, 242–3
Consular Guard, 251
consulate and consuls: powers, 241–4, 246–50; move to Tuileries, 251; hold reception for diplomatic corps, 253
Continental System, 405–6, 416, 441–2, 493, 496–8, 506
Convention: replaces National Assembly, 60; opposition to, 65; on new constitution (1795), 94
Copenhagen: bombarded by Royal Navy (1800), 301; Britain attacks (1807) and seizes fleet, 421
Corday, Charlotte, 76
Cordier, Louis, 193
Corneille, Pierre, 306, 382; Cinna, 428, 438
Cornet, Mathieu-Agustin, 223, 224
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis, 302, 321, 350
Corsica: history and social conditions, 9–13; Assembly of Estates, 16,
23; as semi-autonomous province of France, 16; N revisits, 36–8; N writes history of, 41, 45, 48; N returns to on outbreak of French Revolution, 42; riots and disorder, 43, 52–3, 59; sends deputies to Estates General at Versailles, 43; separatists in, 43–4; integrated into French nation, 44; Joseph stands for municipal council, 45; N renounces, 66; British occupy, 81
Coruña, La, 446
Corvisart, Dr Jean-Nicolas, 257, 303, 304, 367, 466–7, 596, 609
Cosway, Maria, 325
Council of French bishops, 502
Council of State (Conseil d’État): formulates new laws, 241; composition, 243–4; installed in Tuileries, 251; considers Civil Code, 286; N supervises, 287; reservations over Concordat with Catholic Church, 307; debates extension to N’s consulship, 319; under N’s extended consulate, 323; conduct of business, 390
Courrier de l’armée d’Italie, 157
Courrier de l’Égypte, Le, 193
Craonne, battle of (1814), 583
Crétet, Émmanuel, 467
Croisier, Captain (N’s aide-de-camp), 198
Cromwell, Oliver, 292
Czartoyski, Prince Adam Jerzy, 374
Dąbrowski, General Jan Henryk, 146
Damanhur, 184
Danubian Principalities, 497
Danzig, 413
Daru, Pierre, 388–9, 513, 541, 608
Daubenton, Louis, 239
Daunou, Pierre-Claude, 240, 265
David, Jacques-Louis, 2–3, 123, 128, 171, 175, 261, 278–9, 427
Davidovitch, General Paul, 137–8, 140, 142–3, 149
Davout, Marshal Louis-Nicolas: in Egypt, 185; on N’s elevation to emperor, 354; made marshal, 376; opposes Austrians, 377, 382; at Austerlitz, 384; at Auerstadt, 404; opposes Russians in Poland, 408; at Wagram, 454–5; ordered to prepare for war with Russia, 497; N considers as King of Poland, 513; in Russian campaign, 520, 523; at Borodino, 527, 529; in retreat from Moscow, 539–40; attempts to restrain Murat, 554; stranded in Hamburg, 566; rejoins N on return from Elba, 608; and N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20
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