by David Crist
Kingston, Robert, 54, 58–61, 64, 78, 79, 216, 408
Komer, Robert, 37, 40–41, 46, 47
Kuwait:
assistance to Iraq from, 206
bilateral defense arrangement with U.S., 170, 172
al-Faw Peninsula operation as concern, 166, 172
free fuel offered to U.S., 321, 372
Iran attacks with missiles, 282, 310
and Iran-Contra affair, 193, 200, 204, 382, 386
Iranian agents see support for Iran in, 94
Iranian attacks on oil facilities, 301, 304
and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167
and Iranian mining campaign, 239–41, 249
on Iranians in Iraq during U.S. invasion, 470
and Iran-Iraq War, 95
Iraqi claims on, 211
Kuwait
Patriot missile deployment, 557
Reagan on military aid for, 164
relations with Soviet Union, 211
requests reflagging tankers as American, 212–16, 227–28, 242, 243, 603n16
requests reflagging tankers as Soviet, 212, 213–14
in tanker war, 160–61, 207, 208, 210–17, 230–31, 233, 261–62
U.S. defenses around oil terminal, 312
Kuwait Airways Flight 422, 382–83
Laingen, Bruce, 26, 27, 28, 29
Lake, Anthony, 390, 392, 405
Lang, Walter Patrick, 104, 227, 359–62, 370, 615n2
Langston, Arthur “Bud,” 335, 348, 350, 351–52
Larijani, Ali, 505, 506, 529, 542
Lebanon:
army shatters along sectarian lines, 150
George W. Bush administration increases support for, 501
car bombing of U.S. embassy in Beirut, 131–32
Iran-Contra affair and hostages held by, 177, 181, 185–86, 188, 193–95, 197–200, 380–88
Iranian involvement in, 122–38, 151–52
Israel’s invasion of 1982, 106–21, 123, 124
kidnapping and hostage-taking in, 153–58
See also U.S. marines in Lebanon
Ledeen, Michael, 177, 179, 183, 184, 448–51, 534
Less, Anthony:
and Carlucci’s new policy toward Iran, 324, 325
and Lyons’s Window of Opportunity plan, 270
and Roberts mining, 331, 334, 335, 337, 344, 348, 354–57, 614n54
and shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 363–65
and surveillance over the Persian Gulf, 326
takes command in Persian Gulf, 319, 320, 610n6
Libya:
Gaddafi, 148, 241, 247, 255, 385
mines provided to Iran by, 238
in Red Sea mining, 235–36
terrorism sponsored by, 426, 427
Long, Wayne, 287, 288–89
Lugo, Frank, 282, 291, 307, 309, 606n17, 607n41
Lustig, Scott, 366–67, 368, 369
Luti, William, 430
in Dobbins delegation, 434, 435
on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503
and Free Iraqi Forces, 448, 502
and Ghorbanifar plan, 450
on Iranian weapons for Palestinians, 436
moves to White House, 487
and new Iran strategy for Bush’s second term, 492
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein as having positive effect on Iran, 475
on regime change in Iran, 453, 454
on Rice’s policy toward Iran, 444
on U.S. invasion of Iran, 452
Lyons, James “Ace”:
accusations of misuse of aircraft, 272–73
attempts to provoke fight with Iranians, 267–68
on bombing Lebanon, 142–43
on Crist’s sea-based plan, 290
Crowe’s relationship with, 256–57, 268, 273–74
feud with Crist, 268–70, 271
and Iranian mining campaign, 253, 255
plan to send submarine to Persian Gulf, 271, 272
retirement, 272–74, 603n43
in slipping Guadalcanal past Strait of Hormuz, 259–61, 269, 272
Window of Opportunity plan, 30, 257–59, 270–72
McFarlane, Robert “Bud”:
on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152
on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–42, 144, 146–50
on CIA kidnapping plan, 157
in Iran-Contra affair, 177–85, 188, 190–94, 198–200, 202, 596n8, 596n21
on Iranian and Syrian forces in Lebanon, 132–33
on military aid for Kuwait, 164
on overthrowing Iranian regime, 70, 71
proposes change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175–76
resigns as national security adviser, 184
and tanker war, 162–63
on U.S. marines’ mission in Lebanon, 117–20
McMahon, John, 140–41, 142, 144, 185, 187, 595n3
Mahdi Army (Jaysh al-Mahdi), 518–22, 524, 529, 536, 559
al-Maliki, Nouri:
Arab concern about, 528
on Arab-Persian animosity, 467–68
in Dawa Party, 86, 467, 559
and Iranian interference in Iraq, 513, 524, 527, 534, 536
Iranian support for, 559
Manavi, Abdollah (“Captain Nasty”), 209, 324, 336, 337, 342–43, 353–54
Mattis, James, 568, 569, 570
Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) (Iran):
CIA agents arrested, 374–75, 556
counterintelligence, 81–83
extrajudicial killings of dissidents, 410
in Khobar Towers attack, 403, 409, 412
Newbold selects as target, 418
and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–68, 481, 483, 520, 527
Moghaddam, Hassan, 552–53
Mohtashemi, Ali Akbar, 122, 125, 133, 134, 151, 155
Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 91, 183, 198, 200
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 182–84, 188, 190, 247, 370, 545–48
Mousavian, Mir-Hossein, 383, 389, 406, 441
al-Mughassil, Ahmed, 401–2, 403, 404
Mugniyah, Imad, 130, 134, 154, 155, 157, 382, 387
Mujahideen-e Khalq (People’s Mujahideen of Iran; MEK), 411, 458–59, 472, 476, 479–80, 563
Murphy, Richard, 170, 171, 205, 206, 411, 456
al-Musawi, Hussein, 127, 129–31, 133, 140, 143, 145–46, 148
Myers, Richard, 442
in briefing Bush on regime change in Iran, 454
and Bush administration Iran policy, 442, 445, 446
on Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441, 442
on Iranian influence in Iraq, 471
on Khobar Towers attack, 443
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455
on plan to kill al-Zarqawi, 438
and September 11, 2001, attacks, 424
Nasrallah, Hassan, 125, 126, 127, 555–56
neocons (neoconservatives):
Abrams and, 492
bad feelings against, 498
on Bush’s freedom agenda, 486
intelligence officials’ mistrust of, 523
Iraq as concern of, 420–21
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453
Newbold, Gregory S., 416, 417–19, 423, 425, 451
Nixon, Richard, 9–10, 20, 35
North, Oliver:
and Achille Lauro hijacking, 189
in Iran-Contra affair, 182, 184, 186, 188–91, 195–97, 200, 203, 456, 596n16, 596n21
in Iran-Contra affair hearings, 203, 250
nuclear weapons:
fear of terrorists obtaining, 427
Iraqi nuclear program, 393, 422
Israeli, 490
U.S. plans to use in defense of Persian Gulf oil, 46–47, 583n42
See also Iranian nuclear program
Oakley, Robert, 100–101, 156, 157, 204, 213
Obama, Barack:
attacks on al-Qaeda, 562
Bush briefs him on Iran, 538–39
a
nd drone flights over Iran, 557
and Iranian nuclear program, 539, 541, 543, 544, 548–50, 567, 569–70
and Iranian protests of 2009, 546–48
Iran policy of, 539–44, 561, 572
on missile defense against Iran, 557–58
Odom, William, 61–62, 63, 131–32, 189–90, 199, 201
oil:
Brzezinski on importance of, 11
Bush family connections to industry, 428
Carter on crisis of Middle Eastern, 8–9
Conoco deal with Iran, 399–400, 412
flows through Strait of Hormuz, 1, 569
Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabian, 300–310
Khuzestan fields in Iran, 44, 87
Kuwait reserves, 211
Soviets seen as threat to Middle Eastern, 36, 38, 67, 166, 176
tanker war, 159–64
U.S. military plans against Iran threaten, 30
U.S. plans to defend against Soviet invasion, 44, 45, 46–47, 59–60
U.S. plan to defend Saudi Arabian fields, 38–39, 41, 44–45
Oman, 40, 97, 413, 517
Pace, Peter:
on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503
on Iranian intervention in U.S. occupied Iraq, 470, 523, 524, 525, 532
on new plan to win in Iraq, 511–12, 513
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455
on taking Mujahideen-e Khalq off terrorist list, 563
in war on terrorism, 426
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (shah of Iran):
allowed into U.S. for medical treatment, 27–28
cancer of, 15–16
Carter administration’s support for, 16–18, 20–21
Haig’s support for, 8
Khomeini leads opposition to, 12–15
leaves Iran, 22–23
military ambitions of, 10
stability of regime of, 12
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 107–8, 110–12
Pearson, Jeremiah, 170–72, 595n39
Penzler, Donald, 165, 170, 172, 284–85, 303, 304, 594n18
Perle, Richard, 96–97, 426, 452
Persian Gulf:
air defense system for, 409
George H. W. Bush declares it vital to U.S. national interest, 372
Carter administration creates rapid deployment force for, 33–42
Carter’s policy of freedom of navigation in, 48
Central Command exercises of 1995, 398
Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167–69
Iranian military buildup of 1990s, 398–99
Iranian mine threat in, 233–55
Patriot missile deployment, 557
Reagan policy, 51
Stark incident, 220–29
tanker war, 159–64
U.S. becomes firmly established in, 321
U.S. bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169–72
U.S. broadens protection of vessels, 364
U.S. personnel stationed around, 394, 569
U.S. plans to use nuclear weapons in defense of, 46–47
Zinni on war against Iran spreading throughout, 408
See also Strait of Hormuz
Persian Gulf Security Framework, 39–40
Petraeus, David, 512, 557, 567
Picco, Giandomenico, 384, 386–88
Poindexter, John:
on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152
on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 141, 142, 148
in Iran-Contra affair, 181–88, 190–93, 195, 197–99, 202, 203, 250
on Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168
resignation, 204
on Saudi Arabia and tanker war, 164
Pollack, Kenneth, 104, 394, 401, 407, 412–13, 415
Powell, Colin, 52–53
and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 147
becomes Carlucci’s deputy, 204
in George W. Bush administration, 416
Powell, Colin
and George W. Bush’s freedom agenda, 486
and CIA aircraft, 313
on Crocker mission, 430
on drawing down U.S. forces in Persian Gulf, 372
on engagement with Iran, 419
Farsi Island seizure opposed, 257
and Iran Ajr seizure, 296
in Iran-Contra affair, 186, 188
and Iranian nuclear program, 489
Iran policy, 445, 446, 474, 475, 493–94
Iraq policy, 422
and McFarlane’s proposed change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175, 176
and Operation Staunch, 205
and al-Qaeda attacks in Saudi Arabia of May 2003, 480
and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 476, 477, 478, 479
and Roberts attack, 336–37, 349
and war on terrorism, 427
Praying Mantis, Operation, 338–57
President Taylor incident, 167–68, 217
Qomi, Hassan, 484, 534–35
Quds Force:
Abrams on U.S. moving against, 492–93
arms supplied to Hamas by, 395
in Khobar Towers attack, 402, 403, 405
in Newbold plan, 418
in post-Saddam Iraq, 483, 484
quasi-war with U.S., 510, 519–37
Saudi diplomats targeted, 564–66
U.S. demands dismantling of, 470
and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–69, 471, 472, 558
in Yemen, 562
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi:
on Bush family and oil industry, 428
on George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441
Conoco oil deal, 399–400
fake call to Bush, 380, 381–82
and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 385–86
and Hezbollah TWA hijacking, 155
improved relations with U.S. sought, 381, 384, 389, 391, 393–94, 399
and Iran-Contra affair, 182–83, 195, 198, 201, 383
on Iranian mining campaign, 241, 247, 265–66
and Iran-Iraq War, 94, 370
on Iran’s inability to stand up to U.S., 356
and seizure of Japanese tankers, 209
and U.S. hostages held in Lebanon, 383, 388
on U.S. as bogged down in Iraq, 484
on U.S. spies in Iran, 375
Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), 33–44, 53–56, 582n40
Reagan, Ronald:
on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 151–52
on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–41, 144–48
becomes president, 47–48, 49
broadens protection of vessels in Persian Gulf, 364
counterterrorism team in Lebanon authorized, 156
on covert operations in Iran, 69, 70
defense appointees, 50–54
on establishment of Central Command, 55
failure of Lebanon policy, 153
on including Israel in Central Command, 57
in Iran-Contra affair, 176–81, 184–86, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199–205
and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168
and Iranian mining campaign, 247, 250
and Iran-Iraq War, 95, 97–100, 178
Iran policy, 51–52, 55
and Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 107–10, 112
managerial style, 421–22
on military aid for Kuwait, 164
Persian Gulf policy, 51
and Roberts attack, 336–37, 349
sees Soviet Union as cause of U.S. national security problems, 63–64
spy network in Iran approved, 69
and Stark incident, 227–28
on supporting an Iranian insurgency, 71
on tanker war, 163–64
U.S. marines sent to Lebanon, 114, 120
U.S. marines withdrawn from Lebanon, 150–51
Red Sea mining, 235–37, 265
Revolutionary Guard:
agents in Iran report on facilities of, 76
Ahmadinejad and, 499
arms purchases in 1990s, 396–97
in attacks on Saudi Arabia, 300–310
bunkers constructed around Strait of Hormuz, 397
as business venture, 468–69, 558
CIA recruits members, 74–75
on contacts with Iraqi Shia, 460
Crist’s sea-based force targets, 286
and Crocker mission, 431
diplomats from, 434, 484
excesses of, 77
extrajudicial killings, 410
and al-Faw Peninsula, 166, 356–57
formation, 91–92
in hostage taking, 154
increased presence near Shatt al-Arab, 514–15
and Iran Ajr seizure, 293–99
and Iran-Contra affair, 181, 186, 188, 191, 194–97
in Iranian mining campaign, 237–38, 241, 244–45, 247, 254–55, 263–66, 293–95, 318, 326–27, 396
in Iran-Iraq War, 92–94, 96, 370
Israeli attacks on, 552
Jundallah attacks on, 563
Khatami and, 412, 414
and Khobar Towers attack, 403, 413
Lang’s team focuses on, 360
in Lebanon, 122–23, 125–28, 131, 133, 134
“Martyrdom” exercise, 262, 263, 302
Mecca uprising plan, 262–63, 301
navy of, 207–10
and protests of 2009, 546
and shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 363–70
small boat attacks by, 267, 334, 356, 396, 406–7, 559–60
Tehran University protesters attacked, 411, 493
tension with Iranian military, 209, 288–89, 346
and U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, 464–67, 472, 558
weapons shipped to Palestinians, 436
See also Quds Force
Rezai, Mohsen, 122
on CENTCOM Persian Gulf exercises of 1995, 398
election of 2009, 545, 546
in end of Iran-Iraq War, 370
improved relations with U.S. opposed, 389
in Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 301, 302, 304, 306, 309
in Iranian mining campaign, 237–38, 241, 242, 244–45, 247
joins Revolutionary Guard, 92
on U.S. invasion of Iraq, 466
Rezaian, Mohsen, 366, 368
Rhode, Harold, 434–35, 449, 451
Riahi, Touradj, 73–74, 83, 301, 302–3, 304, 310, 374, 375, 376–78
Rice, Condoleezza:
becomes secretary of state, 487
on Bush lacking appetite for attacking Iran, 495
and Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441
on Crocker mission, 430
on engagement with Iran, 419, 436
extends goodwill gesture to Iran, 489
on Iranian interference in U.S. occupied Iraq, 525, 534
Iran policy, 443–47, 474–75, 501, 503–7, 509
Iraq policy, 422
relationship with Bush, 421, 487
and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 479