A Patriot's History of the Modern World
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168. Allan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: HarperCollins, 1991), 269; Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005), passim.
169. Lynne Viola, V. P. Danilov, N. A. Ivnitskii, and Denis Kozlov, The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); “Kyiv Court Accuses Stalin Leadership of Organizing Famine,” http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/56954/; “Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine,” http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html.
170. Quigley, Tragedy & Hope, 401.
171. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
172. Ibid., 54, 127.
Chapter 3: Seeking Perfection in the Postwar World
1. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), 160.
2. Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (New York: Courier Dover Publications, 1964), 202.
3. David A. Andelman, A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today (New York: John Wiley, 2008), 1–2.
4. George and George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, 202.
5. George Scott, The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973), 39.
6. New York Times, February 28, 1919.
7. Scott, Rise and Fall of the League of Nations, 148.
8. “Wilson in Italy: A Photographic Journey,” http://woodrowwilsonhouse.org/index.asp?section=news&file=news&ID=113.
9. Andelman, A Shattered Peace, 29.
10. George and George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, 213.
11. John David Lewis, Nothing Less Than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 191.
12. Ibid., 192.
13. Walter Russell Mead, God and Gold: Britain, America, and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 66.
14. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 27.
15. Andelman, Shattered Peace, 7.
16. Ibid., 33–41.
17. Ibid., 17.
18. Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Vintage, 1998), 27.
19. Ibid., 28.
20. Johnson, Modern Times, 146.
21. Mazower, Dark Continent, 19.
22. Emily O. Goldman, Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control Between the Wars (College Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 165.
23. Erik Goldstein and John Maurer, eds., The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor (London: Routledge, 1994).
24. Hector Bywater, Navies and Nations: A Review of Naval Developments Since the Great War (London: Constable, 1927), 139.
25. James B. Crowley, Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), 25.
26. Goldman, Sunken Treasures, 101.
27. Bywater, Navies and Nations, 220.
28. Goldstein and Maurer, The Washington Conference, 19.
29. Sadao Asada, “Japan’s Special Interests and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922,” American Historical Review, 67, October 1961, 62–70.
30. Goldman, Sunken Treaties, 44–45.
31. Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti, Banking in the American West from the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
32. Burke Davis, The Billy Mitchell Affair (New York: Random House, 1987); John T. Correll, “Billy Mitchell and the Battleships,” Air Force Magazine, June 2008, 64–65; U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, “Billy Mitchell Sinks the Ships,” http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/mitchell_tests/AP14.htm.
33. William Mitchell, Winged Defense: The Development and Possibilities of Modern Air Power—Economic and Military (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006).
34. James P. Tate, The Army and Its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation, 1919–1941 (Huntsville, AL: Air University Press, 1968), 39.
35. “Charles Lindbergh, An American Aviator,” http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp.
36. Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 243–44.
37. Quoted in Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin, 2006), 10.
38. Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through 20th-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005), 19.
39. Richard P. Hallion, Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity Through the First World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 233.
40. F. Robert van der Linden, Airlines and Air Mail: The Post Office and the Birth of the Commercial Aviation Industry (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), 243–70.
41. Ferguson, War of the World, 242.
42. Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany, 1900–1945 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ix; Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Steven D. Devitt and Stephen J. Dubner, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (New York: HarperCollins, 2005).
43. Jonah Goldberg, Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 248–49; Thomas C. Leonard, “ ‘More Merciful and Not Less Effective’: Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era,” History of Political Economy, 35, Winter 2003, 709–34 (quotation on 707); Diane Paul, “Eugenics and the Left,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 45, October–December 1984, 567–90 (quotation on 586).
44. H. G. Wells quoted in Michael Freeden, “Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity,” Historical Journal, 22, September 1979, 645–71 (quotation on 656).
45. H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli (New York: Duffield, 1910), 379, and his Modern Utopia (London: T. F. Unwin, 1905), 183–84, cited in Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 249.
46. Charles Richard Van Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1910), 378.
47. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 260. Through governments by elites, Van Hise contended, diseases and food shortages could be wiped out in a decade, and the defective classes expeditiously eliminated. Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 68.
48. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 344.
49. Edward Alsworth Ross, Social Control: A Survey of the Foundations of Order (New York: Macmillan, 1901), and Seventy Years of It (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 70; Leonard, “More Merciful and Not Less Effective,” 699, 703.
50. Sidney Webb, “The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage,” Journal of Political Economy, 20, December 1912, 973–98 (quotation on 992).
51. Royal Meeker, “Review of Cours d’economie politique,” Political Science Quarterly, 25, 1910, 544.
52. John R. Commons, Races and Immigrants in America (New York: Macmillan, 1907), 148–51.
53. Edward J. Larson, Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 1.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., 27.
56. Julius Paul, “Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough: State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice,” unpublished manuscript, Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1965, 256–57; Alexandra Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: Univer
sity of California Press, 2005).
57. Larson, Sex, Race and Science, 38.
58. David A. Valone, “Eugenic Science in California: The Papers of E. S. Gosney and the Human Betterment Foundation,” 1996, http://www.amphilsoc.org/mendel/1996.htm#Valone.
59. Larson, Sex, Race and Science, 38.
60. Ibid., 38, 62.
61. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 342–43.
62. Ibid., 343.
63. Ibid.
64. E. S. Gosney and Paul Popenoe, Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929).
65. Tony Platt, “The Frightening Agenda of the American Eugenics Movement,” HistoryNewsNetwork, July 7, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1551.html.
66. Larson, Sex, Race, and Science, 25 and passim.
67. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 62. American eugenicists mused that American eugenics would produce a population with “a maximum number of Billy Sundays, Valentinos, Jack Dempseys, Babe Ruths, even Al Capones” (ibid., 188).
68. Albert Gringer, The Sanger Corpus: A Study in Militancy (Lakeland, AL: Lakeland Christian College, 1974), 473–88; Kate O’Beirne, Women Who Make the World Worse (New York: Sentinel, 2006), 163–64; Grant, Killer Angel, 63. Sanger was also intolerant of her fellow radicals. She once labeled Socialist presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs a “silk hat radical” and termed anarchist Alexander Beckman “a hack, armchair socialist.” See Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror (New York: Sentinel, 2006), 531.
69. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy, quoted in Christine Rosen, Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement (New York: Oxford, 2004), 216.
70. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentanos, 1922), 108.
71. Stephen Mosher, “The Repackaging of Margaret Sanger,” Wall Street Journal, May 5, 1997
72. Ibid.
73. Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right (New York: Grossman, 1976), 332; Margaret Sanger to Dr. Clarence Gamble, December 19, 1939, quoted in Charles Valenza, “Was Margaret Sanger a Racist?” Family Planning Perspectives, 17, January–February 1985, 44–46.
74. Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf, Gerhard L. Weinberg, ed. (New York: Enigma Books, 2006), 20.
75. Burton W. Folsom, Jr., The Myth of the Robber Barons (Herndon, VA: Young America’s Foundation, 1991), 83–100 (quotation on 83); Harold Evans with Gail Buckland and David Lefer, They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators (New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2004), 318–33.
76. Evans, They Made America, 319.
77. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 54.
78. Ibid., 56.
79. Johnson, Modern Times, 146.
80. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 482.
81. Ferguson, War of the World, 1.
82. Ibid., 26–27 (quotation on 27).
83. Ibid., 566.
84. Ibid., 62–63.
85. Mazower, Dark Continent, 82–83.
86. Ibid., 79.
87. Ibid., 82.
88. Quoted in Paul N. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941 (New York: Continuum, 2002), 47, from Macgregor Knox, “Conquest, Foreign and Domestic, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany,” Journal of Modern History, 56, 1984, 1–57, and Herbert I. Matthews, The Fruits of Fascism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943).
89. Mazower, Dark Continent, 77.
90. Ibid.
91. “Announcement of Prizes,” Eugenical News, 13, June 1928, 78-79.
92. Mazower, Dark Continent, 82.
93. Ibid., 81.
94. Ibid., 82.
95. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 372.
96. Mazower, Dark Continent, 88.
97. Ibid., 90.
98. Ibid., 97. Most eugenicists were socialists and radicals, and as such, they opposed war, yet ironically on different grounds from traditional Marxists, who asserted that war caused a higher population of the working classes to be killed. Eugenicists tended to claim that war culled the bravest and the best, sparing the dregs of society, who remained home to father new generations of the indigent.
99. Ibid., 84; Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 421.
100. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 429.
101. Paul Lombardo, “ ‘The American Breed’: Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund,” Albany Law Review, 2002, 745–824.
102. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics, 515–17.
103. Ibid., 497.
104. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 118.
105. “The Frightening Agenda of the American Eugenics Movement,” History News Network, http://hnn.us/articles/1551.html.
106. Ibid.
107. Christopher Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner, France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion (London: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 238, 248.
108. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 128.
109. Ibid., 147.
110. Ibid., 165.
111. Ibid., 111.
112. Andelman, Shattered Peace, 51.
113. Ibid., 104.
114. Ibid., 109.
115. Ibid., 75.
116. Jonathan Derrick, Africa’s Agitators: Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 269.
117. Ibid., 279–80.
118. Ibid., 294.
119. Ibid., 60.
120. Johnson, Modern Times, 151.
121. Ibid., 15; Robin Bidwell, Morocco Under Colonial Rule: French Administration of Tribal Areas, 1912–1956 (London: Cass, 1973); Alan Scham, Lyautey in Morocco: Protectorate Administration, 1912–1925 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
122. Lance Edwin Davis and Robert A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire Abridged Edition: The Economics of British Imperialism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
123. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade, 10.
124. Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (Paris: Development Center of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2003).
125. E. J. Berg, “Backward Sloping Labour Supply Functions in Dual Economies—the Africa Case,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, August 1961, 468–92.
126. William G. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic, and Social Change Since 1850 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); Rachel F. Wall, Japan’s Century: An Interpretation of Japanese History Since the Eighteen-fifties (London: The Historical Association, 1971); and Rhoads Murphey, East Asia: A New History (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997).
127. Johnson, Modern Times, 151, 178–79; Quigley, Tragedy & Hope, 175, 196–205.
128. Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).
129. Ibid., 267.
130. Ibid., 271.
131. Quigley, Tragedy & Hope, 175–95, passim.
132. Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 43.
133. Robert P. Thomas, “A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy on Colonial Welfare,” Journal of Economic History, 25, 965, 65–68; Peter McClelland, “The Cost to America of British Imperial Policy,” American Economic Review, 59, 969, 370–78; Lawrence Harper, “Mercantilism and the American Revolution,” Canadian Historical Review, 23, 1942, 1–15.
134. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails
Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
135. Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Touchstone, 2002), 409–10.
136. William Easterly, The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (New York: Penguin, 2006).
137. Ibid., 273.
138. Ferguson, War of the World, 320.
139. E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler, eds., Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, 3rd series, vol. 1 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1949), 846ff.
140. R. A. C. Parker, Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (London: Palgrave, 1993), 37.
141. Sally Marks, “The Myths of Reparations,” Central European History, 11, 1978, 231–55; and her “1918 and After: The Postwar Era,” in G. Martel, ed., The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1999), 13–37.
142. Marks, “Myths,” 254.
143. “The German Hyperinflation,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_germanhyperinflation.html.
144. Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin, 2006), 4–6.
145. Undated comments from Hitler’s “Second Book,” circa 1927, cited in Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 11.
146. Ibid., 10.
147. Ibid., 658.
148. Douglas Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
149. Mazower, Dark Continent, 54.
150. Lansing quoted in Thomas Sowell, Intellectuals and Society (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 210.
151. Lansing quoted in Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Pandemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993), 81–83.
152. Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 211.
153. Eric D. Weitz, “From Vienna to the Paris System: International Politics and the Entangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, and Civilizing Missions,” American Historical Review, 113, December 2008, 1313–43 (quotation on 1315).
154. Mazower, Dark Continent, 57.