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A Patriot's History of the Modern World

Page 66

by Larry Schweikart

North African campaign, in World War II, 334–35, 376–78

  North Pole, Peary’s expedition to, 2, 61–62

  Northwest Ordinance, 5, 37

  Norway, in World War II, 317–19

  Nuclear energy program, Nazi Germany, 319

  Nuremberg trials, 264

  Nzula, Albert, 202

  Obama, Barack, 4

  O’Connor, Richard, 374

  Oil embargo, on Japan, 305, 349, 395

  Okhrana (secret police), 140, 148

  Okinawa, invasion of, 415–17

  Olbricht, Friedrich, 413

  Omdurman, Battle of, 1–2, 3, 38, 85, 328

  O’Neill, Buckey, 26

  Opel, Adam, 322

  Open Door policy, 210

  Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain), 326–30

  Orlando, Vittorio, 157

  Orteig, Raymond, 175

  Orwell, George, 67

  Ostend Manifesto of 1854, 16

  Otis, Elwell, 31

  Ottoman Empire, 154, 198, 220

  Owen, Wilfred, 138

  Pacific War

  and atomic bomb, 417–18, 419, 421

  Australian forces in, 393–94

  battle map of, 364–65

  Doolittle raid, 366–67, 391

  Guadalcanal, Battle of, 368–69, 392–93

  “Island Hopping” strategy in, 369, 393

  Iwo Jima attack, 137, 415

  Japanese defeats in, 394, 400–401, 404, 411

  Japanese victories in, 362, 366, 370

  and Japan home islands invasion plan, 417

  MacArthur’s command in, 363

  Midway, Battle of, 367–68, 381, 397

  military preparedness for, 307–8

  Nimitz’s command in, 395–97

  Okinawa invasion, 415–17

  outbreak of, 308, 350–51

  in Philippines, 362–63, 362–66, 391, 405–6, 411–12

  suicide tactics in, 416–17

  surrender of Japan, 418–19

  Palestine, 199–201

  Palmerston, Lord, 50

  Panama, 53, 57

  Panama Canal project

  Culebra Cut, 55, 56, 57, 58

  opening of, 58

  under de Lesseps, 49–51

  under U.S., 51–58

  yellow fever hazard to, 50, 54–55

  Panama Canal Zone, 54, 57

  Panic of 1873, 45

  Papen, Franz von, 167, 257–58, 265

  Paris, pre–World War I culture of, 76–77

  Parrott, Robert, 119

  Pasionaría, La (Dolores Ibárruri), 281

  Passchendaele (Ypres), Battle of, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105

  Patton, George S., 394, 395, 396

  in Mexican War, 108, 109, 127

  in North Africa campaign, 377, 378

  removal by Eisenhower, 406–7

  on Western Front, 412, 413

  Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 167

  Paulus, Friedrich, 398, 399

  Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51, 396

  Pearson, Drew, 407

  Peary, Robert E., 2, 7, 61–62

  Peck, Harry Thurston, 46–47

  Péguy, Charles, 78

  Pemberton, Francis, 123

  Péralte, Masséna, 34

  Pershing, John “Black Jack”

  death of family, 127

  in Mexican campaign, 107–8, 109, 127

  military career of, 128

  in Philippines campaign, 32–33

  training concept and tactics of, 128–29, 131

  in World War I, 91, 121, 126, 127, 128–32, 136, 137

  Peru, 227

  Pétain, Philippe, 104, 136, 325, 326

  Philby, Harry St. John Bridger, 199

  Philippines

  Pacific War, 362–63, 362–66, 391, 405–6, 411–12

  in Spanish-American War, 17, 26, 30–31, 107

  U.S. bases in, 299, 307, 348

  U.S. intervention in, 30–33, 127, 223

  Picasso, Pablo, 66, 69

  Pilsudski, Józef, 164, 165

  Pius XII, Pope, 361

  Pizarro, 38

  Planned Parenthood, 184, 186

  Platt Amendment of 1901, 28, 30

  Plekhanov, Georgy, 143

  Poincaré, Raymond, 168

  Poison gas, in World War I, 101–2

  Poland, 289

  extermination camps in, 387–88

  independence of, 154–55, 219, 273, 312

  Nazi invasion of, 270, 294–95, 296, 312–13

  and postwar settlement, 402, 411

  under Pilsudski, 164, 165

  Warsaw Ghetto, 387

  Warsaw Uprising, 389

  Popenoe, Paul, 183, 195–96

  Popular Front, 278, 280

  Population planning, 194

  Populists, 43, 48

  Portal, Charles, 357–58

  Portugal, 165, 219, 284

  Potsdam Conference, 403

  Potter, David, 16

  Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr., 185

  Pravda (“Truth”), 147, 148

  Prieto, Indalecio, 279, 280

  Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 278

  Princip, Gavrilo, 81, 82

  Progressivism

  and Bolshevism, 143

  Constitutionalism versus, 3–4, 11

  and eugenics movement, 179, 180–81

  of Hoover, 241, 249

  and industrial control, 120

  and League of Nations, 157

  and Social Darwinism, 186

  and tax policy, 48–49, 118–19

  of Theodore Roosevelt, 47, 49, 117, 118

  and warfare’s social uses, 117–18

  during World War I, 120, 124–25

  of Woodrow Wilson, 116–19

  Prohibition, 7

  Property rights, and American exceptionalism, 5

  Proportional representation, in Europe, 166

  Protestantism, and American exceptionalism, 5

  Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 189–90, 200

  Provisional Government, 145–46

  Psychology, emergence of, 62–64

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 252

  Q-boats, 111

  Quisling, Vidkun, 317

  Rachkovsky, Pyotr, 189–90

  Racism

  and “blood” concepts, 194

  of eugenics movement, 180–81, 183

  and Holocaust, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90

  in Japan, 297, 298

  of Margaret Sanger, 184–86

  and Nazi purification program, 386–87

  See also Anti-Semitism

  Raeder, Erich, 318

  Railroads, 45, 72, 123

  Rapallo Treaty of 1922, 169, 220

  Rasputin, 140

  Rathenau, Walter, 71, 215

  Rauschenbusch, Walter, 117

  Raw materials shortages

  Japan, 300, 301, 311, 349

  Nazi Germany, 268, 290, 311–12, 314, 372

  Poland, 312

  U.S., 304

  Raynal, Abbé, 6

  Reagan, Ronald, 4

  Reche, Otto, 194

  Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 241, 250

  Redman, John, 397

  Redman, Joseph, 397

  Red Terror, 144–45, 146

  Reed, John, 107

  Reed, Thomas, 31

  Reed, Walter, 29–30, 54, 55

  Reparations, German, 161, 214–15, 217, 256–57, 264

  Republican Party

  post-Civil War dominance, 42–43

  and tax policy, 49

  Resor, Stanley and Helen, 230

  Revenue Acts, 118–19

  Reynaud, Paul, 323, 324, 325

  Rhineland, invasion of, 276, 313–14

  Rhodes, Cecil, 197

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 295, 296, 297, 307

  Rite of Spring ballet, 68

  Robles, Gil, 280

  Rochefort, Joseph J., 397

  Rockefeller, John D., 46, 119, 186, 187

 
; Rockefeller, Nelson, 233

  Rockefeller Foundation, 194, 226

  Rodman, Thomas, 119

  Roessler, Rudolf, 337

  Rokossovsky, Kontantin K., 347

  Romania, 222, 256, 271, 272, 273, 334, 402, 410, 411, 414

  Rommel, Erwin, 323, 336, 374–75, 377, 378

  Roosevelt, Franklin

  background and career of, 250–51

  and British alliance, 331, 347–48

  and business, 11, 354

  at Casablanca Conference, 401–2

  death of, 413

  Hitler’s views of, 217, 292

  and Holocaust, 390

  Japan policy of, 305–8, 348–49, 395, 421

  Latin American policy of, 223, 227, 233

  on Lindbergh, 176

  and military preparedness, 332, 333

  and Nazi military expansion, 266

  and Nazi persecution of Jews, 270

  New Deal policies, 251–54, 266, 292–93

  and Pearl Harbor attack intelligence, 349, 350

  on Philippine bases, 348

  at Tehran Conference, 402

  wartime leadership of, 308, 363, 366, 376, 400

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 3, 4, 7, 19, 44, 112, 137

  American interests promoted by, 47–48

  assassination attempt on, 82

  business policies of, 45–47

  and Caribbean/Latin American interventions, 33

  as naval secretary, 16, 17

  and Panama Canal project, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56

  Progressivism of, 47, 48, 117, 118

  and racial quotas, 180

  in Spanish-American War, 26, 108, 128

  Root, Elihu, 33

  Rosenbaum, Ron, 262

  Rosenberg, Harold, 76

  Rosenberg, Isaac, 78

  Rosenthal, Joe, 415

  Ross, E.A., 180

  Rotary International, 227–28

  Rothschild, Edmond de, 201

  Rothschild, Lionel, 249

  Rough Riders, 26, 27, 29

  Rüdin, Ernst, 194

  Ruhr, occupation of, 169, 215, 265

  Rupprecht of Bavaria, Prince, 93, 98

  Ruskin, John, 197

  Russia

  anti-Semitism in, 189–90

  Bolshevik seizure of power, 145–48

  Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 127, 154, 173

  coming of revolution, 73

  Czarist reforms, 71, 72–73, 76, 140

  –Japan wars, 59–60

  Provisional Government, 145–46

  in World War I, 106, 126, 140, 146–47, 154

  See also Soviet Union

  Russian Revolution of 1917, 115, 126, 145–46

  Ruth, Babe, 7, 12

  SA (Sturmabteilung), 257

  Sagrada Familia, La (The Sacred Family), 67

  Salazar, António, 165

  Sanctity of life concept of war, 134

  Sandino, Augusto, 234

  Sanger, Margaret, and eugenics movement, 179, 184–86

  Sanjuro, José, 281, 283

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 289

  Sassoon, Siegfried, 138

  Sauckel, Fritz, 185

  Saudi Arabia, 199

  Saud, Ibn, 199

  Schacht, Hjálmar, 216, 249, 258

  Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 252–53

  Scheer, Reinhard, 110

  Schleicher, Kurt von, 257, 258, 265

  Schley, Winfield Scott, 25

  Schlieffen Plan, 81, 87, 92–99, 106

  Schmundt, Rudolf, 321

  Schröder, Kurt von, 258

  Schuker, Stephen, 256

  Schwab, Charles, 20, 120–21

  Schwalbe, Julius, 188

  Schwieger, Walther, 111

  Schwimmer, Rosika, 113

  Scott, C.P., 200

  Scott, Robert Falcon, 2, 61

  Sebold, William, 331

  Sedition Act, 124, 125

  Seeckt, Hans von, 258, 312

  Segua y Sáenz, Pedro, 279

  Selby Group, 374

  Senghor, Lamine, 37

  Serbia, and Austria-Hungary, 82, 83

  Sergi, Giuseppe, 190

  Seversky, Alexander de, 174

  Sex education, 193

  Sexual dysfunction, Freud’s theories of, 63

  Shafter, William, 27

  Shaw, George Bernard, 150, 243–44

  Sherman Antitrust Act, 46, 240

  Sherriff, R.C., 78

  Shintoism, 207–8, 300, 302

  Shirer, William, 76

  Shlaes, Amity, 252

  Shonts, Theodore, 55

  Short, Walter, 308

  Showa Restoration, 302

  Sicily, invasion of, 400

  Sinclair, Upton, 113, 124

  Singapore, 348, 362

  Singer, Kurt, 303–4

  Singer Sewing Machines, 205, 234

  Sino-Japanese War, 304

  Slave labor, in Nazi Germany, 360, 383, 384–86

  Slayden, James, 396

  Sledge, E.B., 416

  Slovakia, 334

  Smith-Dorrien, Horace, 100

  Smith, Walter Bedell, 405

  Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 217, 218, 226, 240, 245, 299, 311

  Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 158

  Sobibor extermination camp, 387

  Social Darwinism, 186

  Social Gospel movement, 117, 226

  Social hygiene movement, in Germany, 182–83, 192–96

  Socialism, 117, 124, 125

  Social Security Act of 1935, 253

  Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 242

  Somme, Battle of, 105

  Soto, Hernando de, 39, 211

  Sousley, Franklin, 415

  South Africa, in World War I, 100

  South Pole, expeditions to, 2, 61, 62

  Soviet Union

  and African nationalists, 202

  agricultural collectivization, 242–43, 244

  constitution of, 154

  declaration of war on Japan, 418

  de-Stalinization, 148

  famine in, 149, 150, 242, 243, 244

  German invasion (Eastern Front), 337–41, 343–47, 369–73, 380, 382, 397–400, 403–4, 410

  Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact, 295–97, 337

  Lend-Lease aid to, 341–42, 402–4

  military production of, 343, 356

  in Spanish Civil War, 285, 286

  succession to Lenin, 148–49

  wartime alliance with U.S., 421

  in wartime conferences, 402–3

  See also Bolsheviks; Stalin, Joseph

  Spaatz, Carl, 382

  Spain

  anarchist faction in, 279, 282, 283

  Civil War, 278, 281–86

  outbreak of Civil War, 280–81

  republican government in, 278–80

  under Franco, 165

  Spanish-American War, 8, 15–30

  in Cuba, 25–28

  and Cuban reform policies, 28–30

  European misjudgments about, 21–25

  naval deepwater fleet in, 17–20

  outbreak of, 16–17

  in Philippines, 17, 26, 30–31, 107

  Rough Riders, 26, 27, 29

  Speculative fever, 234–35

  Speer, Albert, 292, 339, 359, 370, 382

  Spooner Act of 1902, 53

  Spruance, Raymond, 367–68, 396, 397

  SS (Schutzstaffel), 257

  Stalin, Joseph, 11, 12

  background of, 148

  and Casablanca Conference, 401, 403

  –Churchill talks, 403, 410–11

  and de-Stalinization, 148

  –Hitler nonaggression pact, 295–97, 337

  purges of, 286, 340, 347, 398

  state control under, 149, 150

  succession to Lenin, 148–49

  at Tehran Conference, 402, 403

  wartime leadership of, 343, 346, 347, 398

  Western supporters of, 149–50, 243–44

  Stalingrad, Battle of, 347, 373, 398–99

&nbs
p; Standard Oil Trust, 46

  Stark, Harold, 307–8

  Stauffenberg, Claus von, 413

  Stavisky Crisis, 294–95

  Steffens, Lincoln, 244

  Steinberg, Isaac, 146

  Stekel, Wilhelm, 62

  Sterilization programs, eugenic, 181–82, 183, 192–93, 195

  Steuben, Baron von, 380

  Stevens, John Frank, 54, 55, 56

  Stimson, Henry, 227, 333

  Stock market crash, 217–18, 240

  Stock market speculation, 234–35

  Stoddard, Lothrop, 184–85

  Strank, Michael, 415

  Strasser, Gregor, 265

  Stravinsky, Igor, 68–69

  Stresemann, Gustav, 216, 217, 256, 258

  Strong, Benjamin, 249

  Submarine warfare

  in World War I, 110–11, 115, 116, 120, 169–70, 171

  in World War II, 313, 331, 349, 369

  Sudan, Britain in, 1–2, 37–38

  Sudetenland, 286

  Suez Canal, 50, 79, 200, 375

  Suicide tactics, Japanese, 416–17

  Sullivan, Louis, 65

  Sullivan & Cromwell, 52

  Sumner, William Graham, 186

  Sun Yat-sen, 208–9

  Suzuki, Kantaro, 418

  Switzerland, 165

  Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, 199

  Taft, William Howard, 32, 49, 106, 113

  Taisho, Emperor (Prince Yoshihito), 207

  Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 347–48

  Tanaka, Taro, 302

  Tandler, Julius, 188

  Tannenberg, Battle of, 106, 140

  Tarbell, Ida, 112

  Tariff barriers (Smoot-Hawley), 42, 43, 49, 217, 218, 226, 240, 245

  Tax policy

  Harding/Coolidge cuts, 215, 236

  Hoover increases, 241, 250

  New Deal increases, 253

  Progressive, 48–49, 118–19

  in World War I, 123

  Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 250

  Taylor, Zachary, 137

  Tehran Conference, 402–3

  Temple, William, 361

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 38

  Ten-year rule, 277, 329

  Thoma, Ludwig, 77–78

  Thoma, Wilhelm von, 285

  Thomas, Georg, 270, 339, 372

  Thomas, Lowell, 133

  Thomson, J. Edgar, 19

  Timoshenko, Semyon, 369

  Tirpitz, Alfred von, 23

  Tobruk, siege of, 375

  Todt, Fritz, 270

  Togo, Heihachiro, 59

  Tojo, Hideki, 349, 350, 416

  Tolstoy, Leo, 73

  Tooze, Adam, 217, 255, 259

  Toynbee, Arnold, 197

  Tracy, Benjamin F., 17, 20

  Trade

  colonial, 311

  for raw materials, 268, 304, 311

  restriction (Smoot-Hawley), 217, 218, 226, 240, 245, 299, 311

  Trans-Siberian Railroad, 72

  Treaty of Paris, 31

  Treblinka extermination camp, 387

  Trench warfare, 102–4

  Tresckow, Henning von, 413

  Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334, 335

  Trotsky, 146, 148, 149

  Truman, Harry S., 11, 158, 413, 417, 418

  Trusts, regulation of, 45–47, 240

  Tsurumi, Kazuko, 300

 

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