accompanies on American tour 201
campaigns for 155–56
criticizes him for lack of interest in constituency 345
his downfall (1915) 146
and his retirement 339
influence on 248
networks for 148, 151
in Second World War 259
visits Belfast 129
wants permanent home 159, 191
Winston’s funeral 353–54, 354, 355, 356
Churchill College, Cambridge 351, 370
Churchill, Diana (daughter) 126
accompanies father on American tour 201
birth of 103
suicide 352
Churchill, Gwendeline (née Bertie) (sister-in-law) 15, 145
Churchill, Jennie (mother) 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 32, 40, 353, page 1 of insert
biography of 368
canvasses for husband’s election 14
death of 190
introduces Winston to Clementine Hozier 101–2
marriage 13
relationship with Winston 32–33, 35–36, 51
campaigns with 92
Churchill’s view of her 28
correspondence with 36, 41, 49, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 97
his downfall (1915) 144, 146
his money problems 43, 54, 68–69, 84
uses connections and lobbies on behalf of 44, 45, 49, 56, 59, 62, 72, 91
serves on hospital ship in Boer War 79
Churchill, John Spencer, 1st Duke of Marlborough 9, 12, 53
Churchill’s biography of 11, 19, 186, 200, 216–17, 222, 223
Churchill, John Strange (Jack) (brother) 14, 16, 23, 27, 28, 33, 37, 56, 353, 368, page 1 of insert
accompanies Winston on American tour 186
in Boer War 79
in First World War 145
works in City 92
Churchill, Marigold (daughter), death of 190, 193
Churchill, Mary (daughter) 3, 21, 22, 190, 204, 346, 355, 357, 368, 369
accompanies father to Quadrant Conference 295
on parents’ marriage 104
Churchill, Minnie 368
Churchill, Lord Randolph (father) 9, 10, 11, 70, 353, 368
Churchill’s biography of 11, 88, 92
death of 38, 40, 41, 190, 352
lives beyond means 54, 68
marriage to Jennie Jerome 13
political career 32, 43, 88, 213
quarrel with Prince of Wales 26–27
relationship with Winston 32–33, 36, 37, 38, 40
as Secretary of State for India 14, 26, 27
stands for parliament 13
writings of 36
Churchill, Randolph (son) 3, 4, 32, 204, 355
accompanies father on American tour 186
on father’s approach to politics 93
on father’s lack of small talk 101
official biography of father 368
relationship with father 126
tutors father on speeches 201
Churchill, Sarah (daughter) 269, 314, 327, 368, page 4 of insert
Churchill, Winston Spencer
achievements of 2, 6, 242, 247, 319–21, 324–25, 361–62
at 28 Hyde Park Gate 20, 327
at Chartwell 20, 192, 198, 222, 223, 346, 352, pages 4 and 7 of insert
at Ditchley Park 21–23
and Blenheim and Oxfordshire 8–24
and British national identity 4, 240, 255, 365
character and attributes 1, 2, 3, 7, 29, 83, 101, 363–64
ambition 42, 43
appearance 1, 11, 30, 39, 74, 83, 240
attention to detail 229–30, 239
bathing habits 1, 269
caricatures of 1
childlike 103, 359–60
clothing 1, 97, 269
compared with father 83, 102
compassionate 5, 7, 160, 259, 359
demanding and selfish 33
depressive tendencies (“Black Dog”) 190, 325, 351
egocentrism 3, 7, 62, 113, 241, 358, 363
embraces change 323
energy and drive 21, 265–66
enjoyment of films 23
fascination with technology 361
French speaking 158
humanity 1, 3, 5, 360, 363, 364
humor 359
idiosyncrasies 1, 5, 269, page 5 of insert
impatience 359
impulsiveness 137
inability to hold a grudge 7
interest in animals 192, 196
interest in gardening 192
interest in horseracing 345–46
lacks small talk 101, 358
longevity 360
love of danger and adventure 268
musical tastes 269
opportunism 91, 177, 363
oratory skills 39, 110, 178–79, 231, 238, 361
painting 20, 145–46, 150, 175, 189, 193–94, 195, 198, 200, 224, 293, 324, 327, 341, 344–45, 349, 350–51
powers of concentration 39
reaction to discipline and authority 29
scant regard for rank 34, 60, 121–22
self-educating 51–52, 69
sense of history 12, 13, 14
speech impediment 30, 74, 239
sporting pursuits 31, 34, 54, 69, 71, 85, 97, 104, 189, 345–46
taste for alcohol 189, 347
taste for cigars 46, 69, 240, 265, 347
thick skinned 87–88, 158–59, 241
workaholic 113
correspondence
with brother Jack 146
with Clementine 16, 18, 102, 104, 106, 121, 126, 127, 131, 135, 147, 148–49, 150, 151–52, 158, 159, 177, 187, 203–4, 220, 239, 280, 288–89, 305, 306, 307, 310, 313, 315–16, 327, 345, 351
with mother 36, 41, 49, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 97
criticism of 2, 6, 76, 78, 95–96, 113, 161
accusations of poor judgment 196–97, 219–20
as backward-looking 360–61
for conduct of government during war 311
his writings 342
for neglecting Europe in favor of US 340
over Antwerp campaign 136–37
over Dardanelles and Gallipoli 143, 151, 152
in USA 310, 328
for warmongering 328–29
wartime 246, 281–82, 283, 287
First World War 130–60
Antwerp campaign 136, 137
on the Armistice 160
belief in futility of further offensives 158
and civilian control of the military 137–38, 142
clearing of his name 152–53, 161
culpability for Gallipoli 139, 141–42, 143, 144–45, 151, 152, 226
Dardanelles campaign 139–47
determined to return to politics 148, 151
dominates naval decision-making 134
as First Lord of the Admiralty 130–45
given Duchy of Lancaster 144
interference in land warfare 135–37
lessons learned during 160
Minister for Munitions 156–59, 248
name associated with military defeat 137
naval preparations 130–33
not given Ministry of Munitions (1915) 146
relishes prospect of 130, 132
removed from Admiralty 144–45
reputation in tatters 144, 152
requests high command in field 137
resigns from Cabinet 146
returns to government 155–60
seeks army command in East Africa 146–47
and technological progress 157
in the trenches 147–54
view of strategy and tactics 157
welcomes involvement of US 157–58
wins respect of his men 150
honors
Chancellorship of Bristol University 222
Freeman of Woodstock 23–24
from European countries 5, 327, 349
Honorary Academician Extraordinary 344
honorary American
citizenship 5, 349
honorary degree from Bristol University 262
honorary degree from Harvard 309
Nobel Prize 324, 343
Order of the Garter 20, 337
Order of Merit 328
Spanish gallantry medal 47
military career
in 4th Hussars 45–43, 47, 49–62, 69, 70, 71, page 5 of insert
in 21st Lancers 63–68
in Army Form at Harrow 36
at Sandhurst 37–41
Boer War 74–81, 82, page 2 of insert
commands 6th Battalion The Royal Scots Fusiliers 147, 150, 153
commission in Lancashire Hussars 75
critical of British “forward policy” 57–58
in Cuba 44–47
decides to leave Army 71
escape from prison 76–78
First World War 19, 146–54
in India 47, 49–62, 71, 205
prisoner of war in Pretoria 76
in Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Hussars 16–18, 147, 355
resigns from Army 72
with Roberts’s force in South Africa 80–81
seeks active service 44, 58–59, 60–62
in South African Light Horse 79–80
as springboard to political life 53–54, 55, 68, 71
in Sudan campaign 62–68
and toy soldiers and war games 27–28, 29
as war correspondent 47, 55, 57, 63–68, 69, 74, 78–79, 81, page 2 of insert
personal life
baptism 12
birth 8, 10–11
birth of Mary 103
burial at Bladon 11, 12, 24, 353, 356, page 8 of insert
childhood 9, 12–15, 25–29, page 1 of insert
death 352, page 8 of insert
death of Marigold 190, 193
education 14, 25, 29–37, 51–52
fear of retirement and loss of power 339, 351
health issues 32, 37, 49, 71, 174, 201, 208, 281, 293, 301–2, 304, 307, 310, 324, 338, 346–47, 352, page 4 of insert
international commemoration of 5
in Ireland 26–27, 28
later years 323, 341–48, 349–52, 361–62, page 7 of insert
marriage 15–16, 101–4
money problems 43, 54, 69, 83–84, 144, 191, 224, 346
nicknames 106, 177
social position of 91–92, 109, 111
state funeral 352–57, page 8 of insert
vacations 113, 193, 200, 203, 207, 212, 216, 224–25, 319, 324, 327, 345, 349, 350, page 8 of insert
political career: pre-First World War
advance of 82
and build-up to war 115–16, 118–30
in Cabinet 100–117
clashes with Conservatives 79, 84, 85–86
decides on 41
embraces technological progress 124–25
first interest in 37
First Lord of the Admiralty 116, 117, 118–30
Home Secretary 17, 112–16
impatient to launch 49, 53, 63, 69, 70–71, 82
joins Liberal Party 87, 90–91, page 2 of insert
as junior minister 92–100
lack of party loyalty 86–87, 90, 187
leaves Conservative Party 87–88, 90–91, page 2 of insert
Liberal MP for Dundee 101
Liberal sympathies 85, 87
loses Manchester by-election (1908) 100–101, 102
loses Oldham by-election (1899) 72, 77
member of the Hooligans 88–89
networking 47–49, 70, 91
offered position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury 92
opposes battleship-building program 110
and Parliamentary reform 107–8
polls less well in December 1910 election 113
President of Board of Trade 15, 17, 100–101, 102, 104–11
seeks to forge new political grouping 88
South African affairs 94–97, 128
tours African colonies 96–100
turns down Irish Office 111
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 17, 92–100
wants to emulate father 43, 53
wins Liberal seat in Northwest Manchester (1906) 92
wins Tory seat in Oldham (1900) 83
political career: inter-war years
abdication crisis 196–97, 197, 213–14
as Air Minister 162, 166–68
at Colonial Office 166, 168–74
at War Office 162, 163–66
attitude to Bolshevism 163–66
as backbencher 201–8
Baldwin doesn’t offer government position to 208
begins to attract a parliamentary following 177, 207
calls for his return to government (1939) 220
challenges Baldwin’s position as Tory leader 205, 207, 207–8
Chamberlain doesn’t offer government position to 213, 215
as Chancellor of the Exchequer 178–81, 183–85
disappointed not to be made Chancellor (1921) 173
doubles majority at 1931 election 200
excluded from 1930s coalition governments 200
fear of socialism 175, 200
General Strike 183–85
Irish policy 171–74
isolation and independence from government in 1930s 196, 219
keen to form a new coalition 174
liberalism of 174, 176
looks to rejoin Conservatives 174, 176
loses Leicester West by-election (1923) 176
loses seat in 1922 election 174
loses Westminster by-election (1924) 176
meddles in affairs of other departments 177
Middle East policy 168–72
not an outsider during this period 212
offers alternative approach to appeasement 221
in Opposition 197–201
out of office at 1929 election 186
political survivor 162
rearmament and defense of the realm 214–21
returns to Conservative Party 176
and rise of Hitler 208–12, 214–21
sees no serious threat from Italy and Japan 196
urges intervention in Russian civil war 165
vies for new ministerial appointment 174
warns about Nazis 196, 198, 208–12, 218–19, 227, 232
wins Epping seat at 1924 election 176, page 3 of insert
political career: post-Second World War 23
1945 election 317, 218, 325–26
1950 election 332
1951 election 332
decline and anachronism narrative 323–25, 360–61
defense policy 336–37
key themes 328–30
lack of interest in domestic affairs 317, 330, 332–33, 333, 334
leadership of Conservative Party 330–31
loss of power 325–27
in opposition 325–32
and postwar problems 326
preference for foreign affairs 334
relations with Soviet Union 338–39, 339
remains politically engaged 351
resigns as PM and forms caretaker government 316
return to party politics and swing to left 316–17
role in preserving world peace 341
second term as Prime Minister 324, 332–41
serves as MP until 1959 351
stands down as PM and leader of Conservatives 347–48
struggles on after stroke 338–40
tenders resignation (1945) 319
warns of Soviet threat 327
relationships
with Clementine 16, 101–4, 106, 126–27, 149, 151, 159, 188–94, 203, 225, 302, 311, 346, 348, 352
with Fisher 7, 139, 143, 144
with his children 106, 126, 188–89, 190, 204, 311, 352
with his nanny 25, 28, 32, 40
with his parents 25–26, 28, 32–33, 35–36, 37–38, 40
with Lloyd George 85, 87, 90, 91, 105, 106, 123, 154–55, 165�
�66, 174
with Roosevelt 280, 284–85, 287, 292–93, 293, 300–301, 312
with Stalin 289–90, 301, 310, 312
Second World War 20–23, 226–321
alliance with Soviet Union 276–77, 294, 295, page 6 of insert
alliance with United States 279–81, 284–85, 286, 296, 307–8, 313, page 5 of insert
anxious to recover colonies lost to Japanese 298
appeals for American help 254, 257, 260–64
asked by king to form a government 243
assessment of contribution 319–21
assumes leadership of Conservative Party 259
at Admiralty 226–36
Battle of Britain 257–59
becomes detached from party politics 249
becomes Prime Minister 237–38
becomes public property 311
Britain’s lessening grip on Allied strategy 300–301, 304, 306, 312
builds wartime coalition government 243, 244
Chamberlain invites to join government 227
champions United Nations 313
cleans his slate 76
diminished time for government at home 311
in Downing Street 259, 268
draws up “Naughty Document” with Stalin 310
on entry of US 278, 280
fall of France 250–58
in Far East 274–80, 282–83, 286, 297–99, 308
feelings at end of war 315–16
focus on Western rather than Eastern theaters 277–78, 295
full of ideas 233–34
impact of fall of Singapore on 283
indecisive year (1941) 269–76
Indian policy 284–86, 313
and inter-service cooperation 234
iron grip on strategy 245, 249, 274–75
and issues of postwar Europe 309, 310
less visible imprint on Far East strategy 299
machinery of government during 248–49
as Minister of Defense 245, 247
need to finish war with Japan 318–19
North African Campaign 287–94
Norwegian Campaign 233–36
nuclear bomb project 318–19
outbreak of 225
planning for D-Day 305–6
planning for postwar Germany 308
political opposition evaporates 231
refuses to consider peace with Germany 257
regrets not going to meet Truman 315
relations with senior commanders 249–50, 269, 284, 288, 296, 298, 300
reorganizes government 284
and role of Dominions 275–76
role in “Grand Alliance” 279, 301
and sense of Empire 252, 275
and shape of postwar world 312–13, 315
shuttle diplomacy and summits 251, 252, 253, 254, 263–64, 279, 287, 289–90, 290–93, 293–94, 295–98, 300–303, 307–13, 314
and strategic bombing 303
strays beyond Admiralty policy 231
and strike at Japanese home islands 309
Churchill Page 45