The Writers: A History of American Screenwriters and Their Guild
Page 44
Restless Gun, The, 140
Return of the Secaucus Seven, The, 157
Rhimes, Shonda, 15, 236, 258
Rintels, David W., 158–159, 258
Rio Grande, 52
Riskin, Victoria, 211, 258, 297n2
Rivera, Jose, 258
Rivkin, Allen, 48, 258
RKO, 28, 36, 64, 111, 289n78
Roberts, Ben, 168, 258
Roberts, Ian, 259
Roberts, Marguerite, 93, 259
Robinson, Edward G., 100
Robson, May, 29
Rockford Files, The, 214
Rodman, Howard, 17, 180, 259
Rodman, Howard A., 17, 189–190, 196, 230, 259, 299n43
Rogers, Howard Emmett, 52, 55, 68, 93, 259, 276n90
Rogers, Lela, 98
Rolfe, Sam, 155, 171, 259
Roman Holiday, 112
Romy and Michele’s High School Reunion, 208
Room 222, 180
Room with a View, A, 237
Roos, Don, 229, 259
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 27, 46, 48–49, 78, 280n36
Roosevelt Hotel, Hollywood, 49
Root, Wells, 259
Roots, 13, 174–175
Rose, Reginald, 128, 259
Rosemary’s Baby, 164
Roshomon, 2, 189
Ross, Andrew, 8
Ross, Arthur A., 97, 259
Rosten, Leo, 59, 64, 259
Rothschild, Erica, 229, 259
Route 66, 139
royalties, 91, 93, 122, 143, 146–147, 149; Internet, 223
Rubin, Stanley, 122, 152, 173, 259
Rules of the Game, The, 89
Rushmore, 202
RWG, see Radio Writers Guild
Ryan, Amy, 225
Ryan, Shawn, 219, 259
Ryskind, Morrie, 54, 277n99
Saboteur, 38
Sabrina, 189
Safe, 202
SAG, see Screen Actors Guild
SAG-AFTRA, see American Federation of Television and Radio Artists; Screen Actors Guild
Sagor, Frederica, 35, 42, 259
Salkowitz, Sy, 169
Salt, Waldo, 70, 93, 259
Sanford and Son, 4, 157, 181, 184
Sargent, Alvin, 6, 159, 179, 259
Sarris, Andrew, 161
Saturday Night Live, 219
Savage Grace, 17
Savel, Dava, 24, 183, 259
Saving Grace, 222
Sayles, John, 157, 202, 259
Scandal, 236
Scarface, 37
Scarlet Street, 36
Schamus, James, 260, 268
Schary, Dore, 42, 55, 89, 121, 260, 277n99
Schatz, Thomas, 152, 266
Scheft, Bill, 218, 221, 260
Schenk family, 96
Schiff, Robin, 208–209, 260
Schiller, Robert, 127, 138, 178, 260
Schneider, Abe, 144
Schrader, Paul, 4, 172, 260
Schubert, Bernard, 35–36, 260
Schulberg, Budd, 75, 89, 107, 260
Schultheiss, John, 38
Schwartz, Nancy Lynn, 46, 56–57, 74, 95, 110, 266
Schwartz, Sherwood, 157, 169, 260
Scorsese, Martin, 164, 260
Scott, Adrian, 69, 107, 111, 115, 260
Scott, Joan, 107, 111, 115, 260
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 10, 11, 46, 48, 49–50, 57–58, 68, 70, 86; postwar era, 115, 142, 144, 145–146, 187, 196, 200, 209; and 2007–2008 strike, 215–216, 220, 225, 228
Screen Cartoonists Guild, 70, 80
Screen Directors Guild, see Directors Guild of America
Screen Gems, 80, 140
Screen Guilds’ Magazine (journal), 31, 53
Screen Office Employees Guild, 81
Screen Playwrights (SP), 32, 54–61, 68, 93, 121
Screen Producers Guild, 152, 169–170
Screen Publicists Guild, 81, 277n123
Screen Set Designers Guild, 81
Screen Writer, The (TSW), 66, 72–73, 85–95, 96, 102, 103, 240
screenwriters: definitions and characteristics, 1, 2–3, 6, 8–9, 11, 20, 233–235; job insecurity, 35, 38, 40, 49, 85, 88, 172; labor dispute dilemmas, 82–84, 226; output, 159; outsider status, 19–21, 34, 234–235; producers’ attitudes toward, 1, 6, 13, 14, 35, 40, 44, 47, 56, 57, 73–74, 96; public awareness of, 155–156, 164, 192, 211, 218–219, 238, 299n36; salaries and compensation, 12, 17, 44, 46, 56, 65, 83, 91, 122, 126, 138, 140–143, 147–149, 186–187, 197; screenwriter-plus role, 239; on sets, 89, 111; women and minorities, 19, 21–24, 25, 45, 235–237; working conditions, 8, 19, 35, 39–42, 43–44, 49, 59, 233; working during blacklist era, 109–14; World War II mobilization, 72, 74–79, 281n71. See also authorship issues; credits; television writers
Screen Writers Guild (SWG): the AAA and, 91–93; blacklist era, 67, 71–73, 99–107, 115, 118; Credit Restoration Committee (CRC), 115; CSU strike and, 80–85; formation, 2, 20, 25, 28–34, 44–46, 273n5; functions and role, 31, 33, 44, 51, 60–63, 72, 95, 101–102, 115, 121; gender bias, 21–22; growth and amalgamation, 46–54; HUAC investigations and, 94, 95, 97–98, 99, 101–106, 109, 132; loyalty oath proposal, 104–105; negotiating first contract with studios, 60–65, 159, 277n123; opposition to NIRA, 48; political positions, 18, 97, 101–102, 104, 106; producers’ opposition to, 47–61; pseudonym policy, 111; SP challenge, 54–60; television and, 117–118, 122, 123–124, 126–127, 128–129, 132, 134, 150; World War II era, 75–76, 84–85, 281n71. See also Screen Writer, The; screenwriters; strikes; Writers Guild of America
Scriptnotes (podcast), 239
script writing, 3–8, 35–39, 167; multi-authored scripts, 4, 35, 40, 42; script doctors, 6, 17; spec scripts, 7, 63, 119, 156, 167
Searchers, The, 116
Seaton, George, 88, 99, 260
Selznick, David O., 27, 35, 161
Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security, 130
Sergeant York, 92, 94
series, see television series
Serling, Rod, 125, 145, 152, 260
Serpico, 70
Service Employees International Union, 228
77 Sunset Strip, 145, 146
sex, lies and videotape, 202
Shandling, Garry, 235, 260
Shavelson, Melville, 83, 123, 155, 260
She Done Him Wrong, 36
Sheehan, Winfield, 31
Sheldon, Sidney, 186, 260–261
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 112
She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, 36
Shield, The, 219
Ship, Reuben, 129, 261
showrunners: defined, 197–198, 239; role in 2007–2008 strike, 218–219, 226
Showtime cable network, 211
Sid Caesar Show, The, 136
Silcox, Louise, 45
Silliphant, Stirling, 14, 139–140, 166, 171, 261
Silverman, Fred, 174, 175, 177
Silverman, Treva, 180, 261
Simon, David, 237–238, 261
Simon, Neil, 5, 136, 261
Simpsons, The, 204
Sinatra, Frank, 100
Sinclair, Upton, 47–48
Singing Nun, The, 10
Singleton, John, 202, 261
Sklar, Jason and Randy, 229, 261
Sklar, Robert, 267
Skouras, Spyros, 144
Slackers, 203
Slocum, Chuck, 191, 201, 212
Smith, Kevin, 202, 261
Smith, Patricia Falken, 171, 261
“Smithee, Alan,” 161
Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, The, 167
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 80
Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers, 71
Soderbergh, Steven, 202, 261
Solomon, Ed, 219, 261
Solondz, Todd, 202, 261
Some Like It Hot, 39, 101
Song of Nevada, 73
Song of Russia, 78–79, 106
Song of the South, 92, 97
Sorkin, Aaron, 235, 261
Sorrell,
Herbert, 80, 81, 85
Souls for Sale, 54
Sound of Music, The, 189
Southern, Terry, 139, 261
SP, see Screen Playwrights
Spartacus, 112, 114
Spellbound, 37, 161
Spelling, Aaron, 166, 177, 261
Spielberg, Steven, 192, 261
Spigel, Lynn, 117
Spigelgass, Leonard, 101, 104, 261, 287n38
Stagecoach, 36
Stage Door, 54
Staiger, Janet, 89
Stallings, Laurence, 36, 261
Stander, Arthur, 134, 261
Stand Up and Fight, 72
Stapleton, Maureen, 173
Star Is Born, A, 38
Star Trek, 168, 189
Star Wars, 157, 173
Steinberg, Norman, 234, 262
Steinkellner, Bill, 183, 262
Steinkellner, Cheri, 3, 167, 182–183, 185, 190, 262
St. Elsewhere, 178
Stepfather II, 195
Stephen J. Cannell Productions, 177
Stern, Andy, 228
Stern, Leonard, 127, 136, 169, 262
Stevens, John Paul, 170
Stewart, Donald Ogden, 29, 42, 57, 262
Stewart, Mike, 5, 262
Stoddard, Brandon, 174
Stone, Noreen, 180, 262
Stone, Oliver, 164, 262
Story Analysts (union), 81
story notes, 238
Stout, Rex, 130, 279n25
streaming media, 141, 198–199, 212, 225, 227, 228–229, 302n98
Streetcar Named Desire, A, 107
strikes, 11, 81–82, 85, 158, 159, 196–197, 241–242, 301nn74–75; 1941 Disney animators, 80; 1945 CSU, 11, 73, 80–85; 1952 ALA/SWG/RWG, 130–131; 1959 WGA, 142–143; 1960 WGA, 2, 8, 11, 123, 144–149, 169; 1973 WGA, 168–169; 1980–1981 SAG–AFTRA, 185–187, 186, 188; 1985 WGA, 158, 188–189, 190; 1987 CBS/Capital Cities/ABC, 189; 1988 WGA, 190–191; 2006 America’s Next Top Model, 213–214, 225; 2007–2008 WGA, 2, 9, 11, 20, 171, 199, 211–212, 218–228, 222, 229–230, 239, 268, 302n98
Studio One, 128, 149
Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, 235
studio system practices, 14, 20, 24, 43–44, 57, 88, 110
Sturges, Preston, 42, 262
Suber, Howard, 107, 266
Sud, Veena, 236, 262
Sullivan’s Travels, 42, 75
Sunset Blvd., 39, 42, 155, 234
Supreme Court, US, 32, 48, 57, 105, 139, 170–171
Survivor, 205
Suspicion, 53
Sutton, Phoef, 262
Sweet Smell of Success, 108
SWG, see Screen Writers Guild
Swicord, Robin, 21, 262
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One, 183
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 69, 95, 101, 103, 133
Tandem/TAT Productions, 156–157, 177–178, 181, 184
Taradash, Daniel, 82, 161, 186, 262
Tarantino, Quentin, 202, 262
Taraporevala, Sooni, 19, 262
Tarloff, Frank, 186, 262
Tartikoff, Brandon, 190
Tate, Deborah Taylor, 217
Taxi Driver, 4
Taylor, Robert, 68
Teamsters Union, 10, 131, 187, 213
Telecommunications Act (1996), 198, 201, 298n19
television, 117–153, 156–159, 166–179; as advertising medium, 124; blacklisted writers and, 111; boutique programming, 192, 201; cinematic film broadcasts, 122, 140–141; early years, 123–138; East Coast vs. West Coast production, 125, 135–137; impact on film industry, 110, 120, 124, 126–127, 128, 138–139, 152; multiplexing of channels, 201–202; network executives, 109, 122, 166, 216, 226, 238; pay TV, 142–143, 148, 168, 185; producers, 122, 139, 144–145, 153; violence, 169. See also authorship issues; cable television; showrunners; writer-producers
television films (made-for-TV and movies of the week), 173–175
Television Producers Guild, 152, 170
television series, 119, 121–122, 135–137, 139, 152–153, 156–157, 166–167, 175–178, 192, 205; aesthetics, 177; African American casts, 184; anthology series, 125, 132, 136–137, 139, 173; financing, 177; miniseries, 173; pilots, 119, 177, 236; show bibles, 167, 176; women in production, 180. See also animation; reality television; reruns and syndication
television writers: African American, 183–184, 236–237; backgrounds, 124–125, 172; freelancers, 166–168; guild and union issues, 117–119, 124–125, 128–135, 137, 142; head writers, 121–122, 167, 221; job insecurity, 138; in 1970s and 1980s, 171–184; place in media hierarchy, 137–138, 152–153, 240; reality programming and, 205–206; salaries and compensation, 123, 126, 132, 135, 138, 140, 141–143, 148–149, 168, 186–187, 197; women and minorities, 150–151, 179–184, 235–237; working conditions, 118, 119, 127–128; writers’ rooms, 122, 128, 166, 180, 182, 184
Television Writers Association (TWA), 118–119, 121, 131–135, 239, 288n46
Tell Me Where It Hurts, 47, 173, 180
Tenant, The, 164
Ten Commandments, The, 113
Tender Comrade, 69
Tenney, Jack, and Tenney Committee, 79–80
Terrytoons, 80
Thalberg, Irving, 3, 28, 31, 40, 42, 47, 49, 51, 55
That Certain Summer, 174
That Girl, 115
Thau, Benny, 30
theater chains, 105, 110, 120
Thelma and Louise, 237
They Call Me Mr. Tibbs!, 183
Thief, 192
Thin Man, The, 30, 88
30 Rock, 235
thirtysomething, 216
Thomas, J. Parnell, 68, 70–71, 96, 104
Thomas Committee, see House Un-American Activities Committee
Thompson, Kristin, 89
Those Who Kill, 166
Three Comrades, 38
3-D, 138
Three Faces of Eve, The, 42
Thuna, Leonora, 182, 262
Thunderbolt, 87
Tick, The, 298n26
Time Warner Inc., 209
Tinker, Grant, 177, 178
To Catch a Thief, 160
Tolkin, Mel, 5, 141, 262
Tombragel, Maurice, 14, 16, 137, 262
Tootsie, 17, 188
Towne, Robert, 3, 17, 262
Townsend, Robert, 184, 263
Traffic, 219
TransAmerica Corporation, 153
Transformers: The Game, 206
Trotti, Lamar, 86, 263
Trouble in Paradise, 53
Trouble with Harry, The, 160
True Grit, 93
Trumbo, Dalton, 24, 69–70, 92, 111, 113, 114, 149, 263; as editor of TSW, 73, 86; and HUAC investigations, 69–70, 97–98, 100, 103–104; pseudonyms, 112–114
Truman, Harry S., 69, 97
TSW, see Screen Writer, The
Tugend, Harry, 49, 63–64, 263
Tunberg, Karl, 126, 263
Tunick, Irve, 134, 263
Turner Broadcasting System, 209
Turteltaub, Saul, 4–5, 171, 192, 263
TWA, see Television Writers Association
Twentieth Century–Fox, 28, 31, 111, 121, 140, 156, 181, 185. See also Fox Network
21 Jump Street, 214
Twilight Zone, The, 145, 152
2gether, 212
2001: A Space Odyssey, 157
UCLA, 124
Ulius, Betty, 21–22, 263
“Unfriendly Nineteen,” 69, 96–97
unions and unionization, 8, 10–11, 27–34, 43–60, 79–81, 83, 197, 198, 207
United Artists, 142, 153
United Hollywood (website), 223–224, 225
Universal Pictures, 28, 31, 64, 140–141, 185, 202, 214
Urwand, Ben, 279n19
Vajda, Ernest, 29, 263
Valenti, Jack, 200
Van Sant, Gus, 202–203, 263
Variety (journal), 49, 56, 60
Verrone, Patric, 208, 212–214, 215–216, 227, 263
vertical deregulation, 105
vertical
integration and reintegration, 185, 196, 199
Veyne, Paul, 267–268
VHS (VCRs and videocassettes), 168, 185, 187–189, 207
Viacom, 200, 209
Victor, David, 169, 263
video games, 198–199, 204, 206–207, 217; writers for, 206–207, 217–218
Vidor, King, 84
Vogel, Joseph R., 144
Wage Stabilization Board, 126
Wagner Act (1935), 50–51, 56–58, 69, 91
Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York, 71
Waldorf Declaration, 71–72, 73, 99, 100
Walking and Talking, 202
Wallis, Hal B., 58
Wall Street, 164
Walt Disney Company, 80, 203, 209, 221, 298n25
Walt Disney’s Wonderful World of Color, 14, 16
Walter Lanz Productions, 80
Walton, Brian, 190–191, 204, 207, 209–210
Waltons, The, 181
War Labor Disputes Act (1943), 82
Warner, Jack, 31, 39–40, 41, 68, 96, 100, 144
Warner Bros., 64, 96, 145, 153, 221; consolidation, 185, 200
Washington Post (newspaper), 70–71
Wasserman, Lew, 140, 146, 162–163
Watch on the Rhine, 38
Waterworld, 225
Webb, Jack, 140, 169, 263
Webb, James, 147, 183, 263
web series, 229
websites and blogs, 199, 207, 223–225
Webster, Tony, 136, 263
Web Therapy, 229
Wedding Banquet, The, 202, 268
Weiner, Matthew, 194, 238, 263
Weiss, David, 212
Welcome to the Dollhouse, 202
Wells, John, 197, 210, 263
West, Nathanael, 38, 263
West Wing, The, 7
Wexman, Virginia Wright, 160
WGA, see Writers Guild of America
WGAE, see Writers Guild of America
WGAw, see Writers Guild of America
WGAw Newsletter, 155, 182, 188
What’s Happening!!, 184
Wheaton, Christopher, 44, 266
White, Byron, 170
White, Phyllis, 10, 264
White, Robert, 131, 134, 264
White, Sydnye, 205, 264
White Heat, 96, 129
Why We Fight, 78
Widdifield, Ann, 210
widescreen, 139
Wilber, Carey, 168, 183, 264
Wilder, Billy, 39, 42, 121, 155, 164, 234, 264
Wilk, Max, 14
Wilkerson, William R., 53, 92, 102–103, 129
Williams, Mark, 266
Willimon, Beau, 264
Wilmore, Larry, 219, 264
Wilson, Carey, 42, 264
Wilson, Michael, 24, 112, 114, 115, 264
Winchester ’73, 108
Winged Victory, 38
Winship, Michael, 220, 221–222, 225, 228, 233, 264
Wire, The, 237
Wizard of Oz, The, 60
Wodehouse, P. G., 38, 55, 264
Wolfson, Roger, 222–223, 264