by Todd Gordon
Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI), 180–1, 241, 264–5
Canada–Honduras Free Trade Agreement (CHFTA), 33–4, 58–60, 64, 78–82, 122, 247–8, 255
Canada Pension Plan, 71–2, 97
Canada-Peru Chamber of Commerce, 197
Canada-Venezuela Foreign Investment Protection Agreement (FIPA), 245
Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), 162
Canadian Banknote, 78
Canadian Centre for the Study of Resource Conflict (CCSRC), 19
Canadian Club of Investors, 223–4
Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC), 78, 234, 274–5
Canadian Council for the Americas, 156
Canada-Ecuador Chamber of Commerce in Cuenca, 223–4
Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI), 179–80
Canadian Environmental Agency, 235–6
Canadian Export Development Corporation, 140, 148, 167, 281
Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), 264
Canadian Initiative for Security in Central America, 143–4
Canadian Institute of Mining, 68
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 19–27, 57, 59, 67–9, 76–8, 81, 173, 179–81, 205–7, 227, 240–1, 264, 284
Canadian International Development Platform, 17
Canadian International Institute for Extractive Industries, 26
Canadian Lutheran World Relief, 205
Canadian Shield Asset Management, 74
Canadian Teck Resources, 205
Canahuati, Jesús, 79–80
Canahuati, Mario, 68, 76
Canales, Reynaldo, 40
Cañariaco Norte, 203–4
Candente Copper, 203–4
Cannon, Lawrence, 235
capacity building, 235–6, 240, 267–8, 272
Capiro Calentura National Park, 75
capital
access to, 165
accumulation, 4–5, 7, 9–10, 13, 20, 24, 29, 91, 201, 283
primitive, 14, 90
agrarian, 39–40, 85
expansion, 2–4, 10, 12, 15–16, 27, 35, 60, 75, 90, 108, 283
extractive, 159–60, 184–5, 200, 282
financial, 12–13, 15–16, 130
flight, 91, 120
flow, 3, 11–18, 33, 41, 151, 184, 187, 212, 285
foreign, 58, 65, 79–80, 91, 103–4, 120–1, 129–30, 140–1, 183, 191, 194, 197, 200–1, 227, 244, 268–9, 272
penetration, 4, 19, 284
private, 196, 241
state, 13–14
transnational, 4, 80, 86, 121, 200–1
Capriles Radonski, Henrique, 250, 254–6
caracazo riots, 248
Cárdenas, Mauricio, 166
Caribbean, 6, 9, 15–17, 41–2, 49, 74, 149, 246–7, 275
Carroll, Rory, 248–51
Cartagena Accord, 33
cartels (drug), 43, 109
Carter, Jimmy, 36, 250
Carter Centre, 250
Castro, Xiomara, 82
Castro Bocel, Raúl, 112
Catamarca, 279
Catholic Church, 47, 88, 122, 138, 141, 194–5, 204–5
caudillo, 248–9
Caylloma mine, 202
CCC, see Canadian Commercial Corporation
CCOFTA, see Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement
CENSAT-Agua Viva, 171–2
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 121–4, 130–1, 136
Central American Common Market (CACM), 128–9
Central American Four (CA4), 79–80, 121–2
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 36–7, 87
Centre for Legal, Environmental and Social Action, 93–4,
Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos (Nicaraguan Centre for Human Rights), 138
CERES, see Conscorcio Ecuatoriano para la Responsabilidad Social
Cerezo, Vinicio, 90
CERI, see Canadian Energy Research Institute
Cerro Blanco, 104
Cerro Colorado, 141
CFLI, see Canadian Fund for Local Initiatives
Chala, 199
Chamorro, Violeta, 135
Chapter 11, 280
Chavarría, Norma, 139
Chávez, Hugo, 2, 46, 50–1, 100, 103, 125, 133–4, 139 155–6, 164–5, 211, 243–59, 263–67, 271–3
death, 244, 248–9, 257–8
chavismo, 243–4, 246, 248, 258
CHFTA, see Canada–Honduras Free Trade Agreement
Chiapas, 280–1
Chicaiza, Gloria, 221–3
Chief Risk Officer, 200–1
children,
health, 70, 91, 105
street, 44–5, 47, 177
Chile, 19–20, 87, 184, 210–11, 278–9
China, 5, 13, 27, 183–4, 218, 285
Chinchilla, Laura, 129, 132
cholos, 189–90
Chontales, 137–8,
Chretien, Jean, 19–20, 272–3
Christian Base Communities, 88
Chuji, Monica, 225–7
Church of the Poor, 88
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
CIBC, see banks, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Ciccariello-Maher, George, 243
CIDA, see Canadian International Development Agency
Citizen Participation Organization (Ecuador), 234–5
Citizen’s Revolution, 208–9, 214
civil society, 53, 253–4, 260, 263, 267–8
civil war, 38, 43, 85–6, 93, 97–8, 104–5, 115–18, 119–21, 135, 150, 161, 189–90, 201, 254
Clarke, Don, 225
class,
business, 64
capitalist, 29, 120–1, 209
“dangerous”, 28
dominant, 34, 209
disorganization, 151
hybrid, 153
inequalities, 129, 188
injustice, 150–1
landed, 86
-less society, 128–9
lower-, 252
middle, 19, 125, 187, 212–13
popular, 33, 38, 42, 61, 64, 145, 208, 244, 248
power, 11–12
ruling, 11–12, 33, 86, 88–9, 107, 130, 142–3, 187–8
solidarity, 187
structure, 39, 90
struggle, 13–14, 43, 86, 107, 111–12
subordinate, 34
warfare, 155–6
working, 120, 136
clientelism, 244, 248–50, 259
Clinton, Bill, 32
Clinton, Hillary, 56
Cobre Panama, 141
cocaine, 91
CODEH, see Comité de Derechos Humanos de Honduras
CODEMUH, see Colectivo de Mujeres de Honduras
coercion, 6, 9, 14, 35–7, 109–11, 220, 284
COFADEH, see Committee of Family Members of the Disappeared of Honduras
cold war, 21–2, 33, 36–8, 85, 105–5, 116–17, 128–9, 155, 182, 188, 207, 249, 255
Colectivo de Mujeres de Honduras (Women’s Collective of Honduras—CODEMUH), 72–3
Coles, Dave, 166–7
Colgrove, Gillian, 280–1
Colom, Álvaro, 92–4, 102, 109–10
Colombian Consultancy on Human Rights and Displacement, 160
colony, 186–7
colonialism, 5–6, 10, 182–3, 186–7, 194, 204, 207, 208
Comando Unitario de Lucha de Lambayeque (Unified Command of the Lambayeque Struggle), 203
Comité Cívico Prodefensa de Marmato (Civic Committee in Defence of Marmato), 169
Comité Cívico Sipakapense (Sipakapense Civic Committee), 113
Comité d
e Derechos Humanos de Honduras (Human Rights Committee of Honduras—CODEH), 44
Comité de Unidad Campesina (Committee of Peasant Unity—CUC), 88
Committee of Experts (ILO), 100, 117
Committee of Family Members of the Disappeared of Honduras (COFADEH), 47–8
Committee to Protect Journalists (CPC), 250
Committee for the Defence of Water, 171
commodities,
boom, 3, 41, 91–2, 165, 198, 218, 282, 285
commodification, 14
extractive, 27–8
prices, 8–9, 41, 94, 137, 175, 184, 191, 216
primary, 27–8
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (CEP), 166
communists, 35, 36, 86–7, 187
anti-, 35, 37, 87, 109, 128
Manifesto, 4
party, 52, 151, 204
competition, 4–5, 28, 40
Comunidad Campesina San Juan De Kañaris, 203,
CONACAMI, see Confederación Nacional de Comunidades del Perú Afectadas por la Minería
Conaghan, Catherine, 209
CONAIE, see Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
concessions, 64, 66, 69–71, 93–4, 100, 104–5, 122–3, 135–6, 138–9, 141, 149, 157–8, 164, 176–7, 184, 186, 190–7, 199, 217–21, 225–6, 228, 231–2, 234, 238–9
Condebamba Valley, 201–2
conditionalities, 12–13, 39, 190
Condor Mountains, 217–18, 221
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), 208, 214–15, 230–1, 235
Confederación Nacional de Comunidades del Perú Afectadas por la Minería (National Confederation of Peruvian Communities Affected by Mining), 192
Conference of Oil and Gas of Latin America, 167–8
confiscation, 111, 153
Congo, 237
Congress of Peoples (Colombia), 157
conquest, 5–6, 149, 186–7
Conquistador Mines Ltd., 161
Consejo Cívico de Organizaciones Populares y Indígenas de Honduras (Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras—COPINH), 74–5, 80
Consejo de los Pueblos de Occidente (Council of the Peoples of the West), 112
Conservative Party of Canada, 20–1, 132–3, 176–7, 204, 256, 265–6
Conscorcio Ecuatoriano para la Responsabilidad Social (Ecuadorian Consortium for Social Responsibility, CERES), 224
constitution,
Colombia, 154, 157
Constitutional Court, 163
Costa Rica,
Constitutional Court, 131
Ecuador, 208–9, 212–14, 224, 226–7, 231–2, 239, 266, 268–70
Guatemala, 94, 104, 109–11
Constitutional Court, 94, 116–17,
Honduras, 47, 49, 55, 57, 64, 73
Nicaragua, 139–40
Peru, 191
Constituent Assembly,
Ecuador, 208–9, 212–14, 223–5, 269–70
Honduras, 47, 51, 61–4
consultations, 68–9, 94, 98–100, 111–12, 116–17, 163, 168, 173–4, 226
Contras, 36–7, 135–6
Convention 169 (ILO), 99–100, 116–17
Convivirs, see Rural Vigilance Cooperatives
Cook, Kenneth, 115
cooperative, 40, 157
Coordinadora Campesina Popular (Popular Peasant Coordinator), 222–3
Coordinadora Nacional por la Defensa de la Vida y la Soberanía (National Coordinator for the Defence of Life and Sovereignty), 222–3
COPEI, see Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee
COPINH, see Consejo Cívico de Organizaciones Populares y Indígenas de Honduras
copper, 9, 17, 140–1, 150, 184, 193, 203–4, 216–17, 219–21
Copper Mesa Mining Corporation, see also Ascendant Copper, 221
Cosigo Resources, 173–5
Cordillera de los Andes, 279
core-periphery relationship, 7, 12, 27–30, 41, 283, 285
Corona Goldfields, 180
CORPEI, see Corporación de promoción de exportaciones del Ecuador
Corporacion Participación Ciudadana (Citizen Participation Corporation), 267
Corporación de promoción de exportaciones del Ecuador (CORPEI), 241
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), 17–18, 26–7, 68, 71, 123–4, 172–3, 206–7, 212, 218, 224, 229, 236, 240–1, 285
corporations,
multinational, 2–3, 8–10, 13–14, 18–20, 27–8, 34, 44, 46, 83, 91, 96, 108, 110, 118, 121, 143–4, 150, 153, 156–63, 170, 175, 180, 183, 185–6, 191, 196, 199–200, 209–19, 223, 225–6, 233, 255, 282–4
transnational, 8, 80, 86, 108, 120–1, 160, 165
Correa, Rafael, 2, 208–18, 223–42, 246, 266–70
Corredor Tecnológico de Guatemala (Guatemalan Technological Corridor), 107
Corriente Resources, see also EcuaCorrientes, S.A., 218–19, 221
corruption, 22, 28, 39, 82, 133–5, 142, 145, 185, 212–13, 220–1, 249, 280–1, 285
Costa Rica, 119, 128–34, 139, 141–2, 145, 245
Cotacachi, 219
Cotuí, 281
counterinsurgency, 33, 36–8, 85, 87–8, 90–1, 135, 155, 188, 190
counterrevolutionary, 36, 135–6
counterterrorism, 22, 271–2
Country of Focus, 25, 81, 205–6, 241
coup d’état, 2, 21–2, 29, 32–3, 45, 47–68, 73–84, 85, 87, 103–4, 121–2, 133–4, 144–5, 176–7, 188, 209, 234–5, 247–8, 250–1, 253, 257–8, 263–7, 271–2, 285–6
self-, 190
crime syndicates, 120
criminalization, 112–14, 134, 200, 222, 285–6
crisis,
constitutional, 55
debt, 12, 129
of democracy, 51
diplomatic, 273
ecological, 28
economic, 7, 11–12, 28, 36, 41, 183, 187
financial, 21–2
food, 28
global, 16, 28, 41, 46, 83, 91–2, 245, 250–1
humanitarian, 179
legitimacy, 45, 188
political, 56, 76, 133, 250–1
Cristiani, Alfredo, 120–1
Cristiani, Edgar, 103
de la Cruz, Carlos, 141
de la Cruz, Father Juan, 222–3
Cruz-Feliciano, Héctor, 125
Crystallex International, 245
CSR, see Corporate Social Responsibility
CSR Centre for Excellence, 68
Cuba, 35, 46, 136, 163, 246–8, 258, 261, 263
Cuban Revolution, 188
CUC, see Comité de Unidad Campesina
Cuéllar Cruz, Rigoberto, 68,
Cuervo Sotelo, Yohana, 159–60
Cuffe, Sandra, 77
Culham, Alan, 56, 102–3, 266–7
culture, 39, 75, 80, 89–90, 173–4, 190, 232, 268
cyanide, 66, 70–1, 98–9, 122, 171, 281
Day, Stockwell, 2–3, 177, 198–9, 234
death
caravans, 189
from drugs, 28
environmental, 98–9
squads, 22–3, 38, 44, 50, 85, 88, 97–8, 104, 120
threats, 28, 44–5, 71, 75–6, 104, 106, 111–12, 123, 153, 166–8, 178, 195, 216, 220, 280
violent, 43–4, 47, 116, 123, 138–9, 152, 157, 266
debt,
crisis, 12, 129
relief, 41
DECOIN, see Defensa y Conservación Ecológica de Intag
Decree 0934 (Colombia), 163
Decree 1085 (Peru), 200
Defensa y Conservacion Ecologica de Intag (DECOIN), 219–20
deficit, 12–13, 46
deforestation, 44–5, 70
democracy,
constitutional, 53–4, 76,
electoral, 34–6, 156, 254
liberal, 86–7, 128, 212, 249, 254–5,
limited, 23,
local, 163,
movement, 50, 130,
neoliberal, 20–1, 285–6
opposition to, 51, 54, 61, 65, 81, 139, 143, 145, 212,
participatory, 63, 151, 257,
promotion, 20–1, 55, 58, 87, 139–40, 200, 212, 234–5, 248–9,
return to, 47, 49, 51–3, 62,
and security, 21, 142, 260–75, 284,
socialized, 85,
Democratic Action (Acción Democrática, AD), 248
demonstrations, 52, 64, 108, 130, 133–4, 141, 166, 203, 218–19, 230–1, 280
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD), 19, 21, 23, 49–50, 53, 57, 68, 73, 76–82, 103, 114–15, 139, 143, 162, 170, 181, 197, 204, 224, 228, 230, 234–5, 246–7, 255, 258, 261–8, 270, 272, 279, 284
dependency, 7, 27–8, 30, 182–207, 226–7, 244, 282
deportation, 43, 90–1, 188
deregulation, 22–3, 129
desciudadanización, 154
Dessau-Soprin, 97, 184
development
aid, 24–6, 78, 148–9, 179–81, 240–1, 285
capitalist, 5, 10
cooperation, 82
ecological impact, 9, 11, 69, 104, 127, 229
economic, 11–12, 177, 180, 225, 231, 284
export-led, 129, 282
and FDI, 11
human, 74
and imperialism, 29–30, 248–9
model, 63–5, 151–2, 220
opposition to, 75, 207
projects, 93–4, 97, 108, 117, 218, 232, 285
resource, 9, 21, 26, 29, 95–7, 108–9, 144, 149, 157, 162–3, 169, 172, 176, 183, 185, 190, 198–202, 206, 211–12, 215, 220, 225, 231, 235, 238, 245, 270–1, 274, 283
social, 156, 196–7
strategy, 93, 107, 212, 213–14, 215, 234
sustainable, 99, 128, 180, 200
Third World, 7–8
tourist, 74–6, 91, 144
under-, 7, 177
uneven, 6–8, 11, 282–3
Development and Peace (NGO), 25
DFATD, see Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
Díaz Morales, Miguel, 106
Dickens, Peter, 13
dictatorship, 16, 35–6, 50–1, 54–7, 64, 74, 77, 81, 84, 86–7, 104, 109–10, 244, 256, 261, 265, 268
diplomacy, 21, 33, 76–8, 204–7, 212, 233, 272
Directorate of Military Training and Cooperation (Canada), 281
Directorate of Protected Areas (Panama), 141–2
disappearances, 35–6, 85, 152–3, 177–8, 285–6