by David Crist
in Iran-Contra affair, 181–84, 186–92, 194–95, 198, 596n16, 596n21
proposes anti-Iran plan to Bush administration, 449–51
Gingrich, Newt, 400, 430, 433, 448, 495, 500
Giraldi, Philip, 72, 73, 81, 82, 374–76, 378
Guadalcanal (ship), 249, 250, 260–61, 269, 272, 283, 304, 326
Guldimann, Tim, 476–79
Gulf Security Dialogue, 516–17
Gulf War (1990–1991):
Hussein neutralized by, 390
Iranian behavior during, 385–86
Iran’s military thinking influenced by, 396
Shia uprising in Iraq, 388
U.S. concern about removing Saddam Hussein, 513
Haass, Richard, 381, 389, 419–20, 478
Habib, Philip, 107–8, 110, 112, 117
Hadley, Stephen:
and Ahmadinejad’s election, 501
becomes national security adviser, 487
on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503
and Ghorbanifar plan, 448, 449, 451
and Iran Action Plan, 496
and Iranian-provided EFPs, 524
and new Iran strategy for Bush’s second term, 491–92, 495
on reform movement in Iran, 494
and transition to Obama administration, 540
and U.S. counterattack against Iranian interference in Iraq, 526, 528, 530
Haig, Alexander:
Huyser’s mission opposed, 8, 21
on including Israel in CENTCOM, 57
and Iranian Revolution, 7, 8, 24
and Iran-Iraq War, 587n8
on Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 109–11
on providing arms to Iran, 595n5
and rapid deployment force, 38
and seizure of U.S. embassy in Tehran, 28
al-Hakim, Abdul Aziz, 467, 471
al-Hakim, Muhammad Baqir, 467, 481, 483, 484, 518
Hakimi, Kanoush, 74, 217–18, 378
Hamas, 392, 394–95, 456, 476
Hamdan, Osama, 130, 394–95
Hart, Howard, 63, 80, 313
Hashemi, Mehdi, 183, 194, 198, 200
Hays, Ronald, 255, 258–61, 270–73, 281
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 437–38, 442
Hezbollah:
attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 134
in Buenos Aires bombing, 394
as concern in escalating conflict with Iran, 287
counterintelligence unit, 555–56
EFPs used by, 520
Fadlallah and, 128
formation of, 125, 131
Hashemi and, 183
hijacking of TWA flight, 155
Iran-Contra affair and hostages held by, 156, 177, 181, 185–86, 188, 193–95, 197–98, 199–200, 380–88
Iranian support for, 76, 123, 178, 391, 392, 395, 419, 432, 445, 456, 476, 479, 501
in Iron Lightning plan, 407
and Khobar Towers attack, 403–4
Mugniyah and, 130
Saudi, 401–2
in U.S. occupied Iraq, 519, 521, 522, 550, 558
war with Israel, 2, 394, 535
Hillen, John, 516–17
Hopper incident, 559–60
Hussein, King (Jordan), 206, 359–60
Hussein, Saddam, 85
Badr Corps opposed to, 467
in George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441
CIA encourages him to subvert Iranian government, 71
CIA’s opinion of, 104
Clinton on, 390
as common adversary of Iran and U.S., 432, 457
on al-Faw Peninsula operation, 166
and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 390
Iranian leadership unites behind removal of, 386
in Iran-Iraq War, 84–85, 94
Iraqi National Congress opposes, 447
Khomeini’s attitude toward, 85–86
as military man, 88
and missile attacks on Iranian cities, 362–63
and Nojeh coup, 78
People’s Mujahideen of Iran supported by, 458
Perle on, 97
Rumsfeld meeting of 1983, 99–100
sees himself as leader of Arab people, 87
September 11, 2001, attacks attributed to, 425
and Stark incident, 227
U.S. support in Iran-Iraq War, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103
Wolfowitz on, 420–21
Hussein Suicide Squad, 130, 133–35, 145
Huyser, Robert “Dutch,” 7–8, 21, 24, 76
Indyk, Martin, 390–92, 394, 411, 413
Integrated Air Defense Center for Excellence, 558
Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), 61–63, 64, 72
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 393, 490, 504, 548, 553, 566–67, 570
Internet:
access in Iran, 498
Bureau of International Information Programs’ website, 499
cyber warfare, 551–52
Farsi blogs, 494
in Iranian protests of 2009, 546, 547–48
Iran:
Abizaid’s concern about unintended conflict with, 513–15
Afghan mujahideen supported by, 68, 70, 428, 430, 435, 442
Afghan refugees in, 429
Algiers Accords with Iraq, 10, 86–87, 384, 401, 446
al-Qaeda presence in, 437–38, 443, 445, 474, 480
Arab-Israeli peace seen as isolating, 392–94
Arab-Persian animosity, 467–68
arms purchases, 1990–1993, 396–97
and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 140–42
ballistic missile program, 397, 423, 445, 456, 470, 516, 557–58
at Bonn conference on Afghanistan, 433–35
George H. W. Bush administration seeks improved relations with, 380–85
George W. Bush administration’s conflicting views on, 442–47, 473–75, 509
George W. Bush administration seeks new plan to deal with, 417–23
and George W. Bush administration’s freedom agenda, 485–510
in George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 439, 440–42, 455
Casey’s view of, 67–68
Chalabi associated with, 447–48, 469, 502
Chinese cruise missiles obtained by, 217–18
CIA assessment of Soviet-Iranian relations, 68
CIA operations in, 65–83, 372–79
Clinton’s policy toward, 389–92
concern about U.S. invasion of Iraq leads to back-channel overtures, 455–60
coup of 1953, 10, 69, 544
Crocker mission to discuss Afghanistan with, 429–33
democracy of, 435
earthquake of December 2003, 482–83, 515
economic problems, 410, 428, 494
ethnic divisions, 501
exiles oppose Islamic Republic, 76–78, 288, 494, 497, 502
fears it is next target in war on terrorism, 434, 475
and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 385–86
Hezbollah supported by, 76, 178, 391, 392, 395, 419, 432, 445, 456, 476, 479, 501
Khuzestan oil fields, 44, 87
kidnapping and hostage-taking by, 153–58
Lebanese involvement of, 122–38
as natural balance to Iraq, 379, 388, 420
navy, 207–13
overthrowing Saddam Hussein seen as having positive effect on, 452–53, 455, 475
parliamentary elections of 2004, 491
Persian Gulf military buildup of 1990s, 398–99
in post-Saddam Iraq, 453, 460, 466–74, 481–84, 509–10, 512–13, 518–37, 558–59
protests over disputed election of 2009, 544–48
Reagan administration policy toward, 51–52, 55
reform movement, 410, 419, 486, 493–95
regime change seen as part of war on terrorism, 451–55
relations with Saudi Arabia in 2000s, 563–67
“self-sufficiency jihad” of, 490
sense of Persian historical entitlement, 571
on September 11, 2001, a
ttacks, 427–28, 430
strategic deterrence strategy, 397
Tehran University protests of 1999, 411, 493–94
terrorism sponsored by, 67, 391, 392, 394–95, 418, 427, 430, 432, 448–50, 456, 470, 501, 572
U.S. always takes wrong course with, 572
U.S. covert flights over, 556–57
Iran
U.S. hopes to pull it back into American Cold War camp, 69–70
U.S. plans for Soviet invasion of, 44–47, 59–60, 78
U.S. special operations forces in, 60–63, 64
and U.S. invasion of Iraq, 461–70
See also Iran-Contra affair; Iranian hostage crisis; Iranian nuclear program; Iranian Revolution; Iran-Iraq War; Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) (Iran); Revolutionary Guard
Iran Air Flight 655, 366–70, 377, 410, 572
Iran Ajr incident, 292–99, 302, 310
Iran-Contra affair, 175–206
Abrams in, 492, 495
Bush and, 198, 382
hearings about, 203, 250
Rafsanjani on, 266
and Stark incident, 228
Iranian hostage crisis:
Brzezinski urges military options for, 89
CIA station chief among hostages, 69
Intelligence Support Activity formed as response to, 61
Khatami expresses regret for, 410
military plans considered for, 30–31
release of hostages, 49, 51
tenth anniversary celebrations, 377–78
U.S. embassy in Tehran seized, 28–30
Iranian nuclear program, 489–91
Ahmadinejad restarts uranium enrichment, 500
George W. Bush administration concern with, 419, 420, 422–23, 444–56, 466, 470, 474–76, 489–91, 495, 504–9, 538, 551
CIA action against, 553–55
Clinton administration concern with, 392, 393, 397, 411
covert program exposed, 566–67
European concern with, 489, 569
Israeli concern with, 393, 550, 552–53, 567–68, 570
National Intelligence Estimate on, 508–9
Obama administration concern with, 539, 541, 543, 544, 548–50, 567, 569–70
U.S. drones spy on, 557
U.S. imposes sanctions, 507–9, 549, 567, 569, 572
Iranian Revolution, 12–25
as born from anti-Americanism, 5, 570
Carter administration’s response to, 8, 25–27
Casey on, 67
does not fit Intelligence Support Activity worldview, 64
and Iranian goal of being regional power, 571
Iran’s military gutted by, 85, 89
Islamic umma as driving force of, 86
Lebanese Shia influenced by, 124, 128
Reagan administration seeks to contain, 69
See also Iranian hostage crisis
Iran-Iraq War, 84–105
al-Assad and, 123
communications between U.S. Navy and Iraqi air force, 231–32
Defense Intelligence Agency briefs Iraqi military, 360–62
eclipses Cold War concerns, 166
ending of, 370–72
Gulf states increase assistance to Iraq, 206–7
Iranian attacks on Basra, 94–95, 103, 104, 197
Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 300–310, 374
Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167–69
Iranian equipment shortages, 182, 206–7
Iranian mining campaign, 233–55, 263–66, 293–95, 297, 299, 316–18, 326–27
Iran sees U.S. involvement in, 88–89, 587n8
Iran’s military thinking influenced by, 396
Iraqi missile attacks on Iranian cities, 362–63, 371
Iraq uses chemical weapons in, 104, 338, 362, 371, 443, 444
Israel and U.S. differ over, 178
results of, 84–85, 379, 390, 455
Shia/Sunni aspect of, 534
Stark incident, 220–29
tanker war, 159–64, 206–34
U.S. provides Iraqi order of battle to Iran, 187, 188, 196
U.S. support for Iraq, 5, 95–105, 178, 325, 358
Iran-Syria Working Group, 495–96, 497, 502
Iraq:
Algiers Accords with Iran, 10, 86–87, 384, 401, 446
al-Qaeda in Iraq, 512
Arab-Israeli peace seen as isolating, 392
George H. W. Bush administration continues to share intelligence with, 385
George W. Bush administration policy on, 422
in George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 440–41
CIA encourages it to subvert Iranian government, 71
Iran as natural balance to, 379, 388, 420
Iran’s strategic deterrence aimed at, 397
Israeli concern about, 57
Kuwait claimed by, 211
neocon concern with, 420–21
nuclear weapons program, 393, 422
September 11, 2001, attacks attributed to, 425
Shia in, 86, 388, 452, 467, 468, 470, 472, 483, 512, 518–20, 528, 529, 536, 558, 559
taken off terrorism watch list, 101
U.S. establishes full diplomatic relations with, 104
weapons of mass destruction in, 425, 440, 443, 444, 453, 457, 459, 502, 522
See also Gulf War (1990–1991); Hussein, Saddam; Iran-Iraq War; U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq
Iraqi National Congress (INC), 447–48, 469, 472, 502
Iron Lightning plan, 407, 417
Islamic Supreme Council for Iraq (ISCI), 467, 471, 518, 519, 527
Israel:
Ahmadinejad on, 500
bombing of Buenos Aires embassy of, 388
Central Command criticized by, 56–57
Chalabi on Iraq recognizing, 469
and Clinton administration Iran policy, 391–92
cyber warfare, 551
failure of Lebanon policy of, 151, 153
Hezbollah training base attacked, 394
in Iran-Contra affair, 177–82, 185, 186, 595n3
Iranian-backed attacks in Lebanon, 128–29
and Iranian nuclear program, 393, 550, 552–53, 567–68, 570
Iran sees itself as defender against, 571
Iran’s strategic deterrence aimed at, 397
on Iraq as greater threat than Iran, 178
kidnappings attempted by, 157
Lebanon invasion of 1982, 106–21, 123, 124
Mohtashemi attacked by, 151
nuclear weapons of, 490
shah’s support for, 16
war with Hezbollah of 2006, 535
See also Arab-Israeli conflict
Jafari, Mohammad, 527–28
Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force, 60–61
Jones, David, 36
and Huyser mission, 7, 8
Kelley appointed by, 43
and plans for military intervention in Iran, 24, 31
and rapid deployment force, 36, 41, 42, 582n25
Reagan’s attitude toward, 50–51
Jones, James, 539, 540–41, 563
Jordan:
King Hussein, 206, 359–60
and Iran-Iraq War, 96, 100–101, 102, 588n33
PLO expelled from, 107
al-Jubeir, Adel, 563, 566
Jundallah, 130, 501, 552, 563
Kahlili, Reza, 74–75, 83, 263, 301, 373–74
Kangarlou, Mohsen, 188, 191, 194
Karoubi, Hassan, 179, 183–84, 596n8, 596n16
Kelley, Paul Xavier:
on Crist to command CENTCOM, 164, 165
Kingston replaces, 54, 58
on Pearson, 170
in planning for Soviet invasion of Middle East, 44, 45, 46
Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force included in CENTCOM, 53, 54
takes command of Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, 42–44
and U.S. marines in Lebanon, 117, 141
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 411, 433, 434, 457, 459, 475, 478, 525
Khamenei, Ali:
an
d Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq, 529, 530
and Bonn conference on Afghanistan, 434
on CIA covert action in Iran, 401
Clinton overtures rebuffed, 414
on contacts with Iraqi Shia, 460
on Iran Ajr seizure, 298–99
in Iranian mining campaign, 261
on Iranian nuclear program, 393, 490, 508, 544, 549
and Iran-Iraq War, 94, 371
and Khobar Towers attack, 403
on Kuwaiti escort arrangement, 217
and Obama’s Iran policy, 542, 543, 544
Quds Force reports to, 519
replaces Khomeini, 381
and “road map” document for normalizing relations with U.S., 475–79
on Sea Isle City attack, 310
on September 11, 2001, attacks, 428
Tudeh Party bomb injures, 67
on U.S. invasion of Iraq, 465–66
Kharrazi, Kamal, 456–57
Kharrazi, Sadeq, 476–78
Khatami, Mohammad, 409–11
Abrams on discrediting, 493
and Bonn conference on Afghanistan, 434
Clinton’s overtures toward, 411–15, 419
and economic reform, 410, 428
erosion of power of, 414–15, 491
hard-liners roll back freedoms begun by, 494
as obstacle to regime change in Iran, 452
and “road map” for normalizing relations with U.S., 477
on September 11, 2001, attacks, 427–28
term limits on, 491, 499
uranium enrichment suspended by, 475, 490
on U.S. invasion of Iraq, 466
wishes to visit Ground Zero, 432–33
Wolfowitz and Feith on, 445
Khobar Towers attack, 402–6, 409, 411–13, 443, 618n14
Khomeini, Ruhollah:
anticommunism of, 68
antiwar protesters criticize, 363
and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 133, 134
attacks on Saudi Arabia approved, 301
Carter prohibits discussions with, 22
Escudero meets with associates of, 19–20
executions of July 1989 ordered, 376
exiles oppose, 76–78
on Saddam Hussein, 85–86
influence in Lebanon, 122–23, 124, 126, 127
in Iran-Contra affair, 183, 200
on Iranian mining campaign, 241–42, 245, 254, 299
in Iran-Iraq War, 84–85, 89, 93, 94–95, 370–71
on Mecca uprising plan, 262
Montazeri opposes methods of, 183
opposition to shah led by, 12–15
in provisional Iranian government, 25
on resisting U.S. until last breath, 572
returns to Tehran, 23
and Revolutionary Guard, 91, 92, 93
seizure of U.S. embassy approved, 29
Sullivan agitates to open dialogue with, 17, 18
Tudeh Party opposes, 67
Kimche, David, 177–78, 179, 180