Napoleon
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Soult, Marshal Nicolas: questions possibility of embarking army for invasion of England, 361; made marshal, 375; opposes Austrians, 377; skirmish with Bennigsen, 411; in Spain, 445, 461–2, 492, 563; animosity towards Ney, 461; differences with Joseph, 551; Wellington defeats at Orthez, 582; arrives in France from Spain, 586; at Ligny and Waterloo, 616, 618; raises troops after Waterloo, 621
Spain: peace treaty with France (1795), 93; treasure and bullion, 387–8; prospective alliance with coalition, 413; and French advance on Portugal, 425; social/political backwardness, 428–9; French forces in, 429; N travels to, 429–30; Joseph as king (José I), 431–4; N devises new constitution for, 432; hostility to French, 433; French military actions in, 434–5; N visits and seeks to pacify, 444–6; anti-French Europeans look to for liberation, 461; guerrilla warfare in, 461; progress of war in, 492; N proposes bilateral withdrawal of troops, 509; N withdraws troops from, 550; Wellington’s offensive in, 563
Spina, Monsignor Giuseppe, Archbishop of Corinth, 292
Stadion, Count Johann Philipp, 449
Staël, Germaine de, 88, 169, 173, 256, 279, 289, 305, 306, 507; De l’influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 124
Staps, Friedrich, 467
Stein, Baron Karl vom, 507
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 123
Stengel, General Henri, 110
Stockach, battle of (1800), 272
Stokoe, John, 640
Stürmer, Bartholomäus, Baron, 636
Suchet, General Louis-Gabriel, 72, 108, 272, 461
Suez Canal, 39, 160, 175, 193, 217, 300
Sułkowski, Prince Antoni, 406
Sułkowski, Józef, 136, 140, 185, 194
Sweden: in League of Neutrals, 300; as potential enemy of France, 402; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; invites Bernadotte to take throne, 495–6; rejects N’s demands for alliance against Russia, 506; joins coalition (1813), 568
Switzerland: France invades, 211; Britain defends, 334
Syria: N’s campaign against, 197–203
Talavera, battle of (1809), 462
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de: praises N as peacemaker, 4–5; perceives N’s power and ambition, 8; proposes colonies in Egypt and Africa, 162, 173–4, 195; N meets in Paris (1797), 169, 173; advocates invasion of Egypt, 173; and scheming over successor to N, 179; proposed visit to Constantinople, 181; discussions with N, 217, 221; favours N allying with Barras, 218–19; and Brumaire coup, 228, 230; N names as foreign minister, 237; qualities, 247–8; relations with N, 247–8; presents diplomatic corps to Josephine, 253; letter from Grenville replying to N’s peace offer, 268; profits financially from rumours, 279; contacts with royalists, 282; attitude to Church, 291–2; negotiations with Spina, 292, 307; and N’s action against Jacobins, 295; disparages British, 301; and N’s treatment of opponents, 306; meets Cisalpine delegates at Lyon, 309–11; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; at Ratisbon, 333; denies French intention to oust British from Egypt, 335; Whitworth demands French evacuate Netherlands, 336; recommends alliance with Austria, 342; and royalist conspiracy, 344–6; demands expulsion of active émigrés from foreign courts, 347; claims to oppose execution of Enghien, 348; distrustful relations with N, 348; on N’s qualities as ruler, 349; advocates granting supreme authority to N, 350; as grand chamberlain, 357; released from holy orders and marries mistress, 357; messages to Francis I, 374, 374–5; and N’s intention to invade England, 374–5; Austrian and Prussian delegates confer with, 381; urges clemency towards Austria, 385; message from Fox on royalist plot against N, 396; N withdraws from negotiations over Ferdinand of Naples, 396; as prince of Benevento, 398; and N’s dismissal of Prussian threat, 402; favours founding of Polish state, 407; controls Polish council, 411; N removes from Ministry of Foreign Relations, 420; believes in alliance with Spain, 429; and N’s negotiations in Spain, 430, 430–1; with N at Erfurt, 438–9, 442; on N’s lack of confidence in achievements, 443; conspires with Fouché, 447; N dismisses and insults, 448; favours Marie-Louise as N’s second wife, 473; restraining influence on N, 482; advocates using Polish state as buffer, 512; and proposed peace negotiations with Russia, 550; Ferdinand of Spain stays with, 573; N threatens, 574; settlement with Alexander after fall of Paris, 586–7; and N’s delegates’ meeting with Alexander, 588; Ney submits to, 590; plans elimination of N, 592–3; stands up to N, 592; gathers intelligence on N at Elba, 603; at Congress of Vienna, 612; drafts declaration outlawing N, 612; joins Louis XVIII in Belgium, 622; and Louis XVIII’s return to throne, 624
Tallien, Jean-Lambert, 88, 104
Tallien, Thérèse, 89, 100, 132, 138, 262
Talma, Julie, 88
Tardivon, Monseigneur de, abbot of Saint-Ruf, 34
Terror: ends, 83
Theophilanthropy, 169, 172
Théviotte, Lieut. Colonel, 192
Thibaudeau, Antoine-Claire, 213, 265, 288, 290, 314, 318, 328, 349
Thouin, André, 128, 156
Thugut, Johann Amadeus von, 158, 164
Thurn und Taxis, Princess Theresa of, 442
Tilsit, treaty of (1807), 414–16, 437, 494
Tipu Sahib, Sultan of Mysore, 160
Toby (Malay slave), 640
Tolentino, Treaty of (1797), 149
Tolstoy, Count Pyotr Alexandrovich, 437
Tone, Wolfe, 172
Töplitz, Treaty of (1813), 570
Tormasov, General Alexander, 514, 522
Toulon: Jacobin terror in, 64; N commands artillery at, 68–73; British evacuate, 73; French purge, 73–4; N protects returning French noble families, 81; N embarks at for Egypt, 177–8
Toussaint Louverture, Pierre-Dominique, 329–32
Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 379–80
Transpadane Republic, 159
Trento, 137
Tréville, Admiral Latouche see Latouche Tréville, Admiral Louis René Levassor
Tribunal de Cassation, 265
Tribunate: composition, 241; appointments to, 311; and proposed elevation of N’s powers, 318–19; reduced (1802), 323; declares France an empire, 351
Trieste, 138
Tronchet, François-Denis, 286
Truchsess-Waldburg, Count von, 597
Truguet, Rear-Admiral Laurent, 59
Tugendbund, 461
Tuileries: attacked by Paris mob, 55, 57; consuls move to, 251–3; life and court at, 261–3
Turenne, Marshal Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, vicomte de, 280
Turner, J.M.W., 325
Turreau, Louis, 80
Tuscany, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of see Würzburg, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of
Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 426
Tussaud, Marie, 325
Tyrol: rising, 449, 457
Ulm, battle of (1805), 377–9
Undaunted, HMS, 599
United States: N signs treaty with, 299; and N’s colonial policy, 330; purchases Louisiana from France, 337; N prepares for flight to, 621–2
University of France: founded, 390
Valence, 33, 47, 48, 210
Valette, General Antoine: demoted, 136
Valfort, chevalier de, 27
Vandamme, General Dominique-René, 465, 504, 567
Vanlerberghe, Joseph, 387–8
Varese, abbé, 19
Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de, 33
Vaubois, General Claude-Henri Belgrand de, 140, 142, 180
Vauchamps, battle of (1814), 581
Vendée, the, 65, 82–3, 299
Vendémiaire event (1795), 93, 95–7
Venice: N declares war on and plunders, 151, 260; N occupies, 159; N meets Joseph in, 427
Verdier, General Jean-Antoine, 96, 192
Verninac, Raymond, 159
Verona, 128, 134, 140, 151
Versailles, Treaty of (1768), 13
Victor Amadeus, King of Sardinia, 115, 126, 139
Victor, Marshal Claude: on N’s appearance, 74; at Marengo, 276; in Spain, 461–2; in retreat from Moscow, 542; follows Louis XVIII into exile, 614
Vienna: N marches on (1797), 149–50; N occupies (1805), 379; N reaches (1809), 451
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 604
Vienna, Treaty of (1809), 468
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth, 325
Vignali, Ane Paul, abbé, 642
Vigo-Roussillon, Sergeant François, 110, 125, 184, 206
Villeneuve, Admiral Pierre de, 379
Villeret, Louis Brun de, 409
Vilna (Vilnius), 53, 511, 513, 517–19, 534, 545, 547
Vincent, General Charles, baron de, 444
Vitebsk, 521–2, 538
Volkonsky, Prince Sergei, 496
Volney, Constantin de, 51, 306, 350
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 12, 212; Mahomet, 438; Oedipe, 439
Wagram, battle of (1809), 454–6, 464, 467
Walcheren, 467, 479
Walewska, Maria, Countess: affair with N, 410–13, 428, 466; pregnancy, 466; installed in Paris, 483; and N’s return to Paris after Russian campaign, 545; visits N at Fontainebleau, 595; visits N on Elba, 602
Warsaw, 407–10, 544; Grand Duchy of, 416, 420, 457, 491, 494, 498, 553, 564
Washington, George, 299
Waterloo, battle of (1815), 617–19
Welle, Philipp, 635, 639
Wellesley, General Arthur see Wellington, 1st Duke of
Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis, 477
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of: defeats Junot in Portugal, 435; advances into Spain, 461–2; pushed back into Portugal, 492; Salamanca victory, 526–7; captures Madrid, 533, 563; defeats Joseph at Vitoria, 563; Orthez victory, 582; opposes N, 616; Waterloo victory, 617–18
West, Benjamin, 325
Westphalia, kingdom of: created, 416; under Jérôme’s rule, 457–8
Whitworth, Charles, Earl, 300, 332, 335–6
Wickham, William, 282
Wieland, Christoph Martin, 440
Wilson, General Sir Robert, 541, 639
Wintzingerode, General Ferdinand von, 536
Wittgenstein, General Ludwig von, Prince, 556
women: social leaders in Paris, 88–9; N’s view of, 173, 179, 257, 286; in Egypt, 192
Würmser, Field Marshal Dagobert von, 134, 137–8, 139, 148
Württemberg, Catherine, Princess of (later Queen of Westphalia; Jérôme’s wife): marriage to Jérôme, 427, 458; meets N in Dresden, 510; asks N to stand godfather to child, 602; father attempts to engineer divorce, 629; refused permission to visit St Helena, 641; see also Frederick I, King of Württemberg
Würzburg, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of (earlier Grand Duke of Tuscany), 510
Yarmouth, Francis Charles Seymour Conway, Earl of (later 3rd Marquess of Hertford), 396
Yorck von Wartemburg, General Ludwig, 551–2
Young, Edward: Night Thoughts, 56
Yvan, Dr Alexandre Urbain, 539, 594
Zajączek, General Józef, 406–7
Zealous, HMS, 188
Znaïm, 456
Also by Adam Zamoyski
CHOPIN: A BIOGRAPHY
THE BATTLE FOR THE MARCHLANDS
PADEREWSKI
THE POLISH WAY
THE LAST KING OF POLAND
THE FORGOTTEN FEW: THE POLISH AIR FORCE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR
HOLY MADNESS: ROMANTICS, PATRIOTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES, 1776–1871
1812: NAPOLEON’S FATAL MARCH ON MOSCOW
RITES OF PEACE: THE FALL OF NAPOLEON AND THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
WARSAW 1920: LENIN’S FAILED CONQUEST OF EUROPE
POLAND: A HISTORY
CHOPIN: PRINCE OF THE ROMANTICS
PHANTOM TERROR: THE THREAT OF REVOLUTION AND THE REPRESSION OF LIBERTY 1789–1848
About the Author
ADAM ZAMOYSKI is the author of over a dozen books on key figures and aspects of European history, among them 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow and its sequel Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, both Sunday Times bestsellers. His books have been translated into Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Persian as well as most of the European languages. He lives in London and Poland, and is married to the painter Emma Sergeant.
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