by Todd Gordon
justice, 11, 56, 59, 61, 63, 143, 150, 155, 172, 176, 188, 212, 221, 243, 283, 286
Justice Education Society of British Columbia, 59
Jutiapa, 104, 108
kaibilies, 109
Kairos, 25
Kent, Peter, 49–57, 67, 76–7, 81, 98, 101, 132, 139, 132–3, 234–5, 239, 252–4, 262–3, 266
Kergin, Michael, 57
Kerssen, Tanya, 40,
Keynesianism, 11–12
Kichwa, 213
kidnapping, 44, 85, 111, 116, 123, 173
Kiely, Ray, 8
Kinross, 221, 235–9
Klassen, Jerome, 30
Kvisle, Hal, 168–9
labour,
activism, 35, 37, 161, 188
child, 178
code, 73, 86, 191
commodification, 14–15
conditions, 217
exploitation, 11
feminized, 91, 282
flexible, 158
force, 92, 178
international division of, 27, 285
market, 14, 154
migrant, 11
movement, 61, 194
productivity, 5
rights, 161, 169–70, 178–9, 214
struggle, 136, 201
wage, 35, 65, 78, 90
ladinos, 85, 87–8
Laguna Sur mine, 206–7
Lake Güija, 104,
La Libertad, 137
Lambayeque, 203
Lambert, James, 94–6, 101–2, 230, 235, 273
La Mesa, see Mesa Nacional frente a la Minería Metálica de El Salvador
Landa, Pedro, 59, 66–7
land,
grab,
-less, 35, 39–40, 87, 158
-owners, 107, 153–4, 191, 280
“The Land Problem”, 186–7
reform, 40, 86–8, 104, 153, 191,
tenure, 90, 126, 170, 256
La Platosa mine, 281
LaPointe, Christian, 224, 227–8, 232–3, 236–7
Larios, Dina, 104
Las Brisas, 245
Las Cristinas, 245
Las Crucitas mine, 131–5, 245
Las Nubes, 104, 115–16
Lasso, Guillermo, 216
latifundia, 90
Latin American Centre for Political Studies, 234–5
Latulippe, Gérard, 262, 265
La Unión, 71
La Vega, 243–4
Law 134 (Colombia), 163
Law Prohibiting Hard Rock Mining (El Salvador), 126
Law on Social Responsibility in Radio and Television (Venezuela), 253
leadership, 5, 56–7, 65, 88–9, 117, 135, 188, 197
León (department), 137
de León, Javier, 100
Lesbian, Gay, Bi- and Trans-sexuals (LGBT), 48, 61
Letuama, 173–4
Levenson, Deborah T., 89
LGBT, see Lesbian, Gay, Bi- and Trans-sexuals
Liberal Party (Canada), 19–20, 22, 27, 103, 142, 160, 176–7, 204–5, 240, 257, 263, 274
Liberal Party (Colombia), 150–1
Liberal Party (Honduras), 32, 34–6, 39, 44–5, 47, 82
liberalization, 7, 10, 12–13, 15, 20–1, 23, 39, 120–1, 130–1, 179, 182, 218, 261–2, 279–1
liberation theology, 37–8, 46, 138, 219–20
LIBRE Party, 82–3
license (exploitation), 66–9, 94, 108, 111, 124, 159, 171, 196, 232
Life Vision, 74–6
Lima, 186, 188, 192–3, 204–5, 235, 270–1
literacy, 46, 135
living well, 213–4
Lobo Sosa, Porfirio “Pepe”, 45
Lobo Sosa, Ramón, 74
Local Committee in Defence of Life, 111
López, Alexander (Senator–Colombia), 167
López, Jorge, 106,
López Obrador, Manuel, 281
Los Angeles, 91
Luckhardt, Ken, 162
Luna, Óscar, 127
Lust, Jan, 200
Lyon Lake, 131
MAC, see Mining Association of Canada
Macas, Luis, 208, 215
Machado, Maria Corina, 264
Mackay, Cameron, 65, 78–9
MacKay, Peter, 273
Macuna, 173–4
Maduro, Nicolás, 164–5, 211, 244, 248, 252, 258–9
Maduro, Ricardo, 39, 44
Mali, 22, 81
malnutrition (malnourishment), 91–2
Mam (indigenous), 97–8, 100, 114
Managua, 89, 138
Manhattan Minerals Corp., 193–6
Mannix, Ron, 132–4
mano dura, 44–5, 120
Manta U.S. air base, 214
MAO, see Olancho Environmentalist Movement
Manitoba, 224–5
manufacturing, 10–11, 16, 18–19, 27–8, 33, 39–40, 65, 72, 187, 198–9, 243, 249, 281–2, 286
maquiladoras, 33–4, 39–40, 58, 60, 64–5, 72–4, 76, 79–80, 91, 93, 121, 129, 279–80, 286
Mara-18 (M-18), 43–4, 90–1
Mara Salvatrucha (MS / MS-13), 43–4, 90–1
marginalization, 75, 96, 108, 120, 186, 213, 269
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 186–8
markets, 4–6, 14, 16, 46, 51, 77–8, 80, 90, 130, 140, 164, 184, 187, 244, 246, 274
capital, 12, 187
domestic, 38
financial, 12
forces, 6–7, 262
free, 10, 12, 23–5, 39, 49, 79, 81, 151, 249, 253, 255, 257, 262, 268
global, 27–8, 34, 38, 182, 186, 188, 245, 285
informal, 217
international, 9, 191, 216, 241
labour, 11, 14, 154
liberalization, 7, 10, 12, 21, 29, 261
natural resource, 17
reform, 190, 253, 255
relations, 10–11, 14
Marmato, 169
MARN, see Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales
Marlin, 96–104, 109–17
martial law, 110
Martin, Paul, 19–20
Martinelli, Ricardo, 140–2
Martínez, Hernán, 170
Marx, Karl, 4, 14
marxism, 86, 89
Marxist theory, 7–8, 14, 186
Matagalpa, 138
Mataquescuintla, 110–11
Matsés (indigenous), 202
Maverick, 66
Maya, 85,
communities, 86, 97–8, 100, 108
exclusion, 88–9
-Kiché, 97–8
-Mam, 97–8, 114
murder, 89–90, 254
peasants, 114–15
-Q’eqchi, 104–5, 115–16
racism, 90–1
Mcallister, Carlota, 85–6
McArthur, Kevin, 105, 111
McKechnie, Leeann, 101
McNally, David, 5–6
MDGs, see United Nations Millennium Development Goals
media, 18, 20, 25, 61–2, 69, 101, 130, 169, 209, 234, 240, 244, 249–50, 253, 256–7, 259,
Medoro Resources, 169
Meiksins Wood, Ellen, 5
MEM, see Ministerio de Energia y Minas
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 273–4
Menem, Carlos, 279
Mennonite Central Committee (NGO), 25
mercury, 70, 122
Mesa Agropecuaria y Popular de Interlocución y Acuerdos (Roundtable for Dialogue and Agreement among Popular Agrarian Producers), 157–8
Mesa Nacional frente a la Minería Metálica de El Salvador (National Roundtable Against Metallic Mining in El Salvador), 126
Meta, 165–8
Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 219
Mexican Environmental Enforcement Agency, 280
Mexico, 25, 28–9, 32–3, 41, 91, 93, 107–9, 129, 165, 168, 195, 202, 279–81, 286
Micheletti, Roberto, 32–3, 44–5, 47, 49–50, 52–5, 61–2, 64–5, 67, 77, 81
migration, 10–11, 39
migrants, 24, 83, 90–1, 107, 109, 129, 250
militancy, 2–3, 35, 37–8, 46, 89, 96, 108, 110, 112, 123, 125, 199, 205–6, 218
militarization, 27–9, 32, 37, 42–5, 48, 83, 86, 107–10, 120, 144, 149, 151, 160, 181, 189–90, 200, 274, 281, 285
military, 6, 32, 49–50, 62, 83, 119, 151, 162, 166, 168, 173, 178, 190–1, 220, 239, 248, 274, 281
aid, 2, 37
bases, 36, 110, 214, 271–2, 275
Canadian, 22, 272–3
coup, 50, 55–6, 68, 81–2, 104, 247, 253, 258
para-, 22–3, 28–9, 48, 57, 86, 91, 97–8, 108–9, 115–16, 118, 144–5, 150, 152, 154–5, 158–61, 167, 172, 175, 179, 181, 188–9, 272, 282, 285
power, 6, 22, 39
regime, 34–5, 47, 57, 64, 104, 261
spending, 22, 272
training, 36, 143–4, 272
tribunal, 200
violence, 7, 44, 61, 65, 86–90, 109, 120, 152–4, 177, 179, 188–9, 219, 280
Military Training and Cooperation Program, 143–4, 272, 281
militias, 48, 90, 156
Mi Negra, 250
Mineral Potential Index (MPI), 193
Minga Social y Comunitaria (Communitarian and Social Cooperative Gathering), 157
minifundia, 90
mining
artisanal, 137–8, 150, 153, 157–63, 169, 171–2, 175, 179, 181, 199, 217, 239
boom, 160, 182–5, 190, 207
green, 123
laws, 45–6, 57, 65–9, 77–9, 93–6, 121–7, 132–3, 140–1, 179–80, 191, 198, 206, 211–12, 217–18, 223–4, 226–8, 231–9, 279
mega-, 110, 126–7, 201
open-pit, 26–7, 33, 45–6, 65–6, 69, 70–1, 131–4, 139, 140–1, 150, 171, 185, 206–7, 278
Mining Association of Canada (MAC), 26, 95, 116, 128
Mining Association of El Salvador, 127
Mining Chamber of Nicaragua, 137
Mining Law 126 (Ley 126 de Minería, Ecuador), 217, 232
Mining Watch (NGO), 23, 101, 103, 171–3
Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources—MARN), 93
Ministerio de Energía y Minas (Ministry of Energy and Mines—MEM, Gu, temala), 93, 96–97, 99, 102
Mirador mine, 219
Miranda, Julia, 174
Missanabie Cree, 236
Mitsubishi, 219
MNCs, see corporations, multinational
modernization, 7–8, 34, 78, 96, 103, 151, 214, 217
Moffett, Sébastien, 102
Molina, Felix, 62,
Monge, Luis Alberto, 129
Montesinos, Vladimiro, 190
Monti, Mario 249
Mooers, Colin, 5–6
Moore, Jennifer, 23, 101, 227, 280
Mora Solano, Sindy, 130
Morales, Evo, 246
Morales, Jaime, 136
Morales, Johana, 105
Morales Carazo, René, 40
Morales García, Oscar, 111, 118
moratorium, 69, 79, 93–6, 127, 131–2, 171, 225
Morin, Marie-Lucie, 273
Moronoa Santiago, 218
MOU, see Memorandum of Understanding
Movimiento Ambientalista de Olancho, see Olancho Environmentalist Movement.
Movimiento Esperanza Liberal (Liberal Hope Movement—MEL) 45,
Movimiento Indígena Ecuatoriano (Ecuadorian Indigenous Movement), 223
Movimiento Mesoamericano Contra la Minería Metálica (Mesoamerican Movement against Metallic Mining), 125
Movimiento Popular Democrático (Democratic Popular Movement—MPD), 213
Movimiento Popular de Resistencia-12 de octubre (Popular Movement of Resistance – October 12), 121
Movimiento Renovador Sandinista (Sandinista Renovation Movement—MRS), 135
MPD, see Movimiento Popular Democrático
MPI, see Mineral Potential Index
MRS, see Movimiento Renovador Sandinista
MS, see Mala Savatrucha
multinationals, see corporations, multinational
Munck, Peter, 156
murder, 19, 28, 44, 48, 56, 83, 85, 89–1, 109–10, 123–4, 161, 177–8, 195, 202, 254, 257, 261, 280, 286
NAFTA, see North American Free Trade Agreement
narcotics (see also, cartels), 22, 28, 32, 45, 91, 107, 109, 144, 151, 153–5, 275, 285
Nasralla, Salvador, 82
National Advancement Party (Guatemala), 90
National Defence Canada (DND), 19, 21, 143, 273 284
National Democratic Institute (U.S.), 261, 265
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 261
National Federation of Artisanal Miners of Peru, 199
National Federation of Mining, Metallurgical, Iron and Steel Workers of Peru, 194
nationalism, 3, 43, 155–6, 248, 252–3
nationalization, 128, 187, 209–10, 245
National Mining Agency (Colombia), 174
National Mining Company (Ecuador), 232
National Mining Company—Minercol (Colombia), 160
National Mining Company Minercol Workers Union, 160
National Mining Dialogue (Ecuador), 228–31
National Mining Forum (Canada), 95
National Party (Honduras), 32, 34, 38–9, 45, 82
National Roundtable (Canada), 229–30, 234–5
National Security Agency (NSA), 211
National Union of Workers (Unete), 254–5
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), 128, 211–12, 224, 227, 229–30, 234–6
nature, 138
Mother, 215
rights, 213–14, 231
NED, see National Endowment for Democracy
neoliberalism, 11–12, 14–15, 27–9, 32, 38, 41–2, 76, 91, 120, 129, 145, 150, 153, 183, 200–1, 215, 244, 247–8, 255, 258, 261, 268–9, 275, 285
Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD), 268–9
New Democratic Party of Canada, 20
New Gold Mining Co., 280
New Republicant Movement, see also Frente Amplio, 107
new world order, 261
Ngäbe-Buglé (indigenous), 140–2
NGOs, see non-governmental organizations
Nicaragua, 19, 36–8, 41, 79, 119, 122, 129, 131, 135–47
Nieto López, Jaime Rafael, 150, 154, 172–3
NIMD, see Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy
Noboa, Álvaro, 213
Nolan, Chief Glen, 236
non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
Canadian, 81, 101, 115
corporate, 180
environmental, 125–6, 219
foreign funding of, 263–4
religious, 25
Noriega, Roger, 264, 271
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 279–81
Novontar, S.A., 131
Nueva Segovia, 139, 170
OAS, see Organization of American States
Obama, Barack, 32, 249
Obando, Juan Carlos, 134
Obando y Bravo, Cardinal Miguel, 135–6
occupations, 35, 108–9, 168, 194–5, 280
October Revolution, 85
Oda, Bev, 67, 81, 206–7
oil, see also petroleum, 8–9, 16, 26–7, 39–40, 48, 94, 107–8, 148–51, 1
57, 159–69, 175–85, 198, 202, 210–11, 214–18, 245, 246, 250–1, 257, 273–4, 280–1, 285
Oja Jay, Dru, 30
Ojeda Riofrío, Francisco, 194–5
Olancho Environmentalist Movement (MAO), 45
oligarchy, 63, 119–20
ombudsman, 184–5, 201
opposition
armed, 88
community, 3, 22, 26–7, 48, 66, 75, 122, 126–7, 138, 162–3, 175, 201
counter-, 23, 94, 134–5, 159, 199-200, 204-5, 220, 236, 270-1, 280
indigenous, 48, 61–4, 86–88, 92, 112, 141–2, 162–3, 173–4, 198–202, 219,
to mining, 86, 94, 97, 104–5, 112–13, 122–6, 132–3, 138–9, 141, 161, 163, 168, 173, 175, 204–6, 210, 220–1, 281, 286
to neoliberalism, 144–5, 258–9
to oil extraction, 168–9
political, 48, 51, 54–5, 60, 70–1, 83, 130–1, 135, 139, 164–5, 190, 195, 249–50, 254, 256, 258, 261, 263–7, 269, 274
popular, 48, 60–4, 90, 92, 116, 131, 134–5, 198, 211, 220, 232, 278, 282
to privatization, 63
Oquelí Veliz, Telma Yolanda, 105–6
Orellana, Ángel, 47Organization of American States (OAS), 32, 48–50, 52, 55–6, 59, 78, 80, 82–3, 101–2, 138, 235, 266
Ortega, Daniel, 135–9, 246
ortodoxos, 125
Otavalo, 214–15
Ottawa, 48–51
ownership, 14, 75, 104, 107, 153, 245
PAC, see Partido Anticorrupción
Pacetti, Massimo, 103
Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country, 208, 213–14
Pacheco de la Espriella, Abel, 129, 131
pacification, 38–42
Pacific Rim Mining, 121–7
Pacific Rubiales Energy (PRE), 164–8, 202
Paley, Dawn, 75, 105–6
Panama, 37, 97, 119, 140–5, 261
PANI, see Patronato Nacional de la Infancia
Panitch, Leo, 30
Pantin, Ronald, 164–5
Pare, Robert, 165
Paris Club, 237
Partido Anticorrupción (Anti-Corruption Party—PAC), 82
Partido Comunista Colombiano (Colombian Communist Party), 151
Partido Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Party—PLN), 129
Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutionalist Liberal Party—Nicaragua), 135
Partido Patriota (Patriotic Party), 107–8
Partido Unidad Social Cristiana (Social Christian Unity Party), 129
Pascua Lama, 278–9
Pastor, Wilson, 237–8
Pastrana, Andrés, 151
Patronato Nacional de la Infancia (National Children’s Trust—PANI), 78
Patria Roja (Peru), 204,
PCP-SL, see Sendero Luminoso
PDAC, see Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada
PDVSA, see Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.