Churchill

  3. Ibid.

  4. J. Charmley, Churchill, p. 17.

  5. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 353.

  6. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 17.

  7. Ibid., p. 136.

  8. G. Best, Churchill, p. 256.

  9. Geoffrey Best, Churchill and War (London: Hambledon and London, 2005), p. 216.

  10. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 414.

  11. Ibid., p. 418.

  12. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 333.

  13. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 22.

  14. A. Bevan, “History’s Impresario,” in Churchill by His Contemporaries, p. 58.

  15. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 66.

  16. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 465.

  17. Ibid., p. 446.

  18. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 305.

  19. Ibid., p. 290.

  20. Ibid., p. 271.

  21. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 19.

  22. Ibid., p. 68.

  23. Ibid., p. 125.

  24. M. Soames, Speaking for Themselves, p. 566.

  25. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 3.

  26. Ibid., p. 4.

  27. Alistair Cooke in Manchester Guardian.

  28. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, pp. 299, 304.

  29. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 330.

  30. Lord Moran, The Struggle for Survival, p. 119.

  31. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 110.

  32. R. Jenkins, Churchill, p. 824.

  33. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, volume IV, The Hinge of Fate (London: Cassel, 1951), p. ix.

  34. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 405.

  35. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 188.

  36. G. Best, Churchill, p. 316.

  37. M. Soames, Speaking for Themselves, p. 593.

  38. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 158.

  39. R. Rhodes James, “The Parliamentarian, Orator, Statesman,” in R. Blake and W. Louis (eds.), Churchill, p. 505.

  40. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 495.

  Chapter 9

  1. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 293.

  2. M. Soames, Winston Churchill, His Life as a Painter, A Memoir by His Daughter (London: Collins, 1990), p. 180.

  3. A. Storr, “The Man,” in A. J. P. Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 207.

  4. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 412.

  5. M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 544.

  6. Ibid., p. 541.

  7. Edward Bacon, “Thousands Queue Up to Offer Homage,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 6, and M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 541.

  8. R. Jenkins, Churchill, p. 911.

  9. Iain Hamilton, “The Captains and the Kings Honour the Great Commoner,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 18.

  10. M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 543.

  11. Ibid., p. 543.

  12. Ibid., p. 545.

  13. David Moller, “Sir Winston Lies at Rest in an Oxfordshire Country Churchyard,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 40. See also Sir Winston Churchill and the Bladon Connection (The Parish Church of St. Martin, Bladon, n. d.).

  Epilogue

  1. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 301.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid., p. 156.

  4. Ibid., p. 239.

  5. Ibid., p. 324.

  6. Ibid., p. 8.

  7. Ibid., p. 81.

  8. Ibid., p. 274.

  9. Ibid., p. 264.

  10. Ibid., p. 132.

  11. Ibid., p. 133.

  12. Lord Attlee, “The Churchill I Knew,” in Churchill by His Contemporaries, p. 20.

  13. Ibid., p. 23.

  14. Ibid., p. 24.

  15. David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London: Penguin, 2003), p. x.

  16. P. Addison, Churchill, p. 1.

  17. Ibid., p. 3.

  18. Richard Gott, “The Man, the Myth, the Muck,” in Guardian, May 4, 1994.

  19. G. Best, Churchill, p. 31.

  20. P. Addison, Churchill, p. 238.

  21. Ibid., p. 6.

  22. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 77.

  23. R. Rhodes James, “The Parliamentarian, Orator, Statesman,” in R. Blake and W. Louis (eds.), Churchill, pp. 504, 503.

  Acknowledgments

  Thanks are due to John Foster, Head of Education at Blenheim Palace, Dr. Tony Lemon of Mansfield College, Oxford, Dr. Andrew Stewart of King’s College London, His Grace the Duke of Marlborough, Caroline Anderson of the Oxfordshire Museum, Chris Galloway, Bursar of Ditchley Park, Joshua Ireland, Tony Morris, Richard Milbank, and Richard Milner. For allowing the use of his painting on the cover of this book, special thanks are due to Hugh Bourn. Thanks also to my wife Andrea for her enthusiasm and support for my work.

  Photography Credits

  Alamy

  1 © London Aerial Photo Library/Alamy.

  Corbis

  4, 5 © Bettmann/CORBIS;

  7 © Corbis; 21, 24 © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS.

  Getty Images

  2, 19, 21 Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images; 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15 Getty Images;

  13, 18, 20 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 14 Popperfoto/Getty Images;

  17 AFP/Getty Images.

  Press Association

  9, 25 PA Archive/Press Association;

  16, 23 AP/Press Association Images.

  Topfoto

  3 Topfoto.

  Index

  4th Hussars 41–44, 45, 48, 50–61, 71, 293, 327, 356, page 5 of insert

  21st Lancers 62, 63, 64–68

  31st Punjab Infantry 57

  35th Sikhs 57

  abdication crisis 197, 213–214

  Abdullah, Emir 171

  Abingdon 15

  Addison, Paul 364, 368

  Adenauer, Konrad 334, 368

  Admiralty 20, 97, 100, 110, 162, 169, 180, 181, 243

  Churchill as First Lord of 116, 117, 118–144, 157, 226–36

  Churchill returns to 226–27

  Fisher returns to 151

  reform of 121–22

  War Group 134, 141

  Afghan War 44

  Afghanistan 57

  Afridi tribes 58

  Afrika Corps 271

  Agadir crisis 116

  Air Defense Research Committee 215, 216

  Air Ministry, Churchill at 162, 166–68, 173

  air power

  Churchill battles for adequate 215

  transforms strategic situation 209, 214, 227

  use in First World War 157

  see also Royal Air Force

  air-raid precautions 220

  Alamein

  First Battle of 288

  Second Battle of 290, 342, 343

  Alanbrooke, Viscount see Brooke, General Sir Alan

  Albania 220

  Alexander, General Sir Harold 250, 288, 294, 295, 307, 308, 316, 327, 334

  Alexandria 204, 272, 274

  Algeria 281, 294

  Algiers 294, 296, 306

  Aliens Bill 92

  aliens, rounding up of 258

  Allen, Commodore Gordon 341

  Allenby, Lord 170

  Altmark 232

  Amery, Leopold 3, 177, 186, 236, 324

  Amritsar massacre 167

  Anders, General Wladyslaw 290

  Anderson, Sir John 245

  Anglo-American alliance 5, 280, 309, 313

  Anglo-American Chiefs of Staff committee 282

  Anglo-Boer war (1880–81) 74

  Anglo-German naval agreement (1935) 209

  Anglo-Soviet agreement (1941) 276

  Anson, Sir William 96

  Antwerp 136, 143

  Anzio 302, 305

  appeasement 196
, 217, 218, 237, 342

  Arcadia Conference 280

  Arctic convoys 276, 296

  Ardennes 221

  Argentina 331

  Armistice (1918) 160, 182

  Ashley, Maurice 186, 223, 369

  Asquith, Herbert 2, 16, 37, 43, 92, 100, 102, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 122, 125, 130, 131, 137, 140, 143, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 247

  Churchill’s criticism of 149, 150

  on Churchill’s strengths 116–17

  and Dardanelles campaign 144, 152

  foundering of his government 153

  and postcoalition Liberals 176

  Asquith, Margot 132

  Asquith, Violet 44, 102

  Astor, Sir John 193

  Aswan 64

  Athens 311, 314

  Atlantic, Battle of the 273

  Atlantic Charter 263–64, 303

  Atlantic convoys 260, 264

  Atlantic Wall 294

  atomic bomb 294, 318–19, 328, 336, 337, 344, 348

  Attlee, Clement 5, 23, 53, 105, 115, 139, 230, 233, 236, 236, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 259, 284, 295, 296, 311, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 332, 333, 354

  1945 election 317, 318

  on Churchill 359–60

  criticism of 311

  wartime achievement of 320

  made Deputy Prime Minister 284

  as Prime Minister 327, 333

  second term 332

  Auchinleck, General Claude 5, 250, 268, 272, 284, 288, 342, 343

  Australia 6, 95, 274

  fear of Japanese invasion 274, 278

  feels abandoned by Churchill 6

  Austria 217, 250, 309

  aviation

  Churchill’s love of 126–27, 166–67

  civil 167

  development of 124–25

  see also air power; Royal Air Force

  Baganda people 99

  Bahamas 201

  Balaclava 314

  Baldwin, Stanley 175, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 199, 200, 205, 207, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224–25, 329, 342

  Balfour, Arthur 37, 73, 83, 87, 154, 189

  Balkans, Second World War 272, 294, 309

  Balmoral 193

  Balsan, Consuelo 345

  Baltic republics 310

  Bangalore 50, 56, 58, 59, 61

  Bank of England 179

  Banstead Manor 27–28

  Baring, Hugo 50

  Barnes, Reginald 45, 46, 50

  Barrett, Buckley 367

  Battle of Britain 20, 216, 251, 255, 256, 258–59, 269, 270

  Battle of France 251, 255, 269

  battleship-building 110, 124

  BBC 232, 254

  the Beatles 360

  Beatty, Lord David 181

  Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord 131, 199, 222, 224, 245, 256, 258, 284, 311, 345, 350, 368

  Belfast 128, 129–30

  Belgium

  Churchill’s intervention in Antwerp (1914) 136

  German invasion (1914) 116

  Second World War 250, 303

  Bell, Sir Hesketh 99

  Beneš, Edvard 21

  Bengal Lancers 57

  Beresford, Lord William 48

  Berlin 259, 309, 319, page 6 of insert

  Berlin Airlift 330

  Berlin, Isaiah 363

  Bermuda 263, 281, 303, 335, 339

  Best, Geoffrey 7, 363, 368

  Bevan, Aneurin 242, 253, 256, 287, 323, 330

  Beveridge, William 105

  Bevin, Ernest 244, 245, 319

  Birkenhead, Lord see Smith, F. E.

  Bismarck, sinking of the 273

  Black and Tans 172

  Bladon 12, 23, 40, 190, 353, 356, page 8 of insert

  Blake, Lord 369

  Blandford, Lord 19, 26

  Blenheim Palace 8–24, 28, 48, 92, 102–3, 161, 213, 220, 353, 370, page 1 of insert

  Bletchley Park 248, 370

  the Blitz 20, 259

  Blood, General Sir Bindon 48, 55, 56, 57, 58

  Blum, Léon 212

  Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen 52, 83, 102

  Board of Trade, Churchill as President of 15, 16, 102, 104, 105–11

  boarding school system 30–31

  Boer War 74–81, 82, 350

  Bolshevism 163–66

  Bombay 49

  Bomber Command 270

  bombing campaigns 214, 258–59, 270, 303–4

  Bonar Law, Andrew 143, 154, 161, 165–66

  becomes Prime Minister (1922) 174

  resignation 175

  Bonham Carter, Violet 120, 145, 370

  Book, Norman 230

  Boothby, Robert 213, 347

  Brabazon, Colonel John 41, 49

  Bracken, Brendan 176, 191, 228, 243, 266, 311

  Bradford 115

  Breccles 193

  Brendon, Piers 368

  Bridgeman, Sir Francis 123, 138

  Bridges, Sir Edward 314

  Brighton 31, 32

  Bristol 112

  Bristol University 222, 262

  British Army

  Brodrick’s reforms 51, 86

  Churchill’s views on size of 72, 85–86, 105

  demobilization (post 1918) 162–63

  inter-war years 163

  need to cooperate with Royal Navy 116, 122–23, 234–35, 236

  need to rebuild in 1940 257

  size in First World War 42

  Victorian and modern warfare 81

  see also specific battles and conflicts

  British Empire

  Churchill and

  belief in 4, 5, 11, 26, 35, 52–53, 70, 86, 98, 199, 274–75, 336, 340

  fears loosening grip on 205

  should not be isolationist 89–90

  colonies lost to Japanese 298

  conditions for keeping 108

  contribution to war effort 275–76

  decolonization 336

  expansion in Middle East 169, 170–71

  First World War defense of 115

  independence movements 162, 204, 336

  postwar 329, 331

  seems secure in 1920s 180

  weakening of 322

  British Expeditionary Force

  First World War 116, 132

  Second World War 252

  British Gazette 184

  British Parliamentary Association 187

  The Broad Sword 61

  Brodrick, St. John 51, 85, 86

  Brooke, General Sir Alan 4, 21, 247, 254, 268, 274, 276, 287, 296, 298, 300, 370

  Browne, Sir Anthony Montague 19, 354, 356

  Bruce, Allan 43

  Buckingham Palace 243

  Bulgaria 310

  Buller, Sir Redvers 74, 78

  Burma 278, 285, 298, 299, 303, 308, 309, 336

  Burma Road 253, 309

  Burnley 107

  Butler, Rab 239, 332, 338

  Byng, Colonel Julian “Bungo” 79

  Cabinet War Rooms 369

  Cairo 63, 64, 68, 71, 170, 171, 171, 272, 288, 293, 300, 310

  Cairo Conference 171, 263, 292, 296, 301, 303

  Calcutta 59, 71

  Calcutta Pioneer 55

  Callahan, Sir George 123

  Cambridge, Duke of 41, 43

  Camp David 293

  Campbell-Bannerman, Henry 100

  Campos, Marshall 45

  Camrose, Lord 346

  Canada

  Churchill visits 187, 265, 275, 281, 303, 307, 309, 335

  D-Day landings 304

  Cannadine, David 360–61

  Cape Colony 80

  Capri 306

  Carden, Admiral 140–41, 142

  Carlton Club 91

  Carrington, Sir Frederick 49

  Carson, Sir Edward 2, 37

  Casablanca Conference 263, 291, 303

  Cassell, Sir Ernest 92

  Cecil, Lord Hugh 14, 69, 88

  Ceylon 298, 336

  Chakdara 57

  Chamberlain, Austen 174

  Chamberlain, Joseph 3
7, 73, 74

  Churchill makes fun of 86

  and tariff reform 87, 89

  Chamberlain, Neville 177, 178, 184, 213, 215, 240, 259

  and appeasement 216, 217–18, 219–20, 236–37

  death of 259

  dissatisfaction with government of 259

  invites Churchill to join government 227

  Munich Agreement 219, 221

  outbreak of Second World War 225

  resigns as Prime Minister 237

  retires as leader of Conservatives 259

  role in Churchill’s government 244

  as wartime Prime Minister 231, 235–36, 240, 243, 256

  Chanak crisis 174

  Chaplin, Charlie 187

  Charmley, John 320, 321, 368

  Chartwell 20, 178, 187, 188, 191–92, 198, 220, 221, 222, 223, 272, 319, 327, 370

  Chartwell Trust 346

  Chatfield, Lord 235

  Chequers 20, 261–62, 267, 268, 278, 311

  Chiang, Madame 297

  Chiang Kai-shek 285, 297

  Chiefs of Staff, Churchill’s dealings with 247–48, 263, 268, 274, 278, 287, 292, 298, 299–300, 304

  Chiefs of Staff Committee 235, 245

  Chile 331

  China 211, 253–54, 285, 296–97, 309

  Chinese laborers in South Africa 95

  Churchill, Clementine (née Hozier) (wife) 3, 7, 21, 92, 186, 284, 325, 327, 352

  biography of 368

  character 104

  correspondence with Mary 23

  correspondence with Winston 18, 102, 104, 106, 120–21, 127, 131, 135, 147, 149, 150, 151–52, 158, 159, 166, 172, 177, 182, 187, 191, 203–4, 220, 239, 280, 288–89, 306–7, 307–8, 310, 313, 315–16, 327, 345, 351

  family life 188–94

  health problems 190

  marriage to Winston 15–16, 101–2

  relationship with Winston 15–16, 101–2, 106, 126–27, 149, 151, 159, 188–194, 203, 225, 302, 311, 346, 348, 352