Churchill

  accompanies on American tour 201

  campaigns for 155–56

  criticizes him for lack of interest in constituency 345

  his downfall (1915) 146

  and his retirement 339

  influence on 248

  networks for 148, 151

  in Second World War 259

  visits Belfast 129

  wants permanent home 159, 191

  Winston’s funeral 353–54, 354, 355, 356

  Churchill College, Cambridge 351, 370

  Churchill, Diana (daughter) 126

  accompanies father on American tour 201

  birth of 103

  suicide 352

  Churchill, Gwendeline (née Bertie) (sister-in-law) 15, 145

  Churchill, Jennie (mother) 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 32, 40, 353, page 1 of insert

  biography of 368

  canvasses for husband’s election 14

  death of 190

  introduces Winston to Clementine Hozier 101–2

  marriage 13

  relationship with Winston 32–33, 35–36, 51

  campaigns with 92

  Churchill’s view of her 28

  correspondence with 36, 41, 49, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 97

  his downfall (1915) 144, 146

  his money problems 43, 54, 68–69, 84

  uses connections and lobbies on behalf of 44, 45, 49, 56, 59, 62, 72, 91

  serves on hospital ship in Boer War 79

  Churchill, John Spencer, 1st Duke of Marlborough 9, 12, 53

  Churchill’s biography of 11, 19, 186, 200, 216–17, 222, 223

  Churchill, John Strange (Jack) (brother) 14, 16, 23, 27, 28, 33, 37, 56, 353, 368, page 1 of insert

  accompanies Winston on American tour 186

  in Boer War 79

  in First World War 145

  works in City 92

  Churchill, Marigold (daughter), death of 190, 193

  Churchill, Mary (daughter) 3, 21, 22, 190, 204, 346, 355, 357, 368, 369

  accompanies father to Quadrant Conference 295

  on parents’ marriage 104

  Churchill, Minnie 368

  Churchill, Lord Randolph (father) 9, 10, 11, 70, 353, 368

  Churchill’s biography of 11, 88, 92

  death of 38, 40, 41, 190, 352

  lives beyond means 54, 68

  marriage to Jennie Jerome 13

  political career 32, 43, 88, 213

  quarrel with Prince of Wales 26–27

  relationship with Winston 32–33, 36, 37, 38, 40

  as Secretary of State for India 14, 26, 27

  stands for parliament 13

  writings of 36

  Churchill, Randolph (son) 3, 4, 32, 204, 355

  accompanies father on American tour 186

  on father’s approach to politics 93

  on father’s lack of small talk 101

  official biography of father 368

  relationship with father 126

  tutors father on speeches 201

  Churchill, Sarah (daughter) 269, 314, 327, 368, page 4 of insert

  Churchill, Winston Spencer

  achievements of 2, 6, 242, 247, 319–21, 324–25, 361–62

  at 28 Hyde Park Gate 20, 327

  at Chartwell 20, 192, 198, 222, 223, 346, 352, pages 4 and 7 of insert

  at Ditchley Park 21–23

  and Blenheim and Oxfordshire 8–24

  and British national identity 4, 240, 255, 365

  character and attributes 1, 2, 3, 7, 29, 83, 101, 363–64

  ambition 42, 43

  appearance 1, 11, 30, 39, 74, 83, 240

  attention to detail 229–30, 239

  bathing habits 1, 269

  caricatures of 1

  childlike 103, 359–60

  clothing 1, 97, 269

  compared with father 83, 102

  compassionate 5, 7, 160, 259, 359

  demanding and selfish 33

  depressive tendencies (“Black Dog”) 190, 325, 351

  egocentrism 3, 7, 62, 113, 241, 358, 363

  embraces change 323

  energy and drive 21, 265–66

  enjoyment of films 23

  fascination with technology 361

  French speaking 158

  humanity 1, 3, 5, 360, 363, 364

  humor 359

  idiosyncrasies 1, 5, 269, page 5 of insert

  impatience 359

  impulsiveness 137

  inability to hold a grudge 7

  interest in animals 192, 196

  interest in gardening 192

  interest in horseracing 345–46

  lacks small talk 101, 358

  longevity 360

  love of danger and adventure 268

  musical tastes 269

  opportunism 91, 177, 363

  oratory skills 39, 110, 178–79, 231, 238, 361

  painting 20, 145–46, 150, 175, 189, 193–94, 195, 198, 200, 224, 293, 324, 327, 341, 344–45, 349, 350–51

  powers of concentration 39

  reaction to discipline and authority 29

  scant regard for rank 34, 60, 121–22

  self-educating 51–52, 69

  sense of history 12, 13, 14

  speech impediment 30, 74, 239

  sporting pursuits 31, 34, 54, 69, 71, 85, 97, 104, 189, 345–46

  taste for alcohol 189, 347

  taste for cigars 46, 69, 240, 265, 347

  thick skinned 87–88, 158–59, 241

  workaholic 113

  correspondence

  with brother Jack 146

  with Clementine 16, 18, 102, 104, 106, 121, 126, 127, 131, 135, 147, 148–49, 150, 151–52, 158, 159, 177, 187, 203–4, 220, 239, 280, 288–89, 305, 306, 307, 310, 313, 315–16, 327, 345, 351

  with mother 36, 41, 49, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 97

  criticism of 2, 6, 76, 78, 95–96, 113, 161

  accusations of poor judgment 196–97, 219–20

  as backward-looking 360–61

  for conduct of government during war 311

  his writings 342

  for neglecting Europe in favor of US 340

  over Antwerp campaign 136–37

  over Dardanelles and Gallipoli 143, 151, 152

  in USA 310, 328

  for warmongering 328–29

  wartime 246, 281–82, 283, 287

  First World War 130–60

  Antwerp campaign 136, 137

  on the Armistice 160

  belief in futility of further offensives 158

  and civilian control of the military 137–38, 142

  clearing of his name 152–53, 161

  culpability for Gallipoli 139, 141–42, 143, 144–45, 151, 152, 226

  Dardanelles campaign 139–47

  determined to return to politics 148, 151

  dominates naval decision-making 134

  as First Lord of the Admiralty 130–45

  given Duchy of Lancaster 144

  interference in land warfare 135–37

  lessons learned during 160

  Minister for Munitions 156–59, 248

  name associated with military defeat 137

  naval preparations 130–33

  not given Ministry of Munitions (1915) 146

  relishes prospect of 130, 132

  removed from Admiralty 144–45

  reputation in tatters 144, 152

  requests high command in field 137

  resigns from Cabinet 146

  returns to government 155–60

  seeks army command in East Africa 146–47

  and technological progress 157

  in the trenches 147–54

  view of strategy and tactics 157

  welcomes involvement of US 157–58

  wins respect of his men 150

  honors

  Chancellorship of Bristol University 222

  Freeman of Woodstock 23–24

  from European countries 5, 327, 349

  Honorary Academician Extraordinary 344

  honorary American
citizenship 5, 349

  honorary degree from Bristol University 262

  honorary degree from Harvard 309

  Nobel Prize 324, 343

  Order of the Garter 20, 337

  Order of Merit 328

  Spanish gallantry medal 47

  military career

  in 4th Hussars 45–43, 47, 49–62, 69, 70, 71, page 5 of insert

  in 21st Lancers 63–68

  in Army Form at Harrow 36

  at Sandhurst 37–41

  Boer War 74–81, 82, page 2 of insert

  commands 6th Battalion The Royal Scots Fusiliers 147, 150, 153

  commission in Lancashire Hussars 75

  critical of British “forward policy” 57–58

  in Cuba 44–47

  decides to leave Army 71

  escape from prison 76–78

  First World War 19, 146–54

  in India 47, 49–62, 71, 205

  prisoner of war in Pretoria 76

  in Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Hussars 16–18, 147, 355

  resigns from Army 72

  with Roberts’s force in South Africa 80–81

  seeks active service 44, 58–59, 60–62

  in South African Light Horse 79–80

  as springboard to political life 53–54, 55, 68, 71

  in Sudan campaign 62–68

  and toy soldiers and war games 27–28, 29

  as war correspondent 47, 55, 57, 63–68, 69, 74, 78–79, 81, page 2 of insert

  personal life

  baptism 12

  birth 8, 10–11

  birth of Mary 103

  burial at Bladon 11, 12, 24, 353, 356, page 8 of insert

  childhood 9, 12–15, 25–29, page 1 of insert

  death 352, page 8 of insert

  death of Marigold 190, 193

  education 14, 25, 29–37, 51–52

  fear of retirement and loss of power 339, 351

  health issues 32, 37, 49, 71, 174, 201, 208, 281, 293, 301–2, 304, 307, 310, 324, 338, 346–47, 352, page 4 of insert

  international commemoration of 5

  in Ireland 26–27, 28

  later years 323, 341–48, 349–52, 361–62, page 7 of insert

  marriage 15–16, 101–4

  money problems 43, 54, 69, 83–84, 144, 191, 224, 346

  nicknames 106, 177

  social position of 91–92, 109, 111

  state funeral 352–57, page 8 of insert

  vacations 113, 193, 200, 203, 207, 212, 216, 224–25, 319, 324, 327, 345, 349, 350, page 8 of insert

  political career: pre-First World War

  advance of 82

  and build-up to war 115–16, 118–30

  in Cabinet 100–117

  clashes with Conservatives 79, 84, 85–86

  decides on 41

  embraces technological progress 124–25

  first interest in 37

  First Lord of the Admiralty 116, 117, 118–30

  Home Secretary 17, 112–16

  impatient to launch 49, 53, 63, 69, 70–71, 82

  joins Liberal Party 87, 90–91, page 2 of insert

  as junior minister 92–100

  lack of party loyalty 86–87, 90, 187

  leaves Conservative Party 87–88, 90–91, page 2 of insert

  Liberal MP for Dundee 101

  Liberal sympathies 85, 87

  loses Manchester by-election (1908) 100–101, 102

  loses Oldham by-election (1899) 72, 77

  member of the Hooligans 88–89

  networking 47–49, 70, 91

  offered position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury 92

  opposes battleship-building program 110

  and Parliamentary reform 107–8

  polls less well in December 1910 election 113

  President of Board of Trade 15, 17, 100–101, 102, 104–11

  seeks to forge new political grouping 88

  South African affairs 94–97, 128

  tours African colonies 96–100

  turns down Irish Office 111

  Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 17, 92–100

  wants to emulate father 43, 53

  wins Liberal seat in Northwest Manchester (1906) 92

  wins Tory seat in Oldham (1900) 83

  political career: inter-war years

  abdication crisis 196–97, 197, 213–14

  as Air Minister 162, 166–68

  at Colonial Office 166, 168–74

  at War Office 162, 163–66

  attitude to Bolshevism 163–66

  as backbencher 201–8

  Baldwin doesn’t offer government position to 208

  begins to attract a parliamentary following 177, 207

  calls for his return to government (1939) 220

  challenges Baldwin’s position as Tory leader 205, 207, 207–8

  Chamberlain doesn’t offer government position to 213, 215

  as Chancellor of the Exchequer 178–81, 183–85

  disappointed not to be made Chancellor (1921) 173

  doubles majority at 1931 election 200

  excluded from 1930s coalition governments 200

  fear of socialism 175, 200

  General Strike 183–85

  Irish policy 171–74

  isolation and independence from government in 1930s 196, 219

  keen to form a new coalition 174

  liberalism of 174, 176

  looks to rejoin Conservatives 174, 176

  loses Leicester West by-election (1923) 176

  loses seat in 1922 election 174

  loses Westminster by-election (1924) 176

  meddles in affairs of other departments 177

  Middle East policy 168–72

  not an outsider during this period 212

  offers alternative approach to appeasement 221

  in Opposition 197–201

  out of office at 1929 election 186

  political survivor 162

  rearmament and defense of the realm 214–21

  returns to Conservative Party 176

  and rise of Hitler 208–12, 214–21

  sees no serious threat from Italy and Japan 196

  urges intervention in Russian civil war 165

  vies for new ministerial appointment 174

  warns about Nazis 196, 198, 208–12, 218–19, 227, 232

  wins Epping seat at 1924 election 176, page 3 of insert

  political career: post-Second World War 23

  1945 election 317, 218, 325–26

  1950 election 332

  1951 election 332

  decline and anachronism narrative 323–25, 360–61

  defense policy 336–37

  key themes 328–30

  lack of interest in domestic affairs 317, 330, 332–33, 333, 334

  leadership of Conservative Party 330–31

  loss of power 325–27

  in opposition 325–32

  and postwar problems 326

  preference for foreign affairs 334

  relations with Soviet Union 338–39, 339

  remains politically engaged 351

  resigns as PM and forms caretaker government 316

  return to party politics and swing to left 316–17

  role in preserving world peace 341

  second term as Prime Minister 324, 332–41

  serves as MP until 1959 351

  stands down as PM and leader of Conservatives 347–48

  struggles on after stroke 338–40

  tenders resignation (1945) 319

  warns of Soviet threat 327

  relationships

  with Clementine 16, 101–4, 106, 126–27, 149, 151, 159, 188–94, 203, 225, 302, 311, 346, 348, 352

  with Fisher 7, 139, 143, 144

  with his children 106, 126, 188–89, 190, 204, 311, 352

  with his nanny 25, 28, 32, 40

  with his parents 25–26, 28, 32–33, 35–36, 37–38, 40

  with Lloyd George 85, 87, 90, 91, 105, 106, 123, 154–55, 165�
�66, 174

  with Roosevelt 280, 284–85, 287, 292–93, 293, 300–301, 312

  with Stalin 289–90, 301, 310, 312

  Second World War 20–23, 226–321

  alliance with Soviet Union 276–77, 294, 295, page 6 of insert

  alliance with United States 279–81, 284–85, 286, 296, 307–8, 313, page 5 of insert

  anxious to recover colonies lost to Japanese 298

  appeals for American help 254, 257, 260–64

  asked by king to form a government 243

  assessment of contribution 319–21

  assumes leadership of Conservative Party 259

  at Admiralty 226–36

  Battle of Britain 257–59

  becomes detached from party politics 249

  becomes Prime Minister 237–38

  becomes public property 311

  Britain’s lessening grip on Allied strategy 300–301, 304, 306, 312

  builds wartime coalition government 243, 244

  Chamberlain invites to join government 227

  champions United Nations 313

  cleans his slate 76

  diminished time for government at home 311

  in Downing Street 259, 268

  draws up “Naughty Document” with Stalin 310

  on entry of US 278, 280

  fall of France 250–58

  in Far East 274–80, 282–83, 286, 297–99, 308

  feelings at end of war 315–16

  focus on Western rather than Eastern theaters 277–78, 295

  full of ideas 233–34

  impact of fall of Singapore on 283

  indecisive year (1941) 269–76

  Indian policy 284–86, 313

  and inter-service cooperation 234

  iron grip on strategy 245, 249, 274–75

  and issues of postwar Europe 309, 310

  less visible imprint on Far East strategy 299

  machinery of government during 248–49

  as Minister of Defense 245, 247

  need to finish war with Japan 318–19

  North African Campaign 287–94

  Norwegian Campaign 233–36

  nuclear bomb project 318–19

  outbreak of 225

  planning for D-Day 305–6

  planning for postwar Germany 308

  political opposition evaporates 231

  refuses to consider peace with Germany 257

  regrets not going to meet Truman 315

  relations with senior commanders 249–50, 269, 284, 288, 296, 298, 300

  reorganizes government 284

  and role of Dominions 275–76

  role in “Grand Alliance” 279, 301

  and sense of Empire 252, 275

  and shape of postwar world 312–13, 315

  shuttle diplomacy and summits 251, 252, 253, 254, 263–64, 279, 287, 289–90, 290–93, 293–94, 295–98, 300–303, 307–13, 314

  and strategic bombing 303

  strays beyond Admiralty policy 231

  and strike at Japanese home islands 309