by Todd Gordon
discrimination, 75
displacement, 10–11, 19, 89–91, 107, 126–7, 150–1, 153–6, 160–1, 164–6, 169, 171–2, 175–81, 185, 193–4, 282, 285
dispossession, 10–11, 14–15, 17, 27–9, 35, 39, 43, 76, 95, 104–5, 108, 112, 119–145, 149–55, 171–2, 175, 181–3, 186, 188, 243, 249, 251, 285
dissidents, 22, 45, 58, 135, 142, 144, 187, 247–8, 270
diversification, 34
DND, see National Defence Canada
Dobles, Roberto, 133
Dominican Republic, 19, 46, 62, 87, 122, 281–2
Dominican Republic–Central American Free Trade Agreement, 46, 122
Dorato Resources, 199
dos demonios, 88,
Dulles, Allen, 87
Dulles, John Foster, 87
Dunkerley, James, 38
earnings, 17–18, 40, 93, 102, 180, 198, 237, 279–80
ECLAC, see Economic Commission for Latin America
École Polytechnique de Montreal, 26
ecology, 9–10, 159, 170–2, 282–6
economy, 20
agro-export, 185
Canadian, 16–17
Colombia, 151–2, 155, 163, 172, 176
Costa Rica, 128–9
Ecuador, 209, 214, 226, 228, 241–2
El Salvador, 136
formal, 43, 90–1
global, 5, 13, 182
Honduran, 41–3, 55, 83
informal, 90–2, 217
neoliberal, 34, 39
Nicaragua, 135
Peru, 183–7, 193–4
urban, 43
U.S., 83
Venezuela, 249–51, 257–9
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC), 8–9, 33
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 92
Eco Oro, 170–3
Ecopetrol, 149, 168–9
ECSA, see EcuaCorrientes S.A.
EcuaCorrientes S.A. (ECSA), see also Corriente Resources, 211, 218–19, 221, 230, 238
Ecuador, 2, 20, 29, 136, 148, 193, 197–8, 208–242, 246, 161, 266–71, 273, 275
Ecuadorian-Canadian Chamber of Commerce, 239–40
Ecuador Mining Council, 234
Ecuador Runakunapak Rikcharimuy (Confederation of Peoples of Kichwa Nationality , ECUARUNARI), 216
ECUARUNARI, see Ecuador Runakunapak Rikcharimuyuy
EDC, see Export Development Canada
education, 46, 60, 83–4, 91, 128–9, 135, 148–9, 151, 153–4, 214, 243, 251, 268
EGP, see Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres
Eisenhower, Dwight,
EIU, see Economist Intelligence Unit
Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (Guerrilla Army of the Poor—EGP), 88
Ejército de Liberación Nacional, (National Liberation Army—ELN), 152, 155–7, 274
El Campo, 169–70
El Cafetal, 137–8
El Carrizal, 105
elders, 95, 225
El Dorado, 122–3, 239
elections, 32, 36–9, 47, 51, 53–5, 61, 82–3, 86, 107–10, 113, 120–1, 125, 135, 139–40, 156, 158, 200, 203–5, 213–16, 248–40, 254–5, 265, 270
electricity, 46, 97, 110, 130, 192
hydro-, 33, 47–8, 91–2, 107–8, 136, 141, 214, 218–19, 240
El Escobal, 105, 110
Eliécer Giatán, Jorge, 150–1
elites, 18, 38, 49, 102, 125, 130, 144, 170, 188–9
El Limón, 137
ELN, see Éjercito de Liberación Nacional
El Pangui, 218–19
El Paraíso, 243
El Salvador, 36–8, 79, 82, 104, 119–129, 136, 142–5, 247, 286
El Tambor, 105
emancipation, 187
employment, 153,
creation, 8–9, 137, 175, 194
low levels of, 10–11, 184
non-farm, 39
un-, 45, 84, 91–2
under-, 91–2, 196
Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (National Electric Energy Company of Honduras), 46
Endara, Guillermo, 140
engagement, 2–3, 18–22, 33, 56, 58–9, 69, 76–8, 96–7, 143, 210, 228, 241, 246, 252, 258, 260, 271, 281
Engels, Freidrich, 4
Entremares, 70
environment
-alists, 61, 69, 99, 131–2, 163, 170–1, 229, 281
costs, 99, 185, 192
impact, 66, 93–4, 108, 113, 122, 124–6, 172, 185, 194, 197, 202, 232
regulation, 98–9, 179, 191
studies, 66, 93–4, 113, 127, 184–5, 191, 196, 202, 206, 232, 245
Environmental Management Unit (Guatemala), 99
ESAI Energy, 165
escualidos, 251
Espinoza, Pablo, 138
Estrategias y Minas, 170
ETA, see Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
Europe, 5, 11–13, 16, 82, 92, 152, 243
European Union (E.U.), 82–3, 152
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 253–4
eviction, 109–10, 115, 144, 218–19
Excellon Resources, 281
EXMIBAL, 104–5, 116
Export Development Canada (EDC), 140, 148, 167, 281
exports,
agricultural, 119–21, 129
demand, 41
manufactured, 40
mineral & oil, 159, 184, 210, 282
non-traditional, 39
processing zones, 2, 19, 40, 91
expropriation, 14, 35, 87, 170, 186, 191
extermination, 152, 186–7
extortion, 124
Exxon, 164
Facussé Barjum, Miguel, 39–40
FAIT, see Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Falklands War, 37
Fantino, Julian, 24–6
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), 119–27
FARC, see Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia
farms,
capital-intensive, 107
credit, 46
contamination, 99, 122, 207
farmers, 27, 248
indigenous, 114
land, 87, 154
small-holder, 39–40, 70, 112, 159, 162–3, 194, 196
sustainability, 98, 278
yoeman, 128
Federación Nacional de Campesinos Hondureños (Federation of Honduran Peasants—FENACH), 35
Feminists in Resistance, 63
FENACH, see Federación Nacional de Campesinos Hondureños
Fenix, 104–5, 116
Fenton, Anthony, 264
Fernández, Cristina, 279
Figueres Olsen, José, 129
Financial Pacific, 142
FIPA, see Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement
First Latin American Communist Conference, 187
First Nations, 95, 224–5, 236
Flores Facussé, Carlos Roberto, 39
Flores Pérez, Francisco, 121
Fløysand, Arnt, 195–6
FMLN, see Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional
FNRP, see Frente Nacional de la Resistencia Popular
FOCAL, see Canadian Foundation for the Americas
Fondo Hondureño de Inversión Social (Honduran Social Investment Fund), 45
food, 148,
basket, 92, 153
crisis, 28
security, 70, 172
subsidies, 12–13
Foreign Affairs (Canada), see Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
Foreign Affairs and International Trade (FAIT), 49, 53, 56–7, 60, 67–8, 72, 77–9, 96–7, 101–2, 128, 131–3, 143, 177, 210–12, 224, 227–30,
234–6, 240–1, 246–7, 252, 254–5, 263–5, 268, 270–3, 285
foreign direct investment (FDI), 7–16, 33, 40, 69, 121, 131, 149, 183, 241, 280, 285
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA), 228, 239–41, 245
forests, 9, 33, 44–5, 65, 70–1, 115, 138, 198, 217–18, 286
Forest Law (Honduras), 45–6
Fortier, Michael, 229–30
Fortuna Silver, 202, 280
FTAs, see trade, agreements
Franja Transversal del Norte, 107
Frank, Dana, 82
Fraser Institute, 193
free trade, see trade, free
Frei, Eduardo, 279
Frente Amplio (Broad Front), 107–8
Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front —FMLN), 119–20, 123–7
Frente Nacional (National Front, Colombia), 150–1
Frente Nacional de la Resistencia Popular (National Front of Popular Resistance, Honduras—FNRP), 48, 61–2
Frente Norte del Área Metropolitana (Northern Front of the Metropolitan Area), 105
Frente de Resistencia Sur a la Minería a Gran Escala (Resistance Front of the South against Large-Scale Mining), 223
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front), 36, 38, 89, 135
Frente Unido del Estudiantado Guatemalteco Organizado (United Front of Guatemalan Students), 89
FRIDE Institute, 265
Friends of the Earth, 161
FRG, see Guatemalan Republican Front
Fruta del Norte, 237
FSLN, see Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—FARC), 151–2, 155–7, 165, 172–3, 253, 273
Fujimori, Alberto, 32, 183, 190–3, 200
post-, 192
Fundacion Justicia de Pas Monagas, 264–5
Funes, Mauricio, 125–6
Fúnez Benítez, Julio, 56
Galante, John, 165
Gammon Gold, 280
gangs, 39, 42–7, 91, 109, 115, 120, 123, 143
García, Alan, 189–90, 192, 196–201, 205, 270–1
García, María Constanza, 174
García, Tomas, 48,
García Baca, Godofredo, 195
Garífuna, 74–6
Gaviria, César, 151–2
GDP, see Gross Domestic Product
General Dynamics Land Systems Canada, 274
General Mining Law (Peru), 191
genocide, 85–118, 254
Ghana, 26
Ghent University, 98–9,
Gildan Activewear, 16, 19, 72–4, 77, 80, 255
Gill, Lesley, 37
Gilly, Adolfo, 14–15
Gindin, Sam, 30
gini coefficient, 91–2
Glamis Gold, 98, 112, 117
Global Affairs (Canada), 19, 284
Global Development and Environment Institute, 99
GoC, see Government of Canada
Godínez, Mario, 107–10
Goldcorp, 17–18, 24, 65–6, 70–1, 93, 96–105, 111–15, 118, 279–81
Golden Reign Resources Ltd., 139
Gold Reserve Inc., 245
Goldring, Peter, 73
Golinger, Eva, 271,
Gordon, Todd, 30
Graham, John, 264
Gran Colombia, 169–70, 172
Grandin, Greg, 38, 43, 87, 89–90
Gran Tierra, 149, 178
grassroots, 37–8, 76, 88, 112, 116–17, 138, 161–75, 181, 189, 201, 203, 222–3, 239, 264
Gratton, Pierre, 26
Great Depression, The, 28, 34, 83
Greenstone, 71–2
Grenada, 87
Greystar, 170–3,
Groupe EBI, 131
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 41, 46, 83–4, 91, 153, 160, 183–5, 251, 272
guardias blancas, 108–9
Guatemala, 21–3, 29, 36, 38, 41, 57, 79, 84–8, 98–100, 103–5, 109–129, 142–5, 202, 225, 230, 235, 247, 254, 272, 286
Guatemala City, 89–90, 97, 101, 108
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, 89
Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), 109
Guayaquil, 239–41, 266
Guergis, Helen, 114, 197
guerrillas, 35–8, 85, 88–9, 104, 119–20, 150–65, 177, 188–91, 202, 274
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), 88
Guiamoreto Lagoon Wildlife Reserve, 75
Guillén, Celso Alberto, 75
Gutiérrez, Javier, 169
Gutiérrez, Lucio, 208, 212
Guyana, 41
Guzman, Abimael, 190
Guzman Duque, Federico, 176
Haarstad, Håvard, 195–6
Haiti, 19, 22, 41, 246–7
Hanna Mining, 104
Harper, Stephen, 19–26, 48–50, 56, 58–60, 67, 73–5, 78, 80–1, 133, 139–40, 142–9, 155–6, 175–8, 198–9, 206, 229, 234, 240, 249, 252–7, 264, 270, 272–5, 278
HDI, see United Nations Human Development Index
health, 70–3, 83–4, 98–9, 105, 116, 126–9, 135, 151–4, 165–6, 202, 220, 230, 246–9, 251
Health Canada, 19, 21, 230, 284
heavy metals, 71
hegemony, 188, 209
Hernández, Juan Orlando, 33, 67–8, 82–3, 115
Higginbottom, Andrew, 7
Hill, David, 198
Hill and Knowlton, 103
Himley, Matthew, 196–7
Hondutel, 46, 56
Honduran Social Investment Fund, 45
Hristov, Jasmin, 152–4, 179
Hudbay Minerals, 104–5, 115–16, 202
Huehuetengango, 107, 116–17
Humala, Ollanta, 200–5
human rights, 2, 19–25, 27, 33, 37–9, 44, 47–8, 55–61, 65, 69, 73, 81, 88, 94, 98, 100, 124, 127, 138, 144–5, 152–62, 167, 171–2, 175–81, 195–7, 200, 212, 229, 249, 254–5, 261–72, 275, 281–2
Human Rights Committee of Honduras, 44
Human Rights Watch, 154
Hurricane Mitch, 43, 66, 121
hydrocarbons, 77, 96, 156–7, 167–8, 183–5
hydroelectricity, see electricity, hydro-
Hyer, Bruce, 103
Hylton, Forrest, 153–4, 156, 161–2
IACHR, see Inter-American Commission for Human Rights
IADB, see Inter-American Development Bank
IAMGOLD, 199, 211–12, 227, 234, 238
Ibarra (city), 220
Ibarra, Ángel, 124, 127
Ich Chub, Adolfo, 116
ICSID, see International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
IFIs, see International Financial Institutions
illiterate, see also literacy, 42, 91–2
ILO, see International Labour Organization
Imbabura, 220–1
IMF, see International Monetary Fund
imperialism, 3–15, 20–3, 28–30, 33, 35, 45, 51, 54, 62, 64, 84, 118–19, 129, 136, 145, 148, 150, 155, 165, 169, 181, 186–7, 194, 200–1, 207–12, 215, 226, 233, 241–9, 255–7, 260, 267, 271–2, 283–6
impunity, 28, 48, 59, 65, 112, 181
INCO, 104
independence, 54, 61, 102, 178, 234
Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee (Comité Organización Politica Electoral Independiente, COPEI), 248–9
Indians, see indigenous peoples
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 97
indigenous,
activism, 48, 99–100, 108–9, 140, 176, 194, 198–9, 202–3, 210–11, 219, 222, 270–1
A
fro-, 61
communities, 10, 27, 61, 75, 86, 88–90, 94–8, 107–8, 112, 115–16, 144, 150, 155, 157–8, 162, 167, 173–6, 181, 183, 185, 190–1, 199, 201, 207, 214, 216, 218, 224–5, 229, 235, 269–70, 282, 285
movements, 48, 92, 118, 163, 188–9, 201, 208, 212–15, 233, 238
murders, 97, 104, 109–10, 186–7, 198
organizations, 27, 88, 112, 141, 215–16, 223, 236
peasants, 28, 87, 203
peoples, 10, 14–15, 27, 60, 230, 236, 240, 243, 272, 284
rights, 98, 116–17, 157, 169, 176, 178, 199–200, 204, 212, 222, 239, 284
territories, 80, 92, 140–1, 168, 179, 206, 217–18
Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership Program, 27
indios, 189
industrialization, 27–8, 187
inequality, 11, 33, 83–4, 92, 120, 143, 145, 150, 154, 188, 262
Infinito Gold, 52, 131–5, 245
Inmet Mining, 140–1
insecurity, 33, 42–5, 181
instability, 3, 50, 91, 104, 107, 120, 143, 150, 254–6, 265, 275
Instituto Técnico de las Fuerzas Armadas (Armed Forces Technical Institute–Peru), 275
Insulza, José Miguel, 266
insurgency, 12, 33, 36–8, 85, 87–8, 90–1, 120, 135, 150, 152, 155, 159, 165, 188, 190
Intag Valley, 217–21
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 100–3
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 39, 66, 237
Inter-American Regional Organization of Labor, 35–6
Interfin, 131
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 124, 239, 245
International Financial Institutions (IFIs), 6–7, 10–11, 24, 129
International Labour Organization (ILO), 94, 100, 116–17
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6–7, 12–13, 39, 41, 46, 66, 68, 129
International Trade (Canada), 19, 23, 101, 177, 197, 224, 228
intervention, 3–4, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 49, 76, 87, 96, 110, 119, 144–5, 151, 182, 200, 205–6, 209, 211–12, 227, 234, 238, 245, 251–2, 258, 260, 268, 278–9, 282–3
Intrepid Minerals, 121
INV Metals, 238
Iraq, 22
Ismi, Asad, 149
Israel, 25, 37
Ixcán, 109–10
Izabal, 107
Izquierda Democrática (Democratic Left), 213
Jalapa, 108, 110
Jamaica, 22, 272, 275
James, Ian, 250–1
Janus, 175–9
Japan, 13, 219
Japanese International Cooperation Agency, 219
Jarvis, Adam, 71
Jimbotono, 218–19
Jiménez, Andrés, 165
jobs, see employment
Jorgenson, Randy, 74–6
Junín, 219–20