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A Patriot's History of the Modern World

Page 63

by Larry Schweikart


  102. “Faith Staked Down,” Time, February 9, 1952.

  103. Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 1 (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1987), 93.

  104. Ibid., 133.

  105. Merle Miller, Ike the Soldier (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1987), 333–34.

  106. Ambrose, Eisenhower, 1:134.

  107. Ibid., 1:141.

  108. Ibid., 1:151.

  109. Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: Harper 1996). General Donald Bennett, a patient at one of the field hospitals, recalled cheering after Patton slapped one of the soldiers. Bennett, who had suffered from pneumonia and had been moved, could not recall which of the two incidents he had witnessed.

  110. Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1957), 540–42.

  111. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 49.

  112. Bernard Law, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G. (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1958), 24.

  113. “NARA Staff Favorites: Online Records,” http://blogs.archives.gov/online-public-access/?p=150.

  114. Keegan, Six Armies, 315–16.

  115. Alex Buchner, Ostfront 1944: The German Defensive Battles on the Russian Front 1944 (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military, 1995), 298–99.

  116. Keegan, Six Armies, 66.

  117. Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), 227–28.

  118. John S. D. Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1969), 381–82.

  119. David Dougherty interview with Fertig, 1961; John Keats, They Fought Alone (New York: Time Life Education, 1990), 441–42.

  120. Ibid, 384–85.

  121. James Bradley, Flags of Our Fathers (New York: Bantam, 2006), 207.

  122. Victor Davis Hanson, Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think (New York: Anchor, 2004), 22.

  123. Ibid., 30.

  124. Sadao Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration,” Pacific Historical Review, 67, 1998, 101–48: Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999); and Robert James Maddox, Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995). See also J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), at 131–36, as well as Walker’s latest contribution, “Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground,” Diplomatic History, 29, April 2005, 311–34. Lawrence Freedman and Saki Dockrill, “Hiroshima: A Strategy of Shock,” in Saki Dockrill, ed., From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: The Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994); Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000); Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005). Barton Bernstein insisted that the bombs were unnecessary in his “The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered,” Foreign Affairs, January–February 1995, 135–52, but evidence from inside the Japanese government reveals that the war leadership had no intention of surrendering prior to the bombs.

  125. Johnson, Modern Times, 426.

  126. Ibid.

  127. “Speech by Emperor Hirohito,” August 14, 1945, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/hirohito.htm.

  128. Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002), 463, referencing an April 22, 1946, memo from the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General to the Undersecretary of War.

  129. James Bradley, Flyboys (New York: Little, Brown, 2003), 198.

  130. Ibid., 173–75.

  131. Godfrey Hodgson, The Myth of American Exceptionalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009); Donald E. Pease, The New American Exceptionalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); Deborah L. Madsen, American Exceptionalism (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998); Andrew Bacevich, The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2009); Seymour M. Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997); and Michael Ignatieff, American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

  INDEX

  Abdul Hamid II, 221

  Abel, Jean-Baptiste, 203

  Abortion, 186, 191, 192

  Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 285

  Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 168, 273–75

  Addams, Jane, 112, 117, 118, 180

  Adler, Alfred, 62

  Adler, Victor, 188

  Advertising industry, 230–32

  African Americans

  army regiments of, 107–8

  See also Racism

  African colonies

  Boer War, 2, 39, 40, 79, 85, 89, 161, 206, 328

  decolonization policy in, 197, 202, 203, 204

  economic growth of, 205–6

  local administration in, 212

  wars in, 37, 40

  African National Congress (ANC), 202

  African nationalism, 37, 202

  Agricultural collectivization, in Soviet Union, 149, 150, 242–43, 244

  Agriculture

  contraction, and bank failures, 246–47

  New Deal policies, 253

  political influence of, 245

  subsidies, 245–46

  Aguinaldo, Emilio, 30, 31, 32

  Air power

  in Battle of Britain, 327

  British, 269, 315, 341, 357–59

  and long-range bomber, 174

  Nazi Germany, 258, 267, 291, 313–14, 327, 383

  in Pacific War, 392–93

  Soviet, 341

  U.S., 315, 358–59, 381–84

  in Western Front, 359–60, 381–84

  in World War I, 129, 131, 135

  See also Aviation

  Aizawa, Sabura, 302

  Albania, 165, 275, 335

  Alcalá-Zamora, Niceto, 278, 280

  Alexander, Harold, 378, 409

  Alexander III, Czar, 141

  Alexandra, Czarina, 140

  Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 278, 279

  Algeria, 196, 203, 219

  Allenby, Edmund, 200

  Alsace-Lorraine, 161, 265

  Altmark, 317

  American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 254

  American Bankers Association, 248

  American Birth Control League, 185

  American Economic Association, 180

  American Eugenics Society, 183, 195

  American exceptionalism

  and ascent to world power, 7–12

  European misunderstanding of, 5–6

  four pillars of, 4–5, 9, 211, 229

  immigrants’ challenge to, 6–7

  and Lindbergh’s flight, 176–77

  in postwar world, 423–24

  American Relief Administration, 241

  Amiens, Battle of, 137

  Amundsen, Roald, 2, 62

  Anarchism, Spanish, 279, 282, 283

  Anderson, Kenneth, 377

  Andreas-Salomé, Lou, 62

  Anfuso, Filippo, 275

  Angell, Norman, 69–70, 293

  Antarctic expeditions, 2, 61, 62

  Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936, 296

  Anti-Semitism

  and eugenics theory, 181, 188, 189

  in Europe, 188–90

  of Hitler, 260, 262–64

  Jewish response to, 188–89

  in United States, 187

  See also Jews

  Appleton, Thomas, 76

  Arab Bureau, 198

  Araki, Sadao, 301

  Architecture, 64–68

  Arctic expedition, 2, 61–62

  Ardennes offensive, 412–13

  Argentina, 225, 226

  Armenians,
Turkish massacre of, 220–22

  Arms. See Weapons

  Army, U.S. See United States Army

  Arnold, Henry H. “Hap,” 358

  Art, 69

  Asada, Sadao, 417

  Assassinations

  Japanese cult of, 300, 301

  political, 82–83

  Astor, William Waldorf, 291

  Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 221

  Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 417–18, 419, 421

  Auschwitz, 387–88, 389, 390

  Australia, 100, 214, 301, 353, 393–94, 405

  Austria

  Dollfuss assassination, 271

  Nazism in, 265

  Nazi takeover of, 286

  Austro-Hungarian Empire

  assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 81, 82

  and Treaty of Versailles, 155, 164, 219

  in World War I, 83, 106

  Automobile industry, 269, 353

  Aviation

  design advances in, 173–74

  Hughes’s contributions to, 354–55

  and Lindbergh’s flight, 175–77

  See also Air power

  Azaña, Manuel, 279, 280

  Baker, Newton D., Jr., 128, 136, 174

  Balaclava, Battle of, 38

  Baldwin, Stanley, 273, 290, 293, 329

  Balfour, A.J., 249

  Balfour, Arthur, 155, 162, 200

  Balfour Declaration of 1917, 199, 200

  Ballets, of Stravinsky, 68

  Banks and banking

  failures, 246–47

  Federal Reserve System, 8, 118, 123, 241, 247

  fractional reserve, 248

  regulation of, 253

  Barbary pirates, 36

  Baring, Maurice, 78

  Barnes, Ralph, 244

  Barnett, Correlli, 276

  Barton, Bruce, 231

  Baruch, Bernard, 121–22, 293

  Bataan Death March, 363, 366

  Batton, Barton, Durstein, and Osborn (BBD&O), 230, 231

  Bauhaus school of architecture, 67–68

  Baur, Erwin, 194

  Bayonet charge, 75, 92, 129, 131

  Beard, Charles, 21

  Beatty, David, 110

  Beaverbrook, Lord, 327, 342

  Beck, Ludwig, 271, 288

  “Beer Hall” Putsch, 261, 265

  Belgium

  in World War I, 81, 84, 85–90

  in World War II, 320, 321, 322

  Bell, Alexander Graham, 183

  Belleau Wood, Battle of, 129–30

  Benedict XV, Pope, 164

  Beneš, Edvard, 162, 288

  Bennett, Paul G., 407

  Bensel, Richard, 43, 119–20

  Berg, E.J., 205

  Berlin, fall of, 413–14

  Berlin Congress of 1878, 220

  Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884–85, 220

  Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 77, 80

  Bernstorff, Joann von, 116

  Bethmann-Holweg, Theobald von, 101, 115

  Beveridge, William, 360

  Bierce, Ambrose, 109

  Big Parade, The, 137

  Binding, Karl, 179, 192

  Birkenau extermination camp, 388

  Birth Control Review, 185

  Birth rate decline, in Europe, 190–92

  Bismarck, Otto von, 117

  Bismarck Sea, Battle of, 400

  Blackadder Goes Forth, 138

  Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 322

  Bloch, Ivan S., 75, 90, 139

  Block, Harlon, 415

  Blomberg, Werner von, 258

  Blum, John Morton, 354

  Boer War, 2, 39, 40, 79, 85, 89, 161, 206, 328

  Bolivia, 225

  Bolsheviks

  cease-fire with Germany, 126–27, 147, 154

  Jewish, 189, 398

  Marxism-Leninism, 140–43

  revolutionary agenda of, 143–45

  seizure of power, 145–48

  Bombers, long-range, 174

  Bombing raids. See Air power

  Bonar Law, Andrew, 214

  Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 361

  Bonnet, William, 289

  Bonus Army, 395

  Borah, William, 170, 224

  Bormann, Martin, 217

  Bourdieu, Pierre, 232

  Boxer Rebellion, 8

  Bradley, Omar, 396, 407, 413

  Brandeis, Louis, 113

  Brauchitsch, Walther von, 270

  Braun, Eva, 413

  Brazil, 225

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 127, 154, 173

  Briand, Aristide, 173

  Britain

  and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 273–75

  air power of, 269, 315, 341, 357–58

  Antarctic expedition of, 2, 61, 62

  appeasement of Hitler, 286, 288–91, 293, 295

  Arab Bureau, 198

  Balfour Declaration, 199, 200

  in Boer War, 2, 39, 40, 79, 85, 89, 206, 328

  declaration of war against Hitler, 298

  diplomatic response to Hitler, 271–72, 276–78

  diplomatic response to Mussolini, 275–76

  economic growth of, 71

  Egyptian/Sudan expedition, 1–2, 37–38

  end of world leadership, 2

  eugenics movement in, 179, 188, 193

  –French relations, 168–69

  in Ireland, 41–42

  –Japan relations, 172

  “lost generation” of, 138

  in Middle East, 198–99, 200

  as naval power, 60–61, 110, 111, 114, 170, 213–14, 318, 326, 357

  Nazi sympathizers in, 291–92

  and Panama Canal project, 53

  rearmament policy in, 277, 329

  and Spanish-American War, 21–23, 27

  at Versailles Conference, 155, 159, 160, 164

  welfare state in, 360–61

  in World War I, 81, 83–85, 90, 93–103, 111, 114, 126, 132, 134, 136

  and World War I aftermath, 138, 139

  in World War II

  Battle of Britain, 326–30

  in Burma, 366

  at Casablanca Conference, 401–2

  casualties of, 414

  Churchill-Stalin talks, 410–11

  in Crete, 335–36, 374

  D-Day invasion, 409–10

  fall of France, 320, 321

  in Greece, 374

  Lend-Lease aid to, 306, 331, 347

  in Libya, 335

  in Middle East, 336, 374, 375–76

  in North Africa, 377–78

  in Norway, 318

  “Phony War,” 313, 317

  and Soviet aid, 341–43, 403

  British Empire

  American colonies, 210–11

  colonial system of, 36–37, 41, 196–97

  decolonization policy in, 203

  economic costs of, 40, 204–5

  equal rights movement in, 197–98

  imports from, 311

  Mahdist uprising, 34–36, 38–39, 85

  security exposure of, 213–14

  wars in, 38–39, 40–41

  Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich von, 162, 312

  Brooke, Alan, 376, 377–78, 406, 407–8

  Brooke, Rupert, 78, 138

  Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), 132

  Brüning, Heinrich, 217, 257

  Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of 1916, 224

  Bryan, William Jennings, 3, 31, 44, 107, 111

  Buckmaster, Elliott, 381

  Buck v. Bell, 183

  Bulgaria, 165, 256, 335, 402

  Bullard, Robert, 132

  Buller, Redvers, 328

  Bullitt, William, 113

  Bülow, Karl von, 88, 96, 97, 98

  Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 52, 53

  Burbank, Luther, 183

  Bureau of the Budget, 121

  Burgdörfer, Friedrich, 191

  Burleson, Albert Sidney, 124

  Burma, 366, 401

  Bushhido, 208, 300, 302, 391, 393

  Business and industryr />
  advertising, 230–32

  and consumer interaction, 228–30

  development of, 44–45

  inventors and innovators, 354–56

  in Latin America, 226–27

  military production, 119–20, 121–23, 353–56

  and New Deal policies, 252–53, 354

  in northern states, 44

  postwar decline, 240

  railroad expansion, 45, 72

  Rotary International promotion of, 227–28

  and tax cuts, 236

  trust regulation, 45–47, 240

  See also Banks and banking

  Butcher, Harry, 409

  Butler, Smedley, 34, 223, 224

  Byas, Hugh, 303

  Caco Wars, 34

  Calvo Sotelo, José, 281

  Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 161

  Camus, Albert, 360

  Canada, 168, 172

  agriculture in, 245

  autonomy of, 197–98

  in World War I, 100

  Capitalist system

  and American exceptionalism, 5

  inventors and innovators in, 354–56

  military dominance of, 40

  war blamed on, 361

  Cárdenas, Julio, 108

  Cárdenas, Lázaro, 227

  Caribbean interventions, U.S., 33–34. See also Spanish-American War

  Carlton, Julian, 64

  Carnegie, Andrew, 17, 19–20, 54, 121, 186

  Carol II, King of Romania, 272

  Carr, Edward Hallett, 291

  Carranza, Venustiano, 106, 107, 108, 109

  Carter, Jimmy, 11

  Casablanca Conference, 377, 401–2, 403

  Castelar, Emilio, 24

  Catholic Church

  Concordat with Nazis, 360

  and Holocaust, 389

  Spanish anarchist attacks on, 279

  in Spanish Civil War, 282–83

  Cavalry, end of, 75, 90

  CEDA (Confederation of the Autonomous Right), 280

  Censorship, in World War I, 124–25

  Chamberlain, Austen, 172

  Chamberlain, Neville, 272, 286, 288–90, 293, 294, 330, 348

  Chamorro, Emiliano, 224

  Chaplin, Charlie, 300

  Chautemps, Camille, 293

  Chelmno extermination camp, 387

  Cheney, Mamah, 64

  Chiang Kai-shek, 306, 366, 391

  Chichibu, Prince, 302

  Chile, 225

  China

  Japanese atrocities in, 391

  Japanese expansionism in, 209–10, 301, 304

  modernization of, 208

  Nationalist, 306, 366, 391

  under Sun Yat-sen, 208–9

  unskilled labor in, 210

  Chlorine gas, 101

  Christianity

  blamed for Nazi rise, 361

  Nazi persecution of, 264

  See also Catholic Church

  Christie, J. Walter, 122, 356

  Christmas truce, 99–100

  Churchill, Winston

  and Battle of Britain, 327–28

 

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